地质工程专业英语(共13页)

1、PAGE PAGE 14PAGE 1PAGE 141地形(dxng)地貌 geographic and geomorphic工程地质条件(tiojin) engineering geological conditions地形(dxng)地貌条件 geographic and geomorphic conditions地形 land form地貌 geomorphology, relief微地貌 microrelief地貌单元 landform unit, geomorphic unit坡度 grade地形图 relief map河谷 river valley河道 river course河床

2、river bed(channel)冲沟 gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)河漫滩 floodplain(valley flat)阶地 terrace冲积平原 alluvial plain三角洲 delta古河道 fossil river course, fossil stream channel冲积扇 alluvial fan 洪积扇 diluvial fan坡积裙 talus apron分水岭 divide盆地 basin岩溶地貌 karst land feature, karst landform溶洞 solution cave, ka

3、rst cave落水洞 sinkhole土洞 Karstic earth cave2地层岩性地层 geostrome (stratum, strata)岩性 lithologic character, rock property岩体 rock mass岩层 bed stratum岩层 layer, rock stratum母岩 matrix, parent rock相变 facies change硬质岩 strong rock, film 软质岩 weak rock硬质的 competent软质的 incompetent基岩 bedrock岩组 petrofabric覆盖层 overburde

4、n交错层理 cross bedding层面 bedding plane片理 schistosity层理 bedding板理（叶理） foliation波痕 ripple-mark泥痕 mud crack雨痕 raindrop imprints造岩矿物 rock-forming minerals粘土矿物 clay mineral高岭土 kaolinite蒙脱石 montmorillonite伊利石 illite云母 mica白云母 muscovite黑云母 biotite石英 quartz长石 feldspar正长石 orthoclase斜长石 plagioclase辉石 pyroxene, p

5、icrite角闪石 hornblende 方解石 calcite构造 structure结构 texture组构 fabric(tissue)矿物组成 mineral composition结晶质 crystalline非晶质 amorphous产状 attitude火成岩 igneous岩浆岩 magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山 volcano侵入岩 intrusive(invade) rock喷出岩 effusive rock深成岩 plutonic rock浅成岩 pypabysal rock酸性岩 acid rock中性(zhngxng)岩 inter-mediate

6、 rock基性岩 basic rock超基性岩 ultrabasic rock岩基 rock base (batholith)岩脉（墙） dike岩株 rock stock岩流 rock flow岩盖 rock laccolith (laccolite)岩盆 rock lopolith岩墙 rock dike岩床 rock sill岩脉 vein dyke花岗岩 granite斑岩 porphyry玢岩 porphyrite流纹岩 rhyolite正长岩 syenite粗面岩 trachyte闪长岩 diorite安山岩 andesite辉长岩 gabbro玄武岩 basalt细晶岩 apli

7、te伟晶岩 pegmatite煌斑岩 lamprophyre辉绿岩 diabase橄榄岩 dunite黑曜岩 obsidian浮岩(f yn) pumice火山(hushn)角砾岩 vulcanic breccia火山集块岩 volcanic agglomerate凝灰岩 tuff沉积岩 sedimentary rock碎屑岩 clastic rock粘土岩 clay rock粉砂质粘土岩 silty claystone化学岩 chemical rock生物岩 biolith砾岩 conglomerate角砾岩 breccia砂岩 sandstone石英砂岩 quartz sandstone粉

8、砂岩 siltstone钙质粉砂岩 calcareous siltstone泥岩 mudstone页岩 shale盐岩 saline石灰岩 limestone白云岩 dolomite泥灰岩 marl泥钙岩 argillo-calcareous泥砂岩 argillo-arenaceous砂质 arenaceous泥质 argillaceous硅质的 siliceous有机质 organic matter粗粒 coarse grain中粒 medium-grained沉积物 sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石 boulder卵石 cobble砾石 gravel砂 sand粉土 silt

9、粘土 clay粘粒 clay grain砂质粘土 sandy clay粘质砂土 clayey sand壤土、亚粘土 loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土 sandy loam浮土、表土 regolith (topsoil)黄土 loess红土 laterite泥灰 peat软泥 ooze淤泥 mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay冲积物（层） alluvion冲积的 alluvial洪积物（层） proluvium, diluvium, diluvion洪积的 diluvial坡积物（层）deluvium残积物（层）eluvium残积的 eluvial风积物（层）eol

10、ian deposits湖积物（层）lake deposits海积物（层）marine deposits冰川(bngchun)沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits崩积物（层） colluvial deposits, colluvium 残积粘土(zhn t) residual clay变质岩 metamorphic rock板岩(bn yn) slate千枚岩 phyllite片岩 schist片麻岩 gneiss石英岩 quartzite大理岩 marble糜棱岩 mylonite混合岩 migmatite碎裂岩 cataclasite3地质构造地质构造 geologi

11、c structure结构构造 structural texture大地构造 geotectonic构造运动 tectogenesis造山运动 orogeny升降运动 vertical movement水平运动 horizontal movement完整性 perfection(integrity)起伏度 waviness尺寸效应 size effect围压效应 confining pressure effect产状要素 elements of attitude产状 attitude, orientation走向 strike倾向 dip倾角 dip angle, angle of dip褶皱

12、fold褶曲 fold单斜 monocline向斜 syncline背斜 anticline穹隆 dome挤压 squeeze上盘 upper section 下盘 bottom wall, footwall, lower wall断距 separation相交 intersect断层 fault正断层 normal fault逆断层 reversed fault平移断层 parallel fault层理 bedding, stratification 微层理 light stratification地堑 graben地垒 horst, fault ridge断层泥 gouge, pug, s

13、elvage, fault gouge擦痕 stria, striation断裂 fracture破碎带 fracture zone节理 joint节理组joint set裂隙 fissure, crack微裂隙 fine fissure, microscopic fissure劈理 cleavage原生裂隙 original joint次生裂隙 epigenetic joint张裂隙 tension joint剪裂隙 shear joint卸荷裂隙 relief crack裂隙率 fracture porosity结构类型 structural pattern岩体结构 rock mass s

14、tructure岩块 block mass结构体 structural element块度 blockness结构面 structural plane软弱结构面 weak plane临空面 free face碎裂结构 cataclastic texture板状结构 platy structure薄板状 lamellose块状的 lumpy, massive层状的 laminated巨厚层 giant thick-laminated薄层(bo cn)状的 finely laminated软弱(runru)夹层 weak intercalated layer夹层(jicng) inter bedd

15、ing, intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer夹泥层 clayey intercalation夹泥 inter-clay连通性 connectivity切层 insequent影响带 affecting zone完整性 integrity n. Integrate v. & a. degree of integrality破碎 crumble胶结 cement泥化 argillization尖灭 taper-out错动 diastrophism错动层面 faulted bedding plane断续的 intermittent破碎 c

16、rumble共轭节理 conjugated joint 散状 loose透镜状的 lens-shaped a.岩石碎片 crag岩屑 cuttings, debris薄膜 membrane, film层理 stratification高角度 high dip angle缓倾角 low dip angle反倾 anti-dip互层 interbed v. Interbedding n.起伏的 unplanar波状起伏的 undulate, undulating粒径 particle size构造层 tectonosphere挤压 compression均一的 homogeneous剪切错动面 s

17、hear faulted, bedding zone切割 dissection切割的 dissected致密 close, compact构造岩 tectonite糜棱岩 mylonite断层角砾岩 fault breccia方解石脉 calcite vein碎块岩 clastic rock角砾 breccia岩粉 rock powder岩屑 debris, debry固结 consolidation定向排列 oriented spread构造应力 tectonic stress残余应力 residual stress4水文地质条件 hydrogeological conditions水文循环

18、 hydrologic cycle大气圈 atmosphere水圈 hydrosphere岩石圈 geosphere地表径流 surface runoff地下径流 subsurface runoff流域 valley, drainage basin流域面积 drainage area, river basin area汇水面积 catchment area地下水 ground water, subsurface water地表水 surface water大气水 atmospheric water气态水 aqueous (vapour) water液态水 liquid water固态水 sol

19、id water上层滞水 perched water潜水 phreatic water承压水 confined water吸着水 hygroscopic (adsorptive) water介质 medium空隙 void孔隙水压力 pore water pressure渗透压力 osmotic pressure, seepage force扬压力(yl) uplift pressure静水压力 hydrostatic pressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力(yl) hydrodynamic pressure渗透力 seepage pres

20、sure外水压力(yl) external water pressure内水压力 internal water pressure水力联系 hydraulic interrelation水力折减系数 hydraulic reduction coefficient水头损失 water head loss渗透途径 filtration path, seepage path渗透系数 penetration coefficient潜水位 water table level水位 water level, stage level水头 water head含水层 aquifer弱含水层（弱透水层） aquit

21、ard滞水层 aquiclude透水层 permeable layer, pervious layer不透水层（隔水层） aquifuge, impervious layer, impermeable layer, aquiclude潜水含水层 phreatic aquifer承压含水层 confined aquifer, artesian aquifer承压面 bearing surface潜水面 phreatic surface, water table浸润线 phreatic curve不透水边界 impervious boundary 地下分水岭 groundwater ridge粘滞

22、性 viscosity富水性 abundance透水性（渗透性）permeability淋滤（溶滤作用）lixiviation, leaching反滤层 inverted gravel filter水锈 incrustation渗滴 seep饱和 saturation, saturated潜水位变化带 zone of variable phreatic level气象因素 meteorological factor饱水带 zone of saturation包气带aeration zone, zone of aeration 包气带水 aeration zone water上层滞水 perch

23、ed water孔隙水 pore water裂隙水 fissure water岩溶水 karstic water结合水 bound water, combined water吸着水 hydroscopic water薄膜水 pellicular water毛细水 capillary water重力水 gravitational water凝结水 condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度 depth of groundwater occurrence压水试验 packer permeability te

24、st抽水试验 pumping test5物理力学性质物理力学physical mechanics n.Physico-mechanical a.屈服准则 yield criteria米赛斯屈服准则 Von Mises yield criteria朗肯土压力理论 Rankings earth pressure theory剑桥模型 Cambridge model, Cam-model邓肯-张模型Duncan-chang model本构方程constitutive equation局部剪切破坏local shear failure整体剪切破坏general shear failure岩体完整性指数

25、intactness index of rock mass安全系数factor of safety埋深embedment depth试件coupons挠度deflection里氏震级(zhnj)Richter scale设计(shj)烈度design intensity基本(jbn)烈度basic intensity场地烈度site intensity地震烈度seismic intensity, intensity scale卓越周期predominant period 持力层sustained yield超载surcharge围岩压力surrounding rock stress附加压力su

26、perimposed stress应力松弛stress relaxation应力路迳stress path卸荷 unload渗透率specific permeability饱和度degree of saturation含水量moisture content平均粒径mean diameter颗粒grain, granule, particle颗粒级配 distribution of grain-size, grain composition, size distribution级配 graduation, grain-size distribution, gradation, grading粒度

27、coarseness grain size, granularity, lump不均匀系数 coefficient of non-uniformity, variation coefficient, variation factor颗粒分级gradation, size grading孔隙水 pore water孔隙比void ratio (ration)空隙率air voids孔隙率 porosity裂隙率crackity溶隙率karstity密度 density重度 unit weight, bulk weight浮重度buoyant unit weight折减系数 reduction f

28、actor压力消散 dissipation of pressure抗力系数 coefficient of resistance软化系数 softening coefficient含水量 water content稠度 consistency塑限plastic limit液限liquid limit塑性指数plasticity index液性指数liquidity index流变 rheological蠕变 creep塑性plastic脆性brittleness(fragility)粘性stickness刚性rigidity弹性的 elastic粘弹性 viso-elasticity弹塑性 el

29、asto-plasticity压缩性 compressibility均质性homogeneity非均质性nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy总应力 total stress有效应力 effective stress超孔隙水压力 excess pore pressure孔隙水压力 pore water pressure抗压强度compressive strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗剪强度 shear strength不排水抗剪强度undrained shear strenght峰值抗剪强度pea

30、k share strength长期抗剪强度long-term shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength负摩擦力negative skin friction, dragdown摩擦角 angle of friction内摩擦角angle of internal friction外摩擦角angle of external friction内聚力cohesion粘聚力 cohesion假凝聚力pseudo-cohesion粘着(zhn zhe)力 adhesion摩尔(m r)圆 Mohrs circle包络线 envelope休止(xizh)角 an

31、gle of repose, angle of friction(repose, rest), repose angle峰值 peak模量 modulus弹性模量 modulus of elasticity， Youngs modulus, elastic modulus压缩模量 modulus of compressibility变形模量 modulus of deformation卸荷模量unloading modulus切线模量tangent modulus剪切模量shear modulus割线模量secant modulus旁压模量pressurmeter modulus泊松比 poi

32、ssons ration固结 consolidation固结系数 coefficient of consolidation固结度degree of consolidation超固结比 over consolidation ration应变 strain压缩比 compressibility ratio压缩系数 coefficient of compressibility压缩指数 compression index初始曲线 virgin curve正常固结土normally consolidated soil欠固结土under-consolidated soil超固结土over-consolid

33、ated soil被动土压力passive earth pressure主动土压力active earth pressure静止土压力earth pressure at rest覆盖压力overburden pressure初始应力initial stress地应力场ground(geostatic) stress field有效应力effective stress动应力dynamic stress动荷载dynamic load偏心荷载eccentric loads循环荷载inclined loads地应力 ground stress, geostatic stress初始应力 initial

34、 stress应力场 stress field纵波longitudinal wave液化势liquefaction potential液化指数liquefaction index交角angular岩石抗力系数coefficient of rock resistance容许承载力allowable bearing capacity临塑压力critical pressure接触压力contact pressure6工程地质问题 工程地质问题 engineering geological problem 定性评价 qualitative estimate 定量评价 quantitative esti

35、mate极限平衡法 limit equilibrium method不良地质现象 unfavorable geological condition风化 weathering变形 deformation位移 displacement不均匀位移differential movement相对位移relative displacement沉陷 settlement山崩 avalanche, toppling崩塌 toppling, toppling collapse滑坡、地滑 creep, slide切层滑坡(hup) insequent landslide 深层滑坡(hup) deep slide

36、浅层滑坡(hup) shallow slide顺层滑坡 consequent landslide滑动面 sliding surface, sliding plane, slip surface滑动带 sliding zone滑床 slide bed滑坡体 slide(sliding) mass古滑坡 fossil landslide推移式滑坡 slumping slide 牵引式滑坡 retrogressive slide管涌 piping, internal erosion渗漏 leakage流砂 quicksand渗流 seepage液化 liquefaction7工程勘察 enginee

37、ring investigation工程地质勘察engineering geology investigation岩土工程勘察geotechnical investigation工程地质条件engineering geological condition工程地质评价engineering geological evaluation勘测survey岩芯采取率core recovery, core extraction岩芯获得率RQD（岩石质量指标） rock quality designation程序（步骤）procedure勘察阶段investigational stage选点踏勘 recon

38、naissance初步设计 primary design初步规划 preliminary scheme初步勘探 preliminary prospecting初步踏勘 ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段 feasibility stage初步设计阶段preliminary stage施工阶段construction sage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical

39、 exploration洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching天然建材调查 natural materials surveying (examination)岩土工程勘察报告 geotechnical investigation report鉴定identification, appraisal鉴定书expertise report鉴定人identifier, surveyor校核verification总监chief inspector比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geom

40、orphological map地质图geological map工程地质图engineering geological map实测地质剖面图 field-acquired geological profile(section)构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图 quarternary geological map地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log钻孔柱状图logs of bore hole纵剖面图longitudinal section 横剖面图cros

41、s section展示图reveal detail map节理(jil)玫瑰图rose of joints基岩(j yn)等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层(yncng)界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point勘探点exploratory point (spot)勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole平洞adit竖

42、井riser, shaft, vertical shaft探槽exploratory trench探井exploratory pit钻孔borehole, drill hole机钻孔ordinary drill hole套钻孔sleeve drill hole管钻孔pipe drill hole岩芯core岩芯钻探core drilling回转钻探（进）rotary drilling冲击钻探churn drilling, percussion drilling钢砂钻探shot drilling铁砂钻进iron shot drilling跟管钻进follow-down drilling振动钻进v

43、ibro-boring, vibro-drilling泥浆钻探mud flush drilling金刚石钻进diamond drilling单动式single acting双层double layer空气钻探air flush drilling钻机drilling rig钻头drill bit, drilling bit 螺旋钻头auger勺钻spoon bit冲击钻头percussion bit, chopping bit桶式钻头bucket auger钻杆drill rod套管casing岩芯管core barrel冲洗掖flush fluid正循环冲洗 direct circulatio

44、n反循环冲洗reverse circulation泥浆mud, slurry泥皮mud cake护壁dado止水seal, water seal扫孔cleaning bottom of hole钻进 drilling平硐 adit竖井 shaft钻探 drilling boring8工程地质试验击实试验 compaction test压缩试验compression test固结试验consolidation test单轴试验 uniaxial compression test现场剪切试验 in-situ shear test单剪试验 simple shear test直剪试验 direct s

45、hear test慢剪试验slow test单剪试验simple shear test快剪试验quick test三轴剪切试验 triaxial shear test三轴压缩试验 triaxial compression test动三轴试验 dynamic triaxial test不固结不排水剪试验 unconsolidated undrained test(quick test) 固结不排水剪试验 consolidated undrained test(consolidated quick test)固结排水试验 consolidated drained test(slow test)原位

46、测试in-situ test现场(xinchng)监测on-site(in-site) monitoring现场(xinchng)检测on-site (in-site) inspection观测(gunc)孔observation borehole静力触探试验 cone penetration test, static penetration test, static cone test标贯试验 standard penetration test十字板剪切试验 vane shear test, vane test检层法up-hole method, borehole method旁压试验pre

47、ssuremeter test动力触探试验 dynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding点荷载试验point load test岩石试验rock test应力解除法 stress relief method应力恢复法 stress recovery method套孔法 over-coring method9岩土体加固掌子面breast, driving face, heading face, tunnel face顶拱vault底拱invert洞室开挖excavation超挖overbreak风钻pneumatic drill开挖断面excavated

48、section塌落slump细骨料混凝土concrete made with fine aggregate细骨料fine aggregate, fine adjustment料场stock ground土料earth material矿渣 cinder, mineral water residue, scoria, slag性能 function, performance, property, nature凝结 coagulate, congeal, congealment, coagulation合格qualified, on test, up to standard初凝initial se

49、t初凝时间 initial setting time终凝final set配合比mix proportion塌落度slump水化热 heat of hydration, hydration heat, setting heat水灰比water-cement ratio粉煤灰fly ash梅花状quincuncial pattern喷射shotcrete浇注pouring钢筋网coiremesh加固reinforce锚杆anchored bar, rock bolt锚索anchored cable锚紧端anchor station锚桩anchored peg采石场rock quarry开挖exc

50、avation清基cleanup foundation明挖open-cut爆破explosion光面爆破smooth blasting预裂法presplitting10 水工概论坝址toe of dam坝踵 heel坝段monolith坝顶crest坝肩 shoulders左坝肩left dam abutment副坝saddle dam三坝址the third dam site标高height mark上游水位headwater正常库水位normal reservoir level地下(dxi)洞室 underground opening (tunnel)压力(yl)隧洞pressure tu

51、nnel无压隧洞(su dn)gravity tunnel交通洞access tunnel灌浆洞grouting tunnel明流洞free-flow tunnel孔板洞orifice tunnel排砂洞sediment tunnel尾水洞tailrace tunnel排水洞drainage tunnel导流洞diversion tunnel隧道 tunnel围岩 surrounding rock, ambient rock围岩应力 secondary stress static应力集中 stress concentrate覆盖层 over burden冒顶 cave in, roof fal

52、l底鼓 bottom heave回弹 rebound岩爆 rock burst冻结法 freezing method超载 over break衬砌 lining围堰 cofferdam堤 dike近坝岸坡 abutments施工（收缩）缝 construction joint心墙 core截水墙 cutoff wall防渗墙diaphragm wall排水井drainage wells排水幕 drainage curtain减压井relief wells反滤层filter zone灌浆材料grout水力劈裂 hydraulic fracturing帷幔线curtain line上游围堰upst

53、ream cofferdam混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall截流interim completion导水墙channel training wall正常溢洪道渠首工程service spillway headwork消力塘lined plunge pool隔墙divider walls混凝土护坦concrete apron副厂房auxiliary power house闸门室gate chamber中闸室mid gate chamber开关站switch yard电梯井elevator shaft尾水渠tail race非常溢洪道emergency spillway11桥梁

54、及基础工程江阴大桥Jiangyin Bridge悬索桥suspension bridge锚碇anchorage重力式嵌岩锚 gravity socketed anchorage北锚碇前（后）锚面 front(back) surface of northern anchorage塔墩tower墩 pier散索鞍splay saddle猫道footbridge主缆main cable索股cable strand主鞍main saddle, tower saddle主跨main span边跨side span引桥approach 钢箱梁steel box main girder埋深 embedmen

55、t depth北塔墩基础north tower base基础 foundation, footing浅基础shallow foundation深基础deep foundation联合基础 combined footing筏形基础raft(mat) foundation钢模steel form桩pile基桩(j zhun)foundation pile群桩pile groups桩基础pile foundation桩承台 pile cap高桩承台 high-rise pile cap低桩承台 buried pile cap摩擦(mc)桩 friction pile端承桩 end bearing p

56、ile嵌岩桩 socketed pile板桩 sheet pile旋喷桩 jet-grouted pile灌注桩 cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 driven cast-in-place pile支护桩 soldier piles, tangent piles刚性(n xn)桩rigid pile柔性桩flexible pile侧向受荷桩laterally loaded pile轴向受荷桩axially loaded pile预制桩 precast concrete pile振动打桩 vibratory pile driving振动钻进 vibratory drilling沉箱 caisson沉井（沉箱）(open) caisson地下连续墙 diaphragm wall, slurry wall支撑 bracing超载 surcharge接触应力 contact pressure井点降水 well-point dewatering桩极限承载力 ultimate bearing cap