招投标过程中业主和投标者不对称状况和策略选择的分析

1、 PAGE 11Analysis of the Asymmetric Situation in the Process of Tendering&Bidding and Strategies Choices for The Owner&The TendererAbstract-The tendering and bidding process is the keystep in formingthe co-operative relationship in projectconstructionAs one of the most important process ofconstructio

2、n, bidding is carried on an asymmetricsituationFrom the view of the Tenderer,the asymmetricinformation can be considered as unreplied or unexpressedcontract systemHowever，from the view of the Owner，itis the measurement taken by the Tenderer correspondingto his bidding documents, but unbeknown to him

3、ThisAsymmetric Situation has great effect of the process ofcooject, and to treat and adjust the situationreasonably will be a keyproblemHerefrom differentviews, we discussed the asymmetric information situationand gave some advice to bothBoth the owner and theTenderer can take some measures to make

4、up for theasymmetrical information so as to guarantee thesmooth undertaking of the business and realize theinterest aims of each partiesKeywordsConstruction BiddingAsymmetricInformationImplied Contract1.IINTRRODUCCTIOONThe tennderringg annd bbidddingg prroceess is thhe kkey steepin forrminng tthe co

5、-opeerattivee reelattionnshiip iin pprojjecttconnstrructtionnDuurinng tthe tennderringg annd bbidddingg，thheOwnner prooposses thee aiim，rrequuireemennt aand thee moode of co-opeerattionn annd eexprressses theem iin tthe forrm ooftennderringg doocummentts aand conntraactssInn reespoonsee toothee deem

6、annds of thee Owwnerr, tthe Tennderrerputts fforwwardd coorreespoondeent aimm annd pprommisee baasedd onn ittsevaaluaatioon oof tthe proojecctThe co-opeerattionn o f tthe twoo paartiies of theeconnstrructtionn iss reefleecteed aand reggulaatedd thhrouughconntraactss annd tthe Ownner andd Teendeererr

7、 exxchaangeeinfformmatiion andd esstabblissh cconttraccts durringg thhetennderringg annd bbidddinggproocesssHHoweeverr,ttheexcchannge of infformmatiion is neiitheer ccompplette nnorsymmmettriccal andd thhe OOwneer cconsstruuctss ann assymmmetrricaaliinfoormaatioonplaatfoorm forr thhe TTenddereerswhi

8、ile thee Teendeererr allso takkes sommecorrressponndinngmmeassurees.2 TTHE ASYYMMEETRIIC SSITUUATllON OFTHEOWNEER AAND THEE TEENDEERERRAThhe iinfoormaatioon pplattforrm oofthee OwwnerrThe Ownner connstrructts tthe infformmatiion plaatfoormarooundd thheconntraactss，inncluudinng sstatted conntraact(or

9、exppresssedd coontrractt /coondiitioons)andd immpliied conntraact(orr unnexppresssedd coontrracttcoondiitioons)The staatedd coontrractt whhichh iss prroviidedd byy thheOwnner is thee doocummentt coonsiisteed oof cconttracct ttermmsandd coondiitioons as thee ruuless annd rreguulattionns iin ttheco-op

10、eerattionn off thhe pprojjectt coonsttrucctioonIIt ssignnifiiesthee maanaggemeent sysstemm annd pprocceduure of thee prrojeectas welllaas tthe wayy off soolviing thee prrobllemss arrisiingdurringg thhe cconsstruuctiionThee sttateed cconttactt issspeeciffiedd inn thhe ttextt annd ttermms oof tthe con

11、nstrructtionnconntraactGeneerallly speeakiing，thee foormaat oof tthiss doocummenttis fixxed andd ittssamplleincluddingg thhe nnotiice to theeTennderrer,Billl oof QQuanntitty，DDrawwingg annd 11ettterss ettc，iis ccircculaatedd inn thhe iinduustrryAAlltheese doccumeentss arrestaatedd cllearrly andd thh

12、e TTenddereer ccan deccidee itts oowntennderringg sttrattegyy annd ppricce aaccoordiing to theeinfformmatiionThee ceertaaintty oof tthe staatedd coontrracttenaablees tthe Tennderrer to unddersstannd aand graasp theeinfformmatiion；theerefforee itt iss off prrimaary impporttancce iindeccidiing thee pr

13、ricee offthee teendeerinngTheimpplieed cconttracct iis tthe parrt wwhicch ddoess nootapppearr inn thhe sstattedconntraact, buutsstilll iis acccepptedd byythee twwo pparttiess anndhhas thee poowerr offbinndinng ttheiirbehhaviiorForr onne tthinng，tthe impplieed cconttracct cconssisttsof thee soociaal,

14、 Ecconoomicc,1eggal andd teechnnicaalbacckgrrounnds of thee sttateedconntraact, thhereeforresservvinggas itss prrecoondiitioon；fforanootheer, thee immpliied conntraactis alsso tthe reaasonnablle iinfeerennce draawn froom tthestaatedd coontrractt unnderr ceertaain socciall，ecconoomicc，leegallandd tee

15、chnnoloogiccalbacckgrrounndsTheerefforee，thheimpplieed cconttracct iis mmadee upp off twwo ppartts：tthecommmonn impliied conntraact andd thhe iinfeerreed cconttracctThe commmonn immpliied conntraact maiinlyy reeferrs ttothee reelevvantt laaws andd reegullatiionss isssueed bby tthegovvernnmennt, thee

16、 coonveentiionss esstabblisshedd byy ussagee innthiis ppartticuularr inndusstryythhe ttechhnollogiicall reegullatiionsswhiich hass thhe llegaal poowerr annd tthe bassic priinciipleesaccceptted in thee reealmms ooftecchnoologgy aand ecoonommyAAlthhouggh tthe parrt mmenttionned aboove is nott sttateed

17、cleearlly aand dettailledlly iin tthe artticlles ofthee coontrractt, iitstiill connstiituttes thee ruule andd reegullatiionss inn thheproocesss off proojecctconnstrructtionnThhereeforre iit ccan nottbe vioolatted sinnce botth pparttiess arre ccleaar aabouut iitsexiisteenceeThe infferrred conntraact

18、is bassed on thee reeasoonabbleannd jjustt innferrencce oof tthe staatedd coontrractt annd tthe commmon impplieed cconttracct, theerefforee shhoulld bbeabiidedd byy duurinng tthe impplemmenttatiion of thee prrojeectBessidees，iin sspeccifiic pprojjectt ennvirronmmentt，thhe iinfeerreedconntraact cann

19、seervee ass thhe bbasiis aand staandaard of theetwoo paartiiesCommparred witth tthe commmonn immpliiedconntraact, thheiinfeerreed cconttracct iis mmoree coompllicaateddbeccausse “it is thee baasiss annd sstanndarrd bbaseed oonsennsibble inffereencee”TThis posses a cchalllennge to theeproofesssioonal

20、l prrofiicieencyy off thhe ppersson whoo innferrsandd thhe ppersson whoo juudgeesOOnlyy whhen thee twwoparrtiees hhavee siimillar proofesssioonall prrofiicieencyy anndbacckgrrounnd aand unddersstannd tthe priinciiplees iin tthesimmilaar wway，cann thhey comme tto ssimiilarr cooncllusiionssDue to thee

21、 exxisttencce oof tthe impplieed cconttracct，ttheTennderrer cann noot oobtaain thee saame infformmatiion as theeOwnner doees；ttherrefoore thee innforrmattionn pllatfformm offthee Ownner is asyymmeetriicall frrom thee viiewppoinnt off thheTennderrerThee Owwnerr taakess thhe iinittiattivee poosittionn

22、 atttheefirrst staage of thee trradee ass weell as in thee prroceess ofinnforrmattionn exxchaangeeBThhe iinfoormaatioon pplattforrm oofthee TeendeererrIn oordeer tto oobtaain thee coontrractt off thhe pprojjectt anndtheen tthe proofitt off coonsttrucctioon, thee Teendeererr wiillofffer corrressponnd

23、inng iinfoormaatioon tto mmeett thhedemmandds oof tthe OwwnerrThhe iinfoormaatioon iis bbaseed oonitss owwn eestiimattionn off thhe pprojjectt ennvirronmmentt,connstrructtionn reequiiremmentt annd pproffit exppecttatiion，theerefforee foormiing thee innforrmattionn pllatfformm off thheTennderrerThee

24、innforrmattionn offferred by thee Teendeererr issthee reespoonsee too thhe aactiive infformmatiion of thee Owwnerr,so thee Teendeererr taakess a commparratiivelly ppasssiveepossitiion on thee fiirstt sttagee offthee trradiing proocesss3.TTHE ACTTIVEE ANND PPASSSIVEE POOSITTIONNSOfTTHE TWOO PAARTIIES

25、The acttivee annd ppasssivee poosittionns fformmed on theefirrst staage of thee biiddiing andd teendeerinng prroceess willlchaangee allongg wiith thee chhangges of theeasyymmeetriicallnesss oof tthe infformmatiion excchanngebettweeen tthe twoo paartiies durringg thhe bbusiinesss pproccesssA, ttheact

26、tivee anndpasssivve pposiitioons ofthee OwwnerrThe acttivee poosittionn offthee Owwnerr derrivees ffromm ittsmassterry oofthee orrigiinall iinfoormaatioon offthhe pprojjectt annditss riightt off isssuiinginfformmatiionSecconddlyitss acctivvepossitiion alsso lliess inn itts rrighhts of evaaluaatinng

27、tthebidddinng iinfoormaatioon aand deccidiing thee suucceessffulTennderrerBut thee diisaddvanntagge lliess inn thhat itss innforrmattionnplaatfoorm reemaiins staandsstilll，aand inssteaad oof bbeinngressponnsivve iinfoormaatioon, thee innforrmattionn iss onnly theeoriiginnalAt thee saame timmewwhenn

28、faacedd wiith a llarggenummberr off Teendeererrs，tthe Ownnercann noot cchoooseacttiveely；inssteaad iit ccan onlly aacceept onee off thheTennderrerss paassiivelly aaccoordiing to thee fiixedd ruulessAttthiis ttimee，thhe iimpoortaant dettaills rreleevannt tto tthe inttereestof thee prrojeect, suuch as

29、 thee prriciing strrateegy andd thheproojecct sstraateggy oof tthe Tennderrer cann noot bbe mmadee suuredurringg thhe ttendderiing andd biiddiing proocesssFFromm thhisasppectt, tthe Ownner is unndouubteedlyy thhe ppasssiveeaccceptter of in thee innforrmattionnexcchanngeBesiidess，thhe iimplliedd coon

30、trractt foormeed iin tthetennderringg annd bbidddingg prroceess seeems to be esppeciialllydissadvvanttageeouss too thhe TTenddereersbeccausse iit wwilllinccreaase theeir rissk aas wwelll ass thhe ddispputeesTTherrefoorethee Teendeererrs wwilll raaisee thhe ppricce iin tthe teendeerinngproocesss sso

31、aas tto mmakee upp foor tthe pottenttiall looss，whiichin turrn wwilll inncreeasee thhe llateentlosssof thee OwwnerrThe Ownner is thee paartyy whho ddraffts andd siignss thheconntraact：theerefforee alll kkindds oof immpliied conntraact willlnott prroteect itts iinteeresstWWhatt issmorreTThepriinciipl

32、ee offrreveerseeintterpprettatiion” inn seettllingg thheconntraact dissputte iis eevenn moore dissadvvanttageeouss too thheOwnnerB. Thee acctivve aand passsivve pposiitioons of theeTennderrerNow lett uss loook at thee poosittionns oof tthe TennderrerDurringg thhe bbidddingg prroceess，wheen cconffron

33、ntedd wiiththee hiigh-aboove infformmatiion plaatfoorm of thee Owwnerr,thee Teendeererr taakess a passsivve pposiitioonBBut theeTennderrer hass thhe ffreeedomm off chhoicce aand it cannchooosee diiffeerennt OOwneers andd diiffeerennt pprojjecttsTThisshellps thee Teendeererr too wiin aan aactiive pos

34、sitiion in terrmsof evaaluaatinng tthe exppectted proofitt annd ccomppariing theeproojecct iinfoormaatioonAt tthe samme ttimee，whhen connfroonteed wwithh alll kkinddsof resstriictiionss annd iinfoormaatioon bbarrrierrs mmadee byy thheOwnner，thee Teendeererr caan aactiivelly cchooose thee sttrattegyy

35、to deaal wwithhItt caanmmakee upp foor tthe losss oofinfformmatiion andd evven connstrructt ann innforrmattionnbarrrieer rrespponssiveely；in terrms of theese，thee Teendeererrcan beecomme tthe commparratiivelly aactiive sidde iin ttheinfformmatiion exxchaangee招投标过过程中业业主和投投标者不不对称状状况和策策略选择择的分析析摘要：招招投标过

36、过程是形成建设设项目中合作关关系的关关键.作为工工程建设设最重要要的过程程，招投投标在一一个非对对称状态态下进行行。在投投标者看看来，不不对称信信息可以以被视为为没被答答复或没没有表现现出来的的合同体体系.然而，从业主主角度来来看，它它是投标标者根据据业主招招标文件件所采取取的措施施，只不不过他不不知道。这个不不对称形形态对工工程建设设项目过过程有重重大影响响，并且且合理的的应对和和适应这这一状况况将会是是一个关关键问题题。现在在我们从从不同的的角度讨讨论非对对称信息息状况并并且给双双方一些些建议。业主和和投标人人都可以以采取措措施来弥弥补非对对称信息息，为了了保证顺顺利的实实现交易易并实现现

37、双方的的利益目目标。整整治和调调整这种种情是将会会是一个个关键问问题.这里，听取了了不同的的意见后后，我们们讨论了了非对称称信息情情况，并并提出了了一些建建议给投投标者和和招标者者.双方可以以采取很很多措施施去克服服非对称称信息，以保证证业务的的顺利开开展，旨旨在弥补补实现各各方利益。关键词词：工程招标标信息息不对称称默认认合同1。简简介 招投标过过程是形成建设设项目中合作关关系的关关键.在招投投标的过过程中，业主在在招标文文件和合合同中提提出目标标，要求求和双方方合作的的模式，为了了响应业业主的要要求，投投标者根根据其对对项目的的评估提提出相应应目标作出出承诺。工程双方方的合作作关系通通过合

38、同同来反映映和规定定，并且且在招投投标过程程中业主主和投标标者交换换信息并并订立合合同。然然而，信信息交换换既不完完整也不不对称，业主为为投标者者构建了了一个不不对称的的信息平平台投标标者也采采取相应应的措施施。2。业主主和投标标者的不不对称情情况A:业主主的信息息平台业主围绕绕合同构构建了信信息平台台，这些合合同包括括被标明明的合同同（或明明示合同同/条件件），和和隐含的的合同（或没有有表现出出来的合合同/条条件）。 由业主提提供的明明示合同同是一包包括在建建设项目目中作为为规则的的文件.它表明明了工程程项目的的管理体体系和程程序以及及在工程程建设过过程中出出现问题题的解决决方法。这种明明示

39、的合合同会在在工程合同的文本和和条款中中具体列列出。一般来说说，这个个文件的的格式是是固定的的，而且且在该行行业传播播，其内容包包括投标标人须知知，工程量量清单，施工图图和保函等。所有有的这些些文件标标明的很很清楚明明确，而而且投标标者可以以根据这这些信息息来决定定自己的的投标策策略和价价格。明示合合同的确确定性能能够让投投标者了了解和掌掌握相关关信息，因此在在决定投投标价格格时它非常重要要。默认合同同是没有出出现在明明示合同同中的部部分，但但它仍被双方所所接受并并对其行行为具有有约束力力.一方方面，隐隐含合同同包括明明示合同同的社会会，经济济，法律律和技术术背景，因此它是是做为前前提而服务的;另一一方面，隐含合合同是对对某特定的的社会，经济，法律和和技术背背景的明明示合同同的合理理诠释，因此隐含含合约是是由两部部分组成成：常见见隐含合合同和常常见合同同。 常见的默默认合同同主要是是指有关关法律和和由政府府颁布的的法规以及及在特定定行业约约定俗成成的习惯惯.具有有法律效效力的技技术规定定和被工工程和经经济领域域认可的的基本准准则。尽尽管以上上提到的的部分没没有明确确和详细细地在合合同内容容中提到到，但它它仍然是项目建设设过程中中的准则