Intercultural communication--胡文仲老师的《跨文化交际》视频文字版

1、 Interculturalcommunicationmaybeunderstoodas:aphenomenon(跨文化交际)b.adiscipline(跨文化交际学)Asaphenomenon,itiscalled跨文化交际.Asadiscipline,itiscalled跨文化交际学.Somepeoplemakethisdistinction.Somepeopledont;theyjustuse跨文化交际forboth.Sowhatisthedefinitionofinterculturalcommunication?Itreferstothecommunicationbetweendif

2、ferentculturalbackgrounds.IfyoutalkwithyourAmericanteacher,interculturalcommunicationtakesplace.IfyouinteractwithyourJapanesestudent,thisisinterculturalcommunication.Itincludes:Internationalcommunication:e.g.JapanesePrimeMinister-Americanpresident(thisisthecommunicationbetweentwonations)interracialc

3、ommunication:e.g.AfroAmerican-WhiteAmericaninter-ethniccommunicatione.g.Tibetan-Han(theyarefromdifferentethnicgroups)inter-regionalcommunication:e.g.Anortherner-ASouthernerInterculturalcommunicationasaphenomenonisreallyuniversal,i.e.ittakesplaceeverywhere.WhenyoutalkwithaBritishlecturer,youarehaving

4、interculturalcommunicationwithhim.Whenyoucorrespondwithawesternerthroughe-mail,youareengagedininterculturalcommunication.WhenyouwatchaFrenchfilm,orreadaFrenchnovel,youareengagedininterculturalcommunication.Althoughyoudontseetheperson,theFrenchpersonisactuallytalkingtoyouthroughthebookorthenovel.Soyo

5、uarehavingtheinterculturalcommunicationwithhimorher.Interculturalcommunicationdatesbacktothousandsofyearsago.Alongtimeago,whenpeoplestartedinterminglingwitheachother,whenpeoplewerehavingtraderelationswithothers,therewereinterculturalcommunications.Averygoodexampleisthe“silkroad”.Alotoftradersfromdif

6、ferentcountriesinteractedwitheachotherintheirbusinessreactions.Therewasinterculturalcommunication.Interculturalcommunicationisadailyoccurrence,i.e.,ittakesplaceeveryday.Intodaysworld,interculturalcommunicationhasbecomeincreasingimportant,becauseitissoeasyforpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgroundtocomet

7、ogetherandcommunicate.Interculturalcommunicationhasquicklyincreasedbecauseofthesereasons:First,mobilemeansoftransport.Nowjetplanesflyeverywhere.ItusedtotakemonthstotravelfromShanghaitoLosAngeles,butnowittakesonly12hours.Itisnowmucheasierforpeopletomovefromonecountrytoanother.Peopleofdifferentcountri

8、esandracesgettogethermuchoftenerthanbefore.Besides,peoplegetintouchwitheachotherinvariousways,includingtheinternet,thetelephone,thesatellite,etc.Sosophisticatedcommunicationsystemshavealsohelpedtoincreaseinterculturalcommunication.Also,thereisglobalizationofworldeconomy.Thismeansmulti-nationalcompan

9、iesnowoperateinmanycountriesintheworld.Theyemploypeopleofdifferentethnicgroupsandofdifferentcountries.Actually,somemulti-nationalcompaniesmakeapointofemployingpeopleofdifferentcountries.Theydontusepeoplefromjustonecountry.Becausetheircompanyisthemulti-nationalcompanyandtheywanttousepeoplefromdiffere

10、ntcountries.Andfinallythereismassmigration.Millionsofpeoplenowmoveacrossnationalborderseveryyear.Soallthesecontributestothefactthatinterculturalcommunicationisnowadailyoccurrence.Itsimportancenowisbeingrecognizedbyanincreasingnumberofpeople.InterculturalcommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedintheUni

11、tedStates.AndthisiseasytounderstandbecausetheUSisalandofimmigrants.Peoplecamefrommanycountriesintheworld.TheycamefromAfrica,Europe,AsiaandAustralia.TheseimmigrantscametotheUnitedStatesandhadtocommunicatewitheachother,sotherewasalotofchanceofinterculturalcommunication.Andthenowimmigrantalsoarriveever

12、yyearbythemillions.LargenumbersofforeignstudentsandtouristalsocometotheUnitedStates.SoinabigcitylikeNewYorkorLosAngelesyoullfindpeopleofmanydifferentethicgroupsandmanypeopleofdifferentraces.AtatypicalAmericancampus,youllfindstudentsfromdifferentpartsoftheworld.Sointerculturalcommunicationisverycommo

13、nintheUS.Besides,theUShasmanymulti-nationalandtransnationalcompanieswithemployeesandofficesaroundtheworld.Theseemployeesarefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Sowithintheseinternationalcompanies,interculturalcommunicationisfairlycommon.Interculturalcommunicationasadisciplinehasafairlyshorthistory.Edwar

14、dHallwhowrotethesilentlanguageandhaditpublishedin1959isbelievedbysomeasthefounderoftheinterculturalcommunication,becauseitwashewhofirstpublishedthisimportantbook.Andthisbookhadsincebecomeaclassicoftheinterculturalcommunicationstudies.OfcourseintheUS,therehasbeenananthropologicaltraditiontostudyracea

15、ndculture.AnthropologistslikeSapir,Wolfe,Benedict,kluckhohn,Meadtheyallstudiedraceandculture.Butculturalcommunicationwasstudiedseparatelyuntilrecentyears.Itwasnotuntiltheearly70sthatscholarsbegantostudytorelateculturetocommunication.Itwasin1970thattheinterculturalcommunicationwasrecognizedbytheInter

16、culturalCommunicationAssociation(ICA).Afterthattherewasalotofchange.InterculturalcommunicationwasofferedasacourseintheAmericanuniversities.Andintheearly1970s,cross-culturaltrainingstarted.Thefirsttrainingactuallystartedwithpeacefulmembers.PeacefulmembersweresenttocountriesinAsiaandAfricainthe1960san

17、d1970s.Mostofthemweregraduates,freshfromuniversities,andtheywantedtogotoworkoverseas.Butwhentheyarrivedtheplaceswheretheysupposedtowork,manyofthemhadaculturalshock.Thereweremanythingsthattheywerenotpreparedforculturally.Someofthemhadtobesentback.Sothegovernmentsoonrealizedthatjustsendingthemoversees

18、wouldbenogood.Theyhadtobetrainedculturallybeforetheyweresentoverseas.In1975aninternationalassociationwassetup.AndthisisSIETAR(Societyforinterculturaleducation,trainingandresearch).SIETARprobablyisthebiggestinternationalorganizationengagedininterculturalcommunication.In1977,aneconomicjournalcalledInt

19、ernationalJournalofInterculturalRelationswaspublished.InterculturalcommunicationinChihnaasafairlyshorthistory.Peoplestartedtakinganinterestininterculturalcommunicationintheearly80s.Teachersofforeignlanguagesstartedstudyingtherelationshipoflanguagetoculture.AndProfessorXuGuozhangwasthefirstwhowroteab

20、outculturalloadingwords,i.e.theculturalmeaningofwords.Manyarticles,actuallyhundredsofarticleswerewrittenoninterculturalcommunication.Andthentherewerefollowedbybooks(probablymorethan20books).Andthreeconferenceshavebeenheld.(firstinharbin,secondinBeijing,thirdinShenzhen,afourthwillbeinXian)Anationalas

21、sociationcalledChinaAssociationforInterculturalCommunicationwassetupin1995.Thescholarsinvolvedinthisfieldofstudyincludetheteachersofforeignlanguages,teachersofChineseasforeignlanguage(对外汉语),linguistsandpsychologists.BooksoninterculturalcommunicationpublishedinChina:关世杰：跨文化交流贾玉新：跨文化交际学林大津：跨文化交际研究胡文仲：

22、跨文化交际学概论胡文仲、高一虹：跨文化交际与外语教学Howusefulisinterculturalcommunication?Asadiscipline,itcanbeappliedmanyways.Itcanbeappliedinthetrainingofbusinessexecutiveandtechnicians.Particularlyforthosewhoworkoverseas.Theyhavetoencounteralotofculturalproblems.Sotheyhavetobetrainedbeforetheyaresentoverseas,otherwise,the

23、ycouldnotworkeffectively.Thenthereistrainingofnewimmigrantsandforeignstudents.ThisisdonebothbytheUSandthecountrieslikeAustralia.Andthereismulti-culturaleducation,becauseattheAmericanschoolsandtheBritishschools,thepupilsarefromdifferentethnicgroups.Theyhavedifferentcultures,sotheyhavetobewhatiscalled

24、multi-culturaleducation.Inforeignlanguageteaching,interculturalcommunicationisveryimportant.Finallyitisimportantforimprovinggeneralculturalawareness.Next,weltlakeupthedefinitionofcultureanditsfeatures:AccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis“theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualach

25、ievementregardedcollectively”.Thisisreallyreferringtointellectualpursuit,liketheart,music,andarchitecture.IfyoutalkaboutPicasso,Beethoven,youretalkingaboutculture.Butthisisnotthedefinitionofanthropologists.Toanthropologist,cultureis“thecustoms,civilizations,andachievementofaparticulartimeorpeople”.F

26、orinstance,wehaveGreekculture,Egyptianculture,andinChina,Yangshaoculture.WhenwesayGreekculture,wemeanthecustoms,civilizationsoftheGreeceabout2000yearsago.Thefollowingissomedefinitionsbyscholars.ThedefinitiongivenbyEdwardSapir(alinguistandanthropologist):Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks

27、.Languageisaparticularhowofthought.”Whatasocietydoescoversagreatdeal.Everythingthatyoudoiscoveredbythis.Whatthesocietythinksincludingbeliefsandvalues.Inanotherplaceinhisbook,hesays“cultureisthesociallyinheritedassemblageofpracticesandbeliefsthatdeterminesthetextureofthelives”.Assemblagemeanscollecti

28、on.Socultureisacollectionofpracticesofwhatasocietydoesandbeliefsofwhatasocietythinks.Sociallyinheritedisusedincontrastwithbiologicallyheritage.Whenyousaysociallyinherited,itmeansyoudonotinherititfromyourparents;youinherititfromsociety,fromschool,yourfriends,massmedia;yougetallthesethingsfromallthese

29、sources.Thisisverydifferentfrombiologicalheritage.Anotherdefinitiongivenbytwoanthropologistsisthis;thisisamuchlongerdefinition.“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementbyhumangroupsincludingtheirembodimentanda

30、rtifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditional(i.e.historicallyderivedandselected)ideaandespeciallytheirattachedvalues.”(KroeberandKluckhohn,1952)Thisisadefinitionacceptedbymanypeople.WhatIwouldliketodrawyourattentiontois“theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideaandespeciallytheira

31、ttachedvalues”,whichmeansthecoreofcultureisactuallythetraditionalideasandvalues.GeertHofstedeisaDutchscholar.Hepublishedtwoimportantbooks.OnebookiscalledCulturesConsequences,andtheotheriscalledCulturesandOrganizations.Heisveryinfluentialscholarinthefieldofinterculturalcommunication.Accordingtohim,“c

32、ultureissoftwareofthemind”.Thisisaninterestingdefinitionbecauseweallknowwhatsoftwareis.Computersdowhattheprogramstellthemtodo.Humanbeingsdoeverythingaccordingtotheirculture.Inthissense,cultureissimilartocomputersoftware.Butofcoursethehumanarenotexactlythesameascomputers,andsometimestheymaydeviatefro

33、mtheirprograms,i.e.peoplecanbecreative,whilecomputerscancreate.Whatiscommontothedefinitions:Therearealotofdefinitionsoftheword“culture”.ItmaybeoneofthemostdifficultwordsinEnglish.Ithasmorethan160definitions.Butwhatiscommontodefinitionsiscultureiswhatdistinguisheshumanbeingfromanimals.Itishumanendeav

34、oranditsoutcome,i.e.culturemakesushumanbeingsdifferentfromanimals.Animalsdonothaveculture,butwedo.Cultureincludespatternsofbehavior,beliefsandvalues,andartifacts.Thepatternsofbehavior,thatsonethinks.Thebeliefsandvalues,thatswhatsocietythinks,andfinallythethingsmadeartifact.Cultureissharebyagroupofpe

35、ople.Whenwetalkaboutaculture,wetalkaboutagroup;wetalkaboutthebehaviorpatternsandideasofthisgroup.Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Wegotsomeourideas,actuallymostofourideas,fromancestors.Cultureislikeaniceberg.Lookatthispictureofaniceberg.Itisverybeautifulbutitisverydangerous,becausemost

36、oftheicebergisunderthewater.Wecantseeit.Sowhatwecanseeabovethewaterisonlyaverysmallpartoftheiceberg.Mostoftheicebergishiddenfromus.Cultureisjustlikeaniceberg.Lookatthis.Thisisaniceberg.Whatwecansee,forinstance,isfood,dress,paintings,architecture,anddance.Theseareapparenttotheeye.Butagreaterpartofcul

37、tureishidden,somethingthatwecantsee.Forexample,viewsaboutlife,onesattitude,onespreferences,onesloveandhate,peoplescustomsandhabits.Allthesethingscantbeseen.Theyareoutofourawareness.Thismakesthestudyofculturedifficult,becausemostofwhatweseeisonlyasmallpartofculture,andalargerpartofcultureiswhatwecant

38、see.Nowherewehaveadiagram.Thisdiagramshowstherelationshipsofthedifferentparts.Theouterlayerissymbols.Symbolsincludelanguage,andalsoothercodes.Inthefurtherinsidewehaveheroes.“Heroes”heremeans“heroworship”,i.e.whatkindofpeopleyouworship.Forinstance,inChinaweworshipournationalheroeslikeWenTianxiangandL

39、inZexu.IntheUS,theyworshipGeorgeWashington,AbrahamLincoln,andMartinLutherKing.Andfurtherinsidethereisrituals.Symbols,heroesandritualsareallpractices,i.e.iswhatyoudo.Butthesepracticesaredecidedbythecoretheculture,i.e.values.Sovaluesformthecoreoftheculture.Nowletslookatthis.Thisshowsthenormaldistribut

40、ionofculturalcharacteristics.Mostofthepeopleareinthemiddle.Theysharethecharacteristicsofthisparticularculturalgroup.Peoplewhoareinthemiddlearemoreorlesswhatwecalltypicalpeople.Buttherearesomepeopletheyarenottypical.Theysharesomethecharacteristics,butontheotherhand,theyhavesomeothercharacteristics.So

41、whenwetalkabouttheChinese,weareactuallytalkingaboutmostoftheChinesepeople;wearenottalkingabouteveryone.WesaytheChinesearemodest,buttherearesomepeoplewhoarenotsomodest.Theyareintheminority,buttheyarestillChinese.Sothischartisveryimportantforustounderstandculture.Cultureisacquiredinsteadofhereditary.W

42、hatdoesthismean?Itmeansculturecanbelearned.RushBenedictwhoistheAmericananthropologist,saysthis,“Allovertheworld,sincethebeginningofhumanhistory,itcanbeshownthatpeopleshavebeenabletoadoptthecultureofpeoplesofanotherblood.Thereisnothinginthebiologicalstructureofmanthatmakesitevendifficult.Manisnotcomm

43、ittedindetailbyhisbiologicalconstitutiontoanyparticularvarietyofbehavior.”(Benedict,1935)Nowwhathesaysisthis,cultureislearned;cultureisacquired.Itisnotdifficultforpeopletolearnanotherculture.Forinstance,achild,aboyinChinaofChineseparentistakentoUS,andisbroughtupthere.Nowwhatkindofcultureisheorsheacq

44、uired?Mostprobably,heorshewillacquireAmericanculture.AnditisnotdifficultforthechildtolearntheAmericanculture,becausecultureislearnable.AndthisisbasicallywhatRushBenedicttellsus.Biologicalvs.CulturalNowherewemakeadistinctionbetweennatureandnetureSneezingisbiologicalwhilesayinggodblessyouiscultural.Ev

45、erybodysneezes.Inthewest,whensomebodysneezes,hisfriendswillsay“godblessyou”.ButinChina,wedontsaythis.Feelinghungryisnature,whilewhatweeatandhowweeatitiscultural.Feelinghungryisnature.Everybodyfeelshungryatcertaintime.Butthethingthatwhatweeatandhowweeatiscultural.（31:48）CommunicationHumancommunicatio

46、nisveryoldasmankind.Atfirst,humanbeingsdidnothavelanguage.Howdidtheycommunicationwitheachother?Theyusethefacialexpressions.Theyusedexclamations,i.e.theyshouted;theymadealotofnoisestocommunicate.Thiswasmadebasically100,000yearsago.30,000yearsago,therewastheuseofcavepaintings.Cavepaintingswerediscover

47、edinAustralia.ThesecavepaintingsweredonebyAbriginostorecordlife.About20,000yearsago,theuseoflanguagetocommunicatestarted.About5000yearsago,peoplebegantousescripttocommunicate,thatiswriting.Soourhistoryofwritingisreallyashortone.Definitionofcommunication:Therearemanydefinitionsofcommunicationlikecult

48、ure.Samovar&Portionhavegivenonedefinitionofcommunication.Andthereisthis:Communicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortheresidueofbehavior.Thisdefinitionmeanswhensomethinghappens,andwhenyougivemeaningtoit,thenthereiscommunication.Forinstance,youtapethefingersonthedesk.Iftapingthefingersi

49、syourhabit,e.g.whileworking,thenthereisnomeaning.Itisnotcommunication.Butsometimesinarestaurant,youorderedyourfood,butfooddoesnotcome,soyougetimpatient,andyoustarttapingyourfingersonthedesk.Whenyoudothis,youarereallycommunicatingwithamessage.Youretellingthewaitersthatyouregettingimpatient.InGuodong,

50、peopletapetheirfingerswhensomebodycallswineorteaforhim.Thisisnottoexpressimpatience.Thisisactuallytoexpressonesgratitude.AnotherdefinitiongivenaChinesescholar,professorZhangGuoliangofFudanUniversity,isthis:Communicationreferstotheactandprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesamongpeople.Thisisadefinitio

51、nthatisveryeasytounderstand.Whenyoustarttosendamessagetoanotherpersonandanotherpersonstartstoreceivethemessagefromyou,thencommunicationtakesplace.Theword“communication”maybetranslateddifferently,like交流，沟通，传通，交际，传播.传通and沟通maybeusedbyHongKongandTaiwan.交际isusedmostlybypeoplewithlinguisticbackground.传播i

52、susedbypeoplewhoareincommunicationstudies.Sothatiswhywetendtouse跨文化交际insteadof跨文化沟通.Buttherearepeopleuse跨文化传通or跨文化交流forinterculturalcommunication.TypesofcommunicationTherearemanytypesofcommunication.Intrapersonalcommunication（自我传播）.E.g.ifyoutalktoyourselfInterpersonalcommunication（人际传播）.Thatiscommun

53、icationbetweenonepersonandanotherperson.Organizationalcommunication（组织传播）.E.g.Withinabigcompany,youhavecircularsandmessages.Thesearepartoforganizationalcommunication.Masscommunication（大众传播）.E.g.magazines,TV,radio,newspaper,etc.Classificationofcommunication:pb屮TECjiixslficationofcommunfcnrionConununk

54、nlinnSocial-HitiihanJ1?Qtl-social-Tulrit-rnrpr呼裤冋阿切血。槪価汕。师I皿鹄Thisisaveryfamousmodelusedincommunicationstudies.Basicallywhathesaidisthis:whatsenderthroughwhatmessagethroughwhatchanneltowhatreceiverwithwhateffects.Thisis5-W.Thismodelhasbeenusedbyalotofcommunicationexperts.Butlateritisbeenfoundthatther

55、eisnofeedbackinthismodel,i.e.itsliniermodel.Solaterpeoplehaverevisedthismodel,haveeditedfeedback.ThenherewehaveOsgood-SchrammsCircularModel.Thepersonwhosendsthemessageisencoder,i.e.heorsheputswhathemeansintoaparticularcode,andthisiscalledencode.Andthepersonwhoencodesitisanencoder.Soheencodeshismeani

56、ngintoamessage.Thenthismessagegoestoasecondpersonwhogetsthemessageandhastodecodeit,i.e.hehastounderstandit,hehastoreadthemessage.IfitsinEnglishhellhavetodecodethisEnglishmessage.IfitisaChinesemessage,hellhavedecodethisChinesemessage.Afterhesgotthismessage,hedecidestosendsomefeedback.Andhehimselfwill

57、becometheencoder.Sohewillsendthemessagetothefirstpersonwhosentthemessage.Thistime,thispersonbecomesadecoder.Soherewehaveabasicallyacircularmodel.Andthispersoncanagainsendasecondmessageandgoingthroughasamekindofjournal.Thisseemstobeamoredesirablemodelofcommunication.Componentsofcommunication:Whatarethecomponentsofcommunication?Somescholarssaytherearefive.Somesaythereareeight.Theyare:Sender,Encoding,Message,Channel,Decoding,Recipient(receiver),Response,feedback.Encodinganddecodingareareaswheremisunderstandingislikelytooccur,becauseinthis