养猪营养技术ManagementHighProd

1、Management for high productivity in a swine operationHans H SteinSouth Dakota State UniversityOutline1. Introduction2. Management of gilts3. Management of gestating sows4. Management of lactating sows5. Management in nursery6. Management in GF-barn1.1 Cost of Production, US vs. EUItemUSEUCereal grai

2、n, $/lb0.420.55SBM, $/T160210Farrowing crate, $2,5004,000Finishing Space, $180300Replacement gilt, $200300Minimum Wage, $/hr5.508-121.2. World Export of Pork2001 Export, metric tonUS600,000Canada700,000Denmark1,500,0001.3 How do We Make Money on Sows?Item$/sow/year$/600 sows/year- c/lb feed2012,000-

3、 5 $/hour 3118,600- $ 1000/crate2012,000+1pig/sow/year3521,000+5 pigs/sow/year175105,000+10 pigs/sow/year350210,0001.4 Productivity of SowsCountryPigs marketed/sow/yearUS15The Netherlands21France23Denmark23Ireland221.5 ConclusionsThe number one problem in the US swine industry is poor efficiencyImpr

4、oved productivity represents a major opportunity for improved profits in the swine industryProductivity will be improved only if management and nutritional programs are improved 2. Gilt Management2.1 Gilts in IsolationGilts in Isolation 3-5 monthVaccinate, Adapt, Bleed After 8 weeks: Move gilts to s

5、ow unitClean isolation between groups2.2 Feeding strategy for non-bred giltsFeed ad lib until 150-200 lbsUse normal nursery/grower dietFeed 75% of ad lib during rest of periodUse lactation diet or similar2.3 Age at BreedingAge at breeding7 Mo8 Mo# gilts189199Liveborn, 1st litter9.510.4Liveborn, 2nd

6、litter10.210.9Liveborn, 3rd litter11.511.9Thorup, 19932.4 Cost of increasing age at breedingFeed: 30 d x 6 lb x $0.08 = $14.4Facility: $300 x 15%/12= $ 3.75Labor:= $1.0Non specified costs= $ 2.0Total= $ 21.151 extra pig produced = $352.5 Breeding the GiltsDont breed before 8 monthin 2nd or 3rd estru

7、s Boar exposure Feed ad libitum - add sex mixtureMove around If problems with heat: Spray with cold water 10 min/day3. Management of Gestating Sows3.1.1 Feeding gestating gilts and sows1: Day 1-21: Implantation2: Day 22-90:Body condition3: Day 91-112: Fetal growth4: Day 113-115: Prepare farrowing3.1

8、.2 Feeding curves in gestation(lbs/day, 1.5 Mcal/lb)2222113-114477791-1124104.5522-904107.04.01-21Fat sowsThin sowsNormal sowsGiltsDayRemember: Adjustments for temp. if lower than 68oF3.1.3 Feed AdjustmentsOn a weekly basis, all sows are checked for body condition and moved to different curve if nec

9、essaryUse diets that meet the nutritional requirement of gestating sows and giltsIf same diet used for gilts and sows, remember that gilts have higher Amino Acid requirements than sows. 3.1.4 Feed ingredients for Gestating sowsDDGS (40%) Canola meal/Canola seed (15%)Barley/oats - as much as possible

10、Wheat midsSugar beet pulp (10-20%)Essential fatty acids?Phytase3.2 ReproductionTeoretical litters/sow/year (lsy) 21 d weaning: 365/(21+5+115) = 2.59 lsyBest Herds: 2.50 lsyActual lsy in US: 1.8 lsyReasons for poor performance:Weaning to breeding intervalLow farrowing ratePoor management 3.2.1 AI ope

11、rator effectTech.FR,%Live/LPigs Prod189.810.42,413290.610.32,348389.110.22,346485.910.52,310581.610.32,153667.88.51,377Flowers, 20023.2.2 Daily heat check9% return sows, breeding-rebreeding: 21 d9 x 21 d = 189 d, 189/100 = 1.89 NPSDTotal NPSD increases by 1.89 d/cycle9% return sows, breeding-re-bree

12、ding: 80 d9 x 80 = 720 d, 720/100 = 7.2 NPSD3.2.3 Performance ObjectivesWeaning-Breeding5 daysFarrowing rate90%Breeding-rebreeding28 daysNon-prod.sow days/litter10 daysLiveborn per litter12.5Still born/litter0.8Litters per sow per year2.44. Management of Lactating Sows4.1 Feeding strategy for lactat

13、ing sowsDay 1-2: 2 kg per dayDay 3-4: 4 kg per dayDay 5- weaning: Ad Libitum (semi ad.lib)Check sows 30 min. after feeding: if feeder completely clean, give more feed next timeif feed left in feeder, give less feed next timeif crumples left in feeder, give same amount next time 4.2 How to get high f

14、eed intakeSame feed ingredients as in G-barnMake sure water is available all the timeInclude fat in diet (Increases energy)5-10% is OKBarn temperature around 68oFdrip cooling if hotFeed 3 times a day4.3 Management around parturitionClean and disinfect barnLow feed intake before and after farrowingPl

15、enty of waterGlucose?Watch farrowings if possibleAssist sow in farrowing if needed4.4 Litter StandardizationMove pigs around 24-48 h post partum if necessaryGive all sows 10-12 pigs (move as few pigs as possible)Make nurse sows if too many pigletsuse older sows weaned at 14 d for thisMove all small

16、pigs into same litter use 2nd parity sow for these pigs4.5 Litter ManagementGet all pigs up every dayTreat sick pigs immediatelyDiarrhea often related to sow dietMove tail enders out as soon as they get behindDont accept mortality due to starvation4.6 Performance Objectives in farrowing unitPre-wean

17、ing mortality: 8%Avg. weaning weight 21 d.: 14 lbAverage # pigs weaned/litter: 11 pigsSow weight loss: 10% = Poor Management4.7 Weaning to breedingDirect boar contact in breeding barnTurn light on at least 14 h per dFeed ad libitum w. lactation dietgive sex mixture ?Water freely availableBreed at le

18、ast too times4.8 Improved performanceLiveborn per litter10.412.5Prewean mortality,%158Weaning age, days1820Weaned/litter8.911.5Non-prod. Sowdays/litter4010Litters/sow/year2.12.5Pigs/sow/year18.728.75. Management and Feeding in Nursery5.1 Key points in nursery managementReduce diseaseslow mortalityIn

19、crease Feed intakeProvide adequate diet5.2 Stockmanship“Back to Basics” - Improve stockmanshipWalk barns look at the pigsIdentify and treat sick pigs - hospital pensEnvironmental comfortTemperatureHumidityNoxious gassesCrowding5.3 BiosecurityPigs get diseases from pigsPig to pig contactBoots, covera

20、lls, equipment, etcMultisite separate by age group Separate by room 5.4 CominglingNever comingle from different sourcesAvoid comingling from same source as much as possibleReduce movement of pigs between pens Avoid movement of pigs between barns/rooms5.5 Weaning ageEarly weaning increases risk of di

21、seasesIf problems in nursery, consider pushing weaning age back5.6 Advantages of late weaningEasier to wean pigs - fewer diseases in nursery pigsLess expensive feed neededEasier to introduce in W/F systems?Improved litter size in sowsFewer non-productive sow daysImproved sow longevity?5.7 Disadvanta

22、ges of late WeaningMore farrowing crates neededIncreased disease transmission from sow to piglet?5.8 Examples of late weaning28.525.728.0Weaned/sow/year11.410.911.7Weaned/litter2.462.352.40Litters/sow/year12.612.112.8Liveborn/litter242627Weaning age, days1419804567Sows321Farm5.9 Water for nursery pi

23、gsNecessary to supply plenty of waterNot all pigs drink well from nipplesWater in trough may be necessarySort out pigs that dont drink and provide special treatmentMilk replacer increases palatability5.10 Starter diets No soybean meal in starter dietsFish meal, milk protein, potato protein, crystall

24、ine AA, animal plasma, blood cellsBarley, oats, and naked oats better than corn, sorghum, and wheatReduced crude protein (17-18%) if problems w. diarrheaNo limestone or P-source - use phytase5.11 Feeding ManagementRestricted feeding reduces scouringMultible feedings right after weaningTroughs or flo

25、or mats rather than feeders5.12 Liquid feedingLiquid feeding increases FI and improves performanceLess intestinal damage ADG improved by 12.3% (12 exp.)Reduced e.coli infectionsLabor intensive Necessary to clean troughs5.13 Phase FeedingKeep pigs on starter diet for 2 weeksNext 2 weeks on phase 2 di

26、et - then phase 3Gradually increase SBM in dietsKeep fish meal in diets all the wayNo corn-soy diets in nursery!7% Fish meal in phase 3 diet increases diet cost by $1-1.5 per pig, - increases finished weight by 5-8 lbs/pig and reduces variability5.14 Performance Objectives, pig weaning wt: 14.3 lbWk

27、1234567 ADG, lbs0.270.550.831.151.491.701.93ADG, ac.0.270.410.550.700.861,01.13Wt, lbs16.220.125.933.944.356.369.7FI, Lb/d 0.30.71.11.72.32.83.35FCR,lb/lb 1.111.271.331.481.541.651.74Mortality in nursery 2% = Poor management6. Feeding and management of GF pigs6.1 Key Points in GF ManagementAvoid diseasesReduce mortalityReduce Feed conversionReduce feed costIncrease daily gainReduce within barn variabilityIncrease carcass leanness?6.2 Disease reductionAll in-All outBy room