川大专业外语专外专业英语

1、科技英语写作语法错误举例1Subject-Verb AgreementsRestrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesDangling Modifiers（垂悬修饰语）4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs（助动词） Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses当复合句的某一从句是限制性从句，则该从句对句子的含义是必须的，如无该从句句子便失去意义。最好以“that”（而非“which”）引出限制性从句。When a clause in a compound sentence

2、is restrictive, the clause is necessary to the sense of the sentence, the sentence would e pointless without the clause. Restrictive clauses are best introduced by “that”, not “which”.例46 It was necessary to fined a blocking group which would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl. It

3、was necessary to fined a blocking group that would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.例47 The current-voltage curves, which are shown in Figure 6, clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.3Dangling Modifiers （垂悬修饰语） 也称垂悬短语 (Dangling phrases) One form of a danglin

4、g modifier is a verbal phrase that not refer clearly and logically to another word or phrase in the sentence. The understood subject is usually the same as in the main clause. Walking across the field, we saw a plane fly past. (= As we were walking , we saw ) 与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语，即动词短语的逻辑主语（隐含主语）与主句主语不一致

5、。 短语的隐含主语和主句中的主语应保持一致。悬垂修饰语或称悬垂短语（Dangling phrases）是指对句子中的另一词或短语关系不清晰并不合逻辑非谓语动词短语。人们所理解的这类短语的逻辑主语通常与主句的主语是一致的。 下面列举悬垂修饰语的几种情形： （1）If a modifier precedes the subject of a sentence, it must modify that subject and be separated from it by a comma. Otherwise, it is a dangling modifier. 如果一个修饰语是在句子的主语之前，

6、它必须修饰那个主语，并以逗号分隔。否则就是悬垂修饰语 例 50 Splitting the atom, many new elements were discovered by Seaborg. 此句中的 splitting the atom 为现在分词短语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故需改成 Splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements. 或将 splitting the atom考虑为动名词短语在其前加 on 或 upon 变成介词短语： Upon Splitting the atom, many new element

7、s were discovered by Seaborg. Upon Splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements. 例51 When confronted with these limitations, the experiments were discontinued. When confronted with these limitations, we discontinued the experiments. In light of these limitations, the experiments were dis

8、continued.例52 Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak. Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, we could assign the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.例53 Using the procedure d

9、escribed previously, the partition function can be evaluated. the partition function can be evaluated by using the procedure described previously. Or, Using the procedure described previously, we can evaluate the partition function.(2) Phrases starting with “based on” must modify a noun or pronoun t

10、hat usually immediately precedes or follows the phrase. Use phrases starting with “on the basis of” to modify a verb. 短语 based on 在句中修饰一个名词或代名词，通常该短语紧跟被修饰的名词或代名词之后。应以 “On the basis of ” 开头的短语去修饰一个动词。即一个句子可以 On the basis of 开头，而不是以Based on开头。 例54 Based on resonance enhancement and frequency shifts, c

11、hanges in the inter-ring separation were calculated. On the basis of resonance enhancement and frequency shifts, changes in the interring separation were calculated. 例55 Based on extensive study, this genetic deficiency was attributed to the loss of one isozyme. (“Based on extensive study” modifies

12、the noun “deficiency”, but this not the meaning.) On the basis of extensive study, this genetic deficiency was attributed to the loss of one isozyme. (“On the basis of extensive study” modifies the verb “was attributed”.) 例56 Style guidelines based on authoritative sources are included in this book.

13、例57 Figure 8 shows the analysis of a drug delivery system based on amorphous, biodegradable polymer microspheres. （3）“Due to” means “attributable to”; use it only to modify a noun or pronoun directly preceding it in the sentence or following a form of the verb “to be”. “Due to” 意思是 “attributable to”

14、 （归因于）; 用它只是去修饰一个名词或代名词，在句中直接将其前置；或在动词 “to be” 的某种形式之后 。 例58 Delays resulted due to equipment failure. Delays due to equipment failure were unavoidable. The delays were due to equipment failure.Dangling phrases 包括悬垂分词短语、 悬垂不定式短语和悬垂介词短语3种a. 悬垂分词短语 (Dangling participle phrases) Having reviewed the tec

15、hnical report, several mistakes were found in it. Having reviewed the technical report, we found several mistakes in it. After the technical report was reviewed, the several mistakes were found in it.Based on the biological and geographical characters, lakes in China can be divided into five major g

16、roups. On the basis of the biological and geographical characters, lakes in China can be divided into five major groups. Lakes in China can be divided into five major groups according to their biological and geographical characters. b.悬垂不定式短语 (Dangling infinitive phrases) In order to realize sustain

17、able development of society, it needs to consider the protected area construction as an important component of regional developmental planning and In order to realize sustainable development of society, we should consider the construction of protected area as an important component of regional devel

18、opmental planning and c.悬垂介词短语 (Dangling preposition phrases) After removing the outmost leaves, the material was rubbed with 70% ethanol for surface sterilization. The materials were cleansed with 70% ethanol for surface sterilization, after their outmost leaves were removed. 下面几种情形不是dangling modif

19、iers: (4) Absolute constructions are words, phrases, or clauses that are grammatically unconnected with the rest of the sentence in which they appear. They are sometimes called “sentence modifiers” because they qualify the rest of the sentence. They may occur anywhere in the sentence, and they are a

20、lways set off by commas. They are not dangling modifiers. 在句中出现的与句子的其余部分在语法上无联系的词、短语和从句。由于它们是修饰句子的其余部分，有时将其称作句子修饰语 “sentence modifiers” 。这种独立结构可出现在句子的任意处，并以逗号分隔，它们不是垂悬修饰语。 例59 Contrary to the excitedstate situation, metalbonding interactions in the ground states are weak. 例60 The constructions were

21、premature, considering the lack of available data. 例61 judging from the spectral changes, exhaustive photolysis of compound 4 had occurred. 例62 The conformations about the ReRe bond, in addition, are different for all three complexes. Absolute constructions often begin with one of the following word

22、s: 独立结构常以下列各词之一开头： considering provided given providing judging regarding concerning failing（5）In mathematical papers, absolute phrases beginning with the words “assuming” and “taking” are often used as sentence modifiers. 例63 Assuming that distance d is induced by the norm, M is a symmetrical and p

23、ositively defined matrix. 例64 Taking this value as an upper limit, the two shortest distances are sometimes too long for incipient hydrogen bonds. （6）A subordinate or elliptical clause may be used as a sentence modifier. 例65 The compound is stable in air, as we concluded from the experiment evidence. 例66 The Mo 5s orbitals, as expected, interact strongly with the ligands. （7）An introductory infinitive or infinitive phrase may be a sentence modifier. 例67 To prepare compound 2, the