大学英语第四册第10课

1、1. Word Web2. About the Author3. Future Shock and FUTURE SHOCK4. Henry Ford Before Reading_mainBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading5. Charlie ChaplinBefore Reading_1.1Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingWord Web Directions: What words will occur to you whene

2、ver we mention the word “technology”? Write down as many words as possible.Before Reading_2.1About the Author Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingAlvin Toffler (1928 ): a well-known American futurologistBirthgraduating from New York University in 1949Educationbeing born in New Y

3、ork in 1928 Working Experiences1. a former Associate Editor of Fortune magazine2. a visiting scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation3. a visiting professor at Cornell University a professor teaching one of the first courses devoted entirely to the future at the New School for Social Research in 19665

4、. the editor of The Futurists and Learning for TomorrowBefore Reading_2.2Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingHis Works1. The Culture Consumers (1964) 2. Future Shock (1970) 3. The Third Wave (1980) 4. Previews and Premises (1983)Before Reading_3.1) Concept of “future shock”: Bef

5、ore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingFuture Shock and FUTURE SHOCK2) The book Future Shock: A state of stress and disorientation (the loss of sense of direction) caused by too quick a succession of changes in society.The book was written by Alvin Toffler. “This is a book about what

6、happens to people when they are overwhelmed (overcome completely) by change. It is about the ways in which we adapt or fail to adapt to the future.” “The purpose of this book is to help us come to terms with the future to help us cope more effectively with both personal and social change by deepenin

7、g our understanding of how men respond to it.”Before Reading_4.1 Founder of Ford Motor Company and maker of the Model T (“ the machine that changed the world”), Henry Ford became one of the worlds most famous automobile manufacturers. He began his career as a machinist apprentice, but at the age of

8、30, he demonstrated his mechanical inventiveness with the construction of a single-cylinder gasoline-powered vehicle. Ten years later, in 1903, he founded the Ford Motor Company and began to develop assembly-line techniques to produce an affordable automobile. The result was the four-cylinder Model

9、T Ford, and by 1914 it had captured nearly half the U. S. automobile market. Fords early reputation as a good employer, who introduced a $ 5 minimum wage, was subsequently hurt during the 1920s and 1930s when he began to employ labor spies at his plants and sanctioned violence against union organize

10、rs. His enduring achievement was, within his own lifetime, to make automobile ownership possible for millions around the world.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingHenry Ford (18631947): American automobile designer and manufacturer1. A Brief Introduction to Henry FordHenry Ford

11、Before Reading_4.3Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingDate Event1888July 30, 18631879 2. Fords Chronology Being born on a farm near Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.A.Obtaining his first job, as an apprentice machinistMarrying Clara Bryant of Greenfield Township and moving to the 80-acre

12、 farm in what is today DearbornBefore Reading_4.4Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingDate Event1896 October 7, 1913 June 16, 1903 Completing his first working model of an automobile, the Quadricycle, and driving it through the streets of Detroit Founding the Ford Motor Company i

13、n DetroitIntroducing the assemblyline method ofmanufacturing autosBefore Reading_4.5Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingDate Event1914 By 1915 April 7, 1947 Announcing his plan to share the Ford MotorCompanys profits with workers, paying them $5.00 for an eight-hour dayHis compa

14、ny selling almost half of all the automobiles produced in the U.S.A.He died in Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.A.Before Reading_5.1Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingCharlie Chaplin (18891977): motion-picture actor, director, and producer1. A Brief Introduction to Charlie Chaplin Charl

15、ie Chaplin was a superstar of silent comedies and one of the greatest icons of the 20th-century film. He was born on 16 April,1889 in London and died on 25 December,1977 in Corsier-sur-Vevey in Switzerland. Chaplin had a rotten childhood and an early start on stage, performing even as a child in vau

16、deville (歌舞杂耍). He went to Hollywood in 1914 and began acting in silent comedies for Mack Sennett. By 1915 he controlled most aspects of his films, in which he usually appeared as a character called simply “The Little Tramp”: a lovably shabby dreamer with a small moustache, a derby hat , baggy trous

17、ers and outsize, shapeless shoes. Chaplin was one of the founders of United Artists Studios (along with actors Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford and director D. W. Griffith) and was one of the first movie makers to have complete control over his features. Charlie Chaplin Before Reading_5.2Before R

18、eadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingHis best-known films include The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), The Great Dictator (1940), Limelight (1952 ) and A King in New York (1957). Famously outspoken and sympathetic to communism, Chaplin left the United States in

19、1952 because of increased political pressure. He settled in Switzerland, where he and his wife Oona raised eight children, including actress Geraldine Chaplin. In 1972 he returned to the United States to accept a special Oscar, and in 1975 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.Before Reading_5.3Befo

20、re ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingDate Event April 16, 1889Chaplin was born in London. April 1915His First masterpiece, “The Tramp”, was released. October 23, 1918He married Mildred Harris (he was laterTo marry Lita Grey in 1924, PauletteGoddard in 1933, and Oona ONeill in1943).Ap

21、ril 17, 1919He founded United Artists Corporation together with Mary Pickford, Douflas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith.Before Reading_5.4Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingDate Event He released “The Gold Rush”.June 26, 19251952He left the United States because he was criticized f

22、or his leftist political views in the late 1940s and early 1950s.He published his life story, My Autobiography.September 30, 1964Before Reading_5.5Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingDate EventHe returned to the United States to receive several tributes.1972He was knighted by Qu

23、een Elizabeth II. March 4, 1975He died in his sleep, in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.December 25,1977Before Reading_5.6Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.7.2Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.8Before ReadingGlobal Readin

24、gDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.9Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.10Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.11Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.12Before ReadingGlobal Rea

25、dingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.13Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.14Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.15Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.16Before ReadingGlobal

26、 ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.17Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBefore Reading_5.18Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingGlobe Reading_main1. Part Division of the Text2. Further UnderstandingBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed Read

27、ingAfter ReadingFor Part 1 For Part 2 Table CompletionFor Part 3Background for Some Key Words and PhrasesBackground for Some Key Words and PhrasesBlank FillingGlobe Reading.1Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingPart Division of the TextMain IdeasParagraphsParts 11 223 636 11Our t

28、imes have witnessed a great leap forward in technology.Technology feeds on itself.People may have inadequate and misleading ideas on technology and the need to change their views.Globe Reading.1.1Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading 1. Assembly Line The assembly line is a system

29、 of manufacturing in which each worker performs a specialized operation on an unfinished product as it is moved past his or her station by a conveyor.Background for Some Key Words and PhrasesGlobe Reading.1.2Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading 2. Horse Collar A horse collar is

30、a device used to distribute load around a horses neck, for pulling a wagon or plow. The horse collar was invented by 100 BC in China, and spread to Europe round the 8th or 9th century.Globe Reading.1.3Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading 3. The Bessemer Furnace It is a furnace f

31、or making steel by blasting compressed air through molten iron, burning out excess carbon and other impurities. It was named after Sir Henry Bessemer (1813 1898), a British metallurgist (冶金学家) and inventor. The Bessemer process increased steel production and greatly lowered its cost.Globe Reading.2.

32、11Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading 1. Camel Caravan Using pack animals to haul people and goods is still a typical mode of transportation in some parts of the world.Background for Some Key Words and PhrasesGlobe Reading.2.12Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter R

33、eading 2. Chariot A chariot is a vehicle with two wheels pulled by a horse, used in ancient times in battles and races.Globe Reading.2.13Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading3. Locomotive A locomotive is a railway engine that runs on rails and is self-propelled by any of several

34、forms of energy for the purpose of moving railroad cars.Globe Reading.2.2Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingProgress in Transportation TimeMeans of TransportSpeed (mph)6000 BCcamel caravanaveraging 8about 1600 BCchariotabout 201784mail coachaveraging 101825first steam locomotiv

35、e131825great sailing ship6.51880smore advanced steam locomotive1001938airplanemore than 4001958airplane1960srocket plane4,0001960sspaceship18,000more than 800Globe Reading.3Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingFill in the blanks with the information from the text.Blank FillingDir

36、ections: Technological invention consists of . They are . 2. Technology is advancing much more quickly than before because . 3. The time between the stages of idea and application is much shorter now than it was in the ancient times because .4. The author uses the examples of “refrigerator” and “tel

37、evision” to show . that nowadays the time between application and diffusion has been shortened and three stages _the creative idea,its practical application and its diffusion or spread through society_now the time between each step in this cycle has been much shortened_all kinds of social devices ha

38、ve been inventedto speed up the process_the pace of diffusion is rising rapidly_ArticleBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingAlvin Toffler writes about the fact that technology is advancing much faster today than ever before in history. The symbols of technology are no longer the

39、factory smokestack or the assembly line. As we head into the future, the pace will quicken still further.To most people the term technology conjures up images of smoky steel mills or noisy machines. Perhaps the classic representation of technology is still the assembly line created by Henry Ford hal

40、f a century ago and made into a social symbol by Charlie Chaplin in Modern Times. This symbol, however, has always been inadequate and misleading, for technology has always been more than factories and machines. The invention of Article1_SBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingA. T

41、offler the horse collar in the middle ages led to major changes in agricultural methods and was as much a technological advance as the invention of the Bessemer furnace centuries later. Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be nec

42、essary to apply them. It includes ways to make chemical reactions occur, ways to breed fish, plant forests, light theaters, count votes or teach history.The Fantastic Spurt in TechnologyArticle2-3_SThe old symbols of technology are even more misleading today, when the most advanced technological pro

43、cesses are carried out far from assembly lines or blast furnaces. Indeed, in electronics, in space technology, in most of the new industries, quiet and clean surroundings are characteristic even sometimes essential. And the assembly line the organization of large numbers of men to carry out simple r

44、epetitive functions is outdated. It is time for our symbols of technology to change to catch up with the quickening changes in technology itself.This acceleration is frequently dramatized by a brief account of the progress in transportation. It has been pointed out, for example, that in 6000 BC the

45、fastest transportation available to man over long distances was the camel caravan, averaging eight miles per hour (mph). It was not until about 1600 BC when the chariot was invented that the maximum speed was raised to roughly twenty miles per hour.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter R

46、eadingBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSo impressive was this invention, so difficult was it to exceed this speed limit, that nearly 3,500 years later, when the first mail coach began operating in England in 1784, it averaged a mere ten mph. The first steam locomotive, introd

47、uced in 1825, could have a top speed of only thirteen mph and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed. It was probably not until the 1880s that man, with the help of a more advanced steam locomotive, managed to reach a speed of one hundred mph. It took the huma

48、n race millions of years to attain that record.Article3-4_SArticle5-6_SBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingIt took only fifty-eight years, however, to go four times that fast, so that by 1938 men in airplanes were traveling at better than 400 mph. It took a mere twenty-year flic

49、k of time to double the limit again. And by the 1960s rocket planes approached speeds of 4,000 mph. and men in space capsules were circling the earth at 18,000 mph. Whether we examine distances traveled, altitudes reached, or minerals mined, the same accelerative trend is obvious. The pattern, here

50、and in a thousand other statistical series, is absolutely clear and unmistakable. Thousands of years go by, and then, in our own times, a sudden bursting of the limits, a fantastic spurt forward.The reason for this is that technology feeds on itself. Technology makes more technology possible, as we

51、can see if we look for a moment at the process of innovation. Technological innovation consists of three stages, linked together into a self-reinforcing cycle. First, there is the creative, feasible idea. Second, its practical application. Third, its diffusion through society.The process is complete

52、d, the loop closed, when the diffusion of technology embodying the new idea, in turn, helps generate new creative ideas. Today there is evidence that the time between each of the steps in this cycle has been shortened.Article7-8_SBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingArticle9_SBef

53、ore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingThus it is not merely true, as frequently noted, that 90 percent of all the scientists who ever lived are now alive, and that new scientific discoveries are being made every day. These new ideas are put to work much more quickly than ever before.

54、 The time between the first and second stages of the cycle between idea and application has been radically reduced. This is a striking difference between ourselves and our ancestors. It is not that we are more eager or less lazy than our ancestors, but we have, with the passage of time, invented all

55、 sorts of social devices to hasten the process.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingBut if it takes less time to bring a new idea to the marketplace, it also takes less time for it to sweep through the society. For example, the refrigerator was introduced in the United States bef

56、ore 1920, yet its peak production did not come until more than thirty years later. However, by 1950 in only a few years television had grown from a laboratory novelty to the biggest part of show business. So the interval between the second and third stages of the cycle between application and diffus

57、ion has likewise been cut, and the pace of diffusion is rising with astonishing speed.Articl10_SArticle11_SBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingThe stepped-up pace of invention, application and diffusion, in turn, accelerates the whole cycle still further. For new machines or tec

58、hniques are not merely a product, but a source, of fresh creative ideas.Article2-3_S-1The old symbols of technology are even more misleading today, when the most advanced technological processes are carried out far from assembly lines or blast furnaces. Indeed, in electronics, in space technology, i

59、n most of the new industries, quiet and clean surroundings are characteristic even sometimes essential. And the assembly line the organization of large numbers of men to carry out simple repetitive functions is outdated. It is time for our symbols of technology to change to catch up with the quicken

60、ing changes in technology itself.This acceleration is frequently dramatized by a brief account of the progress in transportation. It has been pointed out, for example, that in 6000 BC the fastest transportation available to man over long distances was the camel caravan, averaging eight miles per hou