土木工程专业英语第五章

1、每节英语(yn y)The greater the love, the greater the tragedy when its over.爱时情越深，分时恨越浓。 Unit 5 Road Engineering共八十页本章(bn zhn)内容1、Words and Expressions2、Translating: Road Engineering3、Translating skill and exerciseUnit 5 Road Engineering共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering本次(bn c)课主要内容 1、Unit 5 words and expressio

2、ns 2、 Sentences translation 共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering1、Words and Expressions（1）thoroughfare rfe n. 大道；主线道路 No thoroughfare 禁止通行 ; 此路不通 busy thoroughfare繁忙的大街（2）conveyance knvens n.运送；运输；运输工具；财产让与 Conveyance speed 运输速度 Conveyance size 运输尺寸 pipeline conveyance 管道(gundo)运送 absolute conveyance 无条件让度 ;

3、 无条件转让 共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering（3）maintenance ment()nns n. 维修；保养；养护 maintenance man 维修工 ; 维修人员 maintenance cost 维护费用；养护费用 Maintenance Management 维修管理(gunl) ; 养护管理（4）begin with 从.开始（5）embankment mbkm()nt n. 路堤 embankment wall 堤墙 embankment dams 土石坝 High embankment 高填方 ; 高填方路堤 共八十页Unit 5 Road Engin

4、eering（6）deforestation ,di,frsten n. 砍伐森林（7）stake out 监视；立桩标出；打桩（8）benchmark ben(t)mk n. 基准(jzhn)；标准检查程序；水准点（9）detrimental ,detrment()l adj. 不利于的，；有害的 n.有害的人（或物）；不受欢迎的求婚者 detrimental soil 不稳定土 共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering（10）be capable of 有.的能力（11）catchment ktm()nt n. 流域、集水区（12）stockpile stkpal n. 库存

5、；积蓄 vt. 贮存；储蓄 vi. 积累(jli)；储备物资 national stockpile 国家库存 blended stockpile 拌和料堆 共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering（13）rehabilitation rih,blten n. 康复；复原；修复（14）mulch ml(t) n. 覆盖物；护盖物；护根 vt. 做护根；以护根物覆盖 dust mulch 细土覆盖层 asphalt mulch 沥青(lqng)覆盖料（15）reinstate rinstet vt. 使恢复；使复原（16） California bearing ratio 加州承载比

6、 共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering CBR： 加州承载比CBR California bearing ratio是美国加利福尼亚州提出的一种评定基层材料(cilio)承载能力的试验方法。承载能力以材料(cilio)载压入抵抗局部荷变形的能力表征，并采用标准碎石的承载能力为标准，以相对值的百分数表示CBR值。这种方法后来也用于评定土基的强度，即标准试件在贯入为2.5mm时所施加的试验荷载与标准碎石材料在相同贯入量时所施加的荷载之比值，以百分率表示。由于CBR的试验方法简单，设备造价低廉，在许多国家得到广泛应用。采用CBR法确定沥青路面厚度，有配套的图表，应用十分方便，受到工

7、程技术人员的欢迎。 共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringA road is a thoroughfare, route, or way between two places, which typically has been improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motorized vehicle.路是通过处理后能够允许马、马车、机动车等交通工具通行的大道、路线或者连接(linji)两个不同的地方的道路。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringModern

8、 roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel although historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.虽然历史上许多可辨认的道路都未进行任何正式的施工或养护(yngh)，但是现代的道路通常是平整的，铺砌的，或者以其他方式建造以方面出行。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringRoad construct

9、ion requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel, and may be required to meet standards set by law or official guidelines.为克服地理障碍，道路需要建设成为一个连续的通道，并需具有足够小的坡度以满足(mnz)行车或步行需求。共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering

10、The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction or embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) and followed by the laying of pavement material. 这个过程往往(wngwng)开始于岩土的挖掘或爆破，填筑路堤，建造桥梁和隧道，铲除植被（这可能包括森林采伐），然

11、后铺筑路面材料。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringA variety of road building equipment is employed in road building. 多种筑路(zh l)设备是用于道路建设。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringAfter design, approval, planning, legal and environmental considerations have been addressed alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor. 设计、许可(xk)、

12、规划、法律和环境方面的注意事项处理完成后，测量员开始对道路进行放线。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe radii and gradient are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill. Great care is taken to preserve reference benchmarks. 设计半径和坡度尽量适合自然地面线，并打桩标出，同时(tngsh)使填挖方量达到最小值。注意对基准点的保护。共

13、八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringRoadways are designed and built for primary use by vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Storm drainage and environmental considerations are a major concern. 道路(dol)的设计和建造主要用于车辆行驶和行人出行。雨水排水系统和环境因素是重点。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringErosion and sediment controls are constructed to pr

14、event detrimental effects. 建设(jinsh)侵蚀和泥沙防控装置以防止病害。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringDrainage lines are laid with sealed joints in the road easement with runoff coefficients and characteristics adequate for the land zoning and storm water system. 路中铺设封闭排水线减轻径流系数以适应当地所在分区(fn q)的特点与降水。共八十页Unit 5 Road Enginee

15、ringDrainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate authority to a watercourse, creek, river or the sea for drainage discharge. 在获得相关当局对排水口的批准（许可）后，排水系统必须能够按照极限设计流量，把上游集水区的水运(shuyn)送到水道、小溪、河流或大海以进行水的

16、疏导排放。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringA borrow pit (source for obtaining fill, gravel, and rock) and a water source should be located near or in reasonable distance to the road construction site. 取土坑（填土，碎石，和岩石(ynsh)的来源）和水源应位于施工现场附近或在合理的距离范围内。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringApproval from local authorities may b

17、e required to draw water or for working (crushing and screening) of materials for construction needs. 取水或材料(cilio)（破碎、筛分）等建设需要工作可能需要获得地方当局的许可。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe top soil and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent rehabilitation of the extraction area. Sid

18、e slopes in the excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety reasons. 取土坑取出的表层土壤和植被贮存起来(q li)用于后续取土坑位置的复原。出于安全考虑开挖区域的边坡不能是垂直的。共八十页每节英语(yn y)Sometimes you gotta shut up, swallow your pride and accept that youre wrong. Its not giving up. Its called growing up.有时候，你需要做的就是闭

19、嘴，放下所谓的自尊，承认(chngrn)自己的错误。这不叫放弃，而叫成长。 Unit 5 Road Engineering共八十页每节英语(yn y)Reserve one meter sunshine and put them in atrium. Elated wind, tap my heart window.预定一米阳光，装进心房。欢畅(hunchng)的风，轻敲我的心窗。 Unit 5 Road Engineering共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering（1）plasticity index 塑性指数（2）roller rl n. 压路机；滚筒；（3）traffic

20、 sign 交通标志(jio tn bio zh) traffic control sign 交通管制标志 traffic warning sign 交通警示标志（4）deterioration d,trren 恶化；退化；变坏；堕落 environment deterioration 环境恶化 ; 环境变得越来越差 climatic deterioration 气候恶化 forest deterioration 森林破坏 ; 森林逐渐衰败 共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering（5）oxidation ksde()n n. 氧化（作用） accelerated oxidati

21、on 加速氧化 ; 加快氧化 oxidation product 氧化产物(chnw) ; 氧化产品 oxidation reaction 氧化反应 ; 氧化作用（6）axle ks()l n. 车轴；轮轴； Axle Shaft 车轴 ; 驱动轴 ; 半轴 ; 驱动轴半轴 Axle load 轴负荷 ; 轴载荷 ; 轴荷 ; 轴负载 axle base 轴距 ; 轴座 Live axle 主动轴 ; 驱动轴 ; 转动轴 ; 传动轴共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering（7）tandem tndm n. 串联；两个以上前后(qinhu)排列的人（或物） adj. 串联的 adv

22、. 一前一后地，纵排地 Tandem bicycle 双人 ; 协力车 ; 双座自行车 （8）pothole pthl n. 道路上的洞坑（9）bitumen btjmn n. 沥青 bitumen emulsion 沥青乳浊液 ; 沥青乳液 modified bitumen 改性沥青 ; 改良性沥青 natural bitumen 天然沥青 ; 天然地沥青 petro bitumen 岩石沥青共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering（10）prolong prl vt. 延长；拖延（11）profilometer ,prufilmit n. 表面光度仪；轮廓曲线仪（12）asp

23、erity spert n. （表面的）粗糙；（气候等的）严酷；艰苦的条件；（性格）粗暴（13）rut rt n. 惯例(gunl)；凹槽 vt. 挖槽于；在形成车辙共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering（14）rejuvenate rduvnet vt. 翻新（道路）；使年轻(ninqng)；恢复精神；使复原 vi. 复原；变年轻（15）infiltration ,nfltren n. 渗透；渗透物 soil infiltration 土壤渗滤 ; 土壤入渗 ; 土壤渗透 ; 土壤水分入渗 infiltration wells 渗透井共八十页Unit 5 Road Engin

24、eeringOld road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention. 旧路面、围墙(wiqing)和建筑物可能需要在开工前拆除。公路建设范围内的树木可能需要标记出来进行保护（保留）。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThese protected trees should not have the topsoil w

25、ithin the area of the trees drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment. 这些受到保护的树木滴水线范围内的表层(biocng)土不应当被清除，同时这个区域内应保证建筑材料和设备便道的畅通。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringCompensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetati

26、on may be mulched and put aside for use during reinstatement. 如果受到保护的树木被损坏(snhui)，则需要支付赔偿金或相应的（复位、更换）费用。大部分植被可以做护根处理搁置在一旁以备在复原期间利用。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe topsoil is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are

27、 removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins. 通常挖除表层(biocng)土并就近存储，用于新建沿路路堤的植被恢复。铲除树桩和树根、填充孔洞是土方工程开始前必须要做的。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringFinal rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to

28、be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas. 公路建设完成后植被最后的复原包括播种，种植，浇水和其他活动，使该区域恢复到与周边(zhu bin)未受影响的区域达到一致。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringProcesses during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, compacting, construction and trimming. 土方工程(t fn n chn)包括挖掘、铲除不合格材料、填筑、压实、

29、建设施工（结构物）和（边坡、挡土墙等）修整。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringIf rock or other unsuitable material is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to 90% relative compaction. 如果岩石或其他不合适的材料(cilio)被铲除，需要用控制换填土方的含水率，并保证相对密实度达到90%。共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering General

30、ly blasting of rock is discouraged in the road bed. When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. 一般来说路基中有爆破的岩石是不利的。当洼地必须被填充以达到所需的公路坡度时，需要清除其原地表土(biot)并压实地基。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe fill is made by the “compacted”

31、layer method where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to specifications, the process is repeated until the desired grade is reached. 填筑采用分层填筑压实法，每一层摊铺并压实到一定的标准（设计指标），重复上述步骤直至(zhzh)达到预期坡度（设计坡度）。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringGeneral fill material should be free of organics, meet minimum California

32、bearing ratio (CBR) results and have a low plasticity index. 填充材料一般不含有机物，并且达到允许的最小加州承载比和较小的塑性(sxng)指数。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine gravel, which acts as an inhibitor to growth of plants or other vegetable matter. The compacted fi

33、ll also serves as lower-stratum drainage. 下层填充物一般包括砂或者细粒砂丰富的混合物，以此来抑制(yzh)植物生长.同时该压实层也充当下层排水系统。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringSelect second fill (sieved) should be composed of gravel, decomposed rock or broken rock below a specified particle size and be free of large lumps of clay. 第二填充层应该选用砾石、风化岩或者含泥量不

34、大(b d)的且粒径规格的破碎料。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringSand clay fill may also be used. The road bed must be “proof rolled” after each layer of fill is compacted. 当然也可以(ky)采用砂层填筑。在每层均被压实后，路基整体必须稳定（抗压）。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringIf a roller (figure 5-1) passes over an area without creating visible deformation o

35、r spring the section is deemed to comply. 如图5-1，如果一个压路机所经之处没有(mi yu)生成明显的变形则被认为是合格的（允许的）。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe completed road way is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other natural surface. 完工的道路（行车道）可以是铺面的，也可以是砂砾或者(huzh)其他自然路面的。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe type of road surface

36、is dependent on economic factors and expected usage. 路面类型取决于经济因素和预期(yq)用途。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringSafety improvements like traffic signs, crash barriers, raised pavement markers, and other forms of road surface marking are installed. 安装（建设）促进安全方面的设施，如交通标志，防撞栏，路面突出(t ch)标志物，以及其他路面标记等。共八十页Unit 5 Ro

37、ad EngineeringLike all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to accumulated damage from vehicles; however environmental effect such as frost heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute. 和其他建筑物一样，道路性能也在不断衰减的。性能衰减的主要原因(yunyn)是车辆造成的累积损伤，此外，诸如冻胀、热氧老化等环境的影响也是

38、（性能衰减的）常见因素。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringAccording to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s,called the AASHO Road Test, it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the 4th power of axle weight. 根据(gnj)50年代末期所进行的一系列的实验（AASHO实验），经验性

39、的证明了（揭示了）道路病害与第四轴荷载（A轴荷载）大致成正相关。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringA typical tractor-trailer weighing 80,000 pounds (36.287t) with 8,000 pounds (3.6287t) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,

40、000 pounds (0.907t) on each axle. 一个典型的牵引式挂车（重量为80000磅（36.287t），其中8000磅（3.6287t）在转向轴， 双轴组各承担(chngdn)36000磅（16.329t）的重量）作用在道路上一次所造成的损害相当于普通客车（重2000磅，约0.907t）作用7800次。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringPotholes on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction works. 造成路面坑槽的原因(yuny

41、n)有水损害、车辆制动、以及相关施工工作。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringPavements are designed for an expected service life or design life. In some UK countries the standard deign life is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement. 路面(lmin)有明确的服务年限或设计寿命。在英国，沥青或水泥路面(lmin)的设计寿命标准为40年。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringMaintenanc

42、e is considered in the whole life cost of road with service at 10, 20 and 30 year milestone. Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives ( 8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs ). 养护被认为是道路在10年、20年、30年具有服务性能(xngnng)的全寿命周期的花费。道路能够也可以被设计为拥有不同的寿命周期（8 年、15年、30年、60年）。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringWhen p

43、avement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. 当路面比其预期寿命更长时，这可能是该路被过度建造，原来(yunli)的成本可能太高。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringWhen a pavement fails before its intended design life, the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation c

44、osts. 当路面性能在预期的设计寿命(shumng)之前衰减，业主或将面临较多的养护以及修缮工作。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringMany concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives. Some roads like Chicago, Illinoiss “Wacker Drive”, a major two-level viaduct in downtown area are being rebuilt with a d

45、esigned service life of 100 years. 许多混凝土路面自上世纪50年代以来已明显(mngxin)超过了其设计寿命。一些道路，如芝加哥市中心，伊利诺斯的威克大道，正在重建一个设计寿命为100年的双层高架桥。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringVirtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Pro-active agencies continually monitor road conditi

46、ons and apply preventive maintenance treatments as needed to prolong the life span of their roads. 几乎所有道路在其使用寿命结束之前都需要某些(mu xi)种形式的养护。预警部门（道路巡查、养护部门）不断监视道路条件和适用的预防性养护措施来延长道路寿命。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringTechnically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equip

47、ment such as laser/ inertial profilometers. 技术先进的养护机构在路网表面状况监测(jin c)中采用了精密的仪器，如激光/惯性表面光度仪。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThese measurements include road curvature, cross slope, asperity, roughness, rutting and texture (roads). 这些检测指标包括路曲率、横向(hn xin)坡度、表面粗糙度、粗糙度、车辙和表面纹理等。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThis

48、data is fed into a pavement management system, which recommends the best maintenance or construction treatment to correct the damage that has occurred. 将这些数据输入路面管理系统，系统将推荐最佳养护或施工(sh gng)方案来解决已经发生的病害。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringMaintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include crack sealin

49、g, surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, micro-milling and surface treatments. 沥青混凝土的养护措施一般(ybn)包括裂缝填封、路表翻修、雾封层、微铣刨和表面处置。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThin surfacing preserves, protects and improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended s

50、ervice life without increasing structural capacity. 薄层罩面对道路的功能性起到了保护和提升作用，这同时也减少了道路的日常养护，并在没有结构性改善的情况(qngkung)下延长了道路的服务寿命。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringFailure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society, in a 2009 report released by the American Association of state Highway and

51、Transportation Officials (USA) about 50% of the roads in the USA are in bad condition with urban areas worse. 失修的道路可以给社会带来重大的损失，在2009美国州级美国国家公路和运输管理部门发布的一份报告中显示，50%的美国公路情况(qngkung)较差，城区道路的情况(qngkung)更加糟糕。共八十页Unit 5 Road Engineering The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of $746/year

52、on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. 该报告估计(gj)，城市司机平均在汽车修理中支付约746美元/年，而这一数值在全美则约为335美元/年。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringIn contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax). 相比之下，一般的司机支付约171美元

53、/年的道路维修税（养路费）（上述数据(shj)是基于600加仑/年，0.285美元/加仑税计算而来）。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringDistress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. 混凝土道路的损害与服务性能的降低可以归咎于混凝土路面板之下存在(cnzi)的空隙所引起的支撑力不足。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe voids u

54、sually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration. The most common cause of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. 空隙(kngx)通常发生裂缝或表面水分渗入之处的附近。空隙(kngx)的最常见危害是动水压力，固结，地基病害以及引桥病害。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringSlab stabilization is a non-destructi

55、ve method of solving this problem and is usually employed with other Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) methods including patching and diamond grinding. 路面板(min bn)的加固是解决这个问题的一种无损方法，此外，该方法也通常与其他混凝土路面修复方法（如坑槽处理、切块修复）一同被应用。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe technique restores support to concrete slabs by

56、 filing small voids that develop underneath the concrete slab at joints, cracks or the pavement edge. 该技术可以阻止混凝土路面板下方渗水处、裂缝处以及路面边缘等布满微小(wixio)孔隙处的发展。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe process consists of pumping a cementitious grout or polyurethane mixture through holes drilled through the slab. The gro

57、ut can fill small voids beneath the slab and /or sub-base. 这个过程包括将水泥胶浆或者与聚氨酯的混合物通过路面板的钻孔压入.水泥胶浆可以填补面板板下方和/或底基层(jcng)的小空隙。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe grout also displaces free water and helps keep water from saturating and weakening support under the joints and slab edge after stabilization is complete. 灌浆同时将自由水挤出，避免了加固之后水分的饱和以及接缝(ji fn)、路面板边缘处轻度的不足。共八十页Unit 5 Road EngineeringThe three steps for this method after