2012新课标同步导学高一英语课件：12 Module 1 Europe《Listening, Speaking and Writing》（外研版全国卷Ⅰ必修3）

1、Section Grammar一、被动语态(一般现在时和一般过去时)当说话人强调或特别关心行为对象，即句子的宾语，或没有必要说出行为者是谁时就用被动语态。其构成形式为“be及物动词的过去分词，即bedone。 在被动句中，语法上的主语是行为的承受者，而实际的主语可用介词by来引导。一般现在时被动语态的构成是：am/is/aredone，一般过去时被动语态的构成是：was/weredone。My computer is repaired every few months.我的电脑每隔几个月就修理。My computer was repaired by the storekeeper yester

2、day.昨天我的电脑被店主修理了。主动语态变被动语态应注意的事项注意事项例句1.有些动词如feel，hear，watch，notice，make，have，let等在主动语态中接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中要用带to的不定式The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher)老师让我从教室里出去。2.动词短语如look after，take care of等用于被动语态中时要保留介词或副词The little patients suff

3、ering from handfootmouth disease are looked after quite well in hospital.感染手足口病的小病号们在医院里受到很好的照顾。3.有些动词如read，write，sell，wash，open，close等的主语是物时，常用主动语态，表示主语的特征。一些表感官的连系动词如feel，sound等，后常跟形容词，也表示主语的特征The supermarket opens early in the morning and closes late in the evening.这家超市开门早关门晚。What he said at the

4、meeting sounded encouraging.他在会上说的话听起来令人倍受鼓舞。4.动词need，require，want，deserve等后跟ing形式，表示被动意义。此时ing形式相当于to be doneThe door needs repairing.The door needs to be repaired.这扇门需要修理。二、主谓一致主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上保持一致。英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原那么：意义一致原那么，语法一致原那么和就近原那么。这三个原那么常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原那么优先考虑。意义一致：指谓语动词的变化根据主语所表达的单

5、、复数概念而定。语法一致：指从语法形式取得一致，即主语是单数，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。就近原那么：指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语局部而定。1单数主语、单个动词不定式、动词ing短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或both.and连接的动词不定式短语、动词ing短语以及主语从句作主语时，谓语动词那么用复数形式。但是，and所连接的两个主语如指同一主体时，谓语那么用单数形式，否那么，谓语用复数。在what引导的主语从句中，如果表语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。That book is on the desk.那本书在书桌上。Se

6、eing is believing.眼见为实。How to do it is still a problem.这件事该怎样做仍是一个问题。The teacher and writer is her friend.这个既是教师又是作家的人是她的朋友。What the boy wanted were some books.这个男孩想要的只是几本书。2有些集体名词，如crowd，family，team，group，government，committee，class，school，union，firm，staff，public等它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语境而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动

7、词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，那么谓语用复数形式。His family is rich.他家很富有。The family were having dinner when I called.我去拜访的时候，那家人正在吃饭。3有些表示总称意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如police，militia，cattle，poultry(家禽)等。The police have caught the thief.警察抓住了小偷。4不定代词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。这类代词有either，neither，each one，the other，another，

8、somebody，someone，something，anyone，anything，anybody，everyone，everything，everybody，no one，nothing，nobody等。Somebody is using the phone.有人在用 。Everybody likes his poems.所有的人都喜欢他的诗。5none接不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词为单数，接可数名词复数时谓语单复数均可。None of us has/have been to Beijing.我们谁都没去过北京。6一个主语后面跟有with.，together with.，as well a

9、s.，like.，but.，except.等，构成并列主语时，谓语动词仍与前面的主语一致。Tom，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon.汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽斯去游泳。No one but your parents was there then.那时，除了你的父母，没有别人在那里。7两个主语用or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.，not.but.连接起来，谓语与靠近的主语的数一致。Either you or I am to blame.或者是你，或者是我

10、要受到责备。Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it.不仅仅是学生，还有老师都对此一无所知。8在There be.句型中，如果有两个以上的并列主语，谓语往往与第一个主语一致。There is a book and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有一本书和三支铅笔。There are three books and a pencil on the desk.书桌上有三本书和一支铅笔。9由quantities of.或amounts of.名词构成的主语，谓语动词用复数。Large

11、 quantities of food were wasted.大量的食物浪费掉了。10在each.and each，every.and every，no.and no，many a.and many a等由and连接并列单数主语的结构中，谓语动词用单数。Each boy and each girl has got a seat.每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。Many a boy and many a girl likes it.许多男孩和许多女孩都喜欢这个。(2021上海卷)After getting lost in a storm，a member of the navy team_four

12、 days later.ArescuedBwas rescuedChas rescued Dhad been rescued解析：句意为：海军小组的一名成员在暴风雨中迷失四天后获救了。考查动词的时态和语态。member和rescue之间是被动关系，排除A和C两项；rescue并非发生于迷失之前，不是“过去的过去，排除D项，应选B，句子只是在陈述过去发生的事情，所以用一般过去时。答案：B(2021四川卷)All visitors to this village_with kindness.Atreat Bare treatedCare treating Dhad been treated解析：句

13、意为：所有来这个村庄的游客都受到友好的款待。考查动词的时态和语态。这里动词treat与句子主句all visitors是逻辑上的动宾关系，用被动语态；语境提到this village，因此这里表达当前的情况，用一般现在时。由此判断选B。答案：B(2021安徽卷)The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which_saved for other purposes.Ais BareCwas Dwere解析：句意为：工厂用掉了65%的原材料，其余的留作他用。此题考查主谓一致。which引导非限制性定语从句，本句中的wh

14、ich指代raw materials，“the rest of名词作主语，谓语动词应与of后的名词保持一致。故此题设空处应用复数，排除A、C两项；根据主句时态可知此处应用过去时，故答案为D项。答案：D(2021湖南卷)Onethird of the country_covererd with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people.Ais；are Bis；isCare；are Dare；is解析：句意为：三分之一的国土被树覆盖，大多数的市民是黑人。考查主谓一致用法。“分数或百分数of名词作主语时，谓语动词需要和of后面的名词一致，

15、the country为不可数名词，故第一空填is；第二个空前的主语中心词是citizens，为可数名词，所以第二个空填are。故答案选A项。答案：A.同义句转换，每空一词1The teacher gave us some advice on how to improve our oral English.Some advice on how to improve our oral English_ _to us by the teacher.答案：was given2Mom bought me an MP4 player last weekend.An MP4 player_ _ _ _by

16、 Mom last weekend.答案：was bought for me3He writes these books for children.These books_ _for children by him.答案：are written4The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy_ _ _do heavy work by the boss.答案：was made to5He listens to the radio every day.The radio_ _ _by him every day.答案：is lis

17、tened to.用所给词的适当形式填空1The door wont_(close)，thats to say，the door needs_.答案：close；repairing/to be repaired2A fire_(break) out in the factory.More than 20 firefighters _(send)there to put out the fire.Unfortunately，one of the firefighters_(kill) by the fallen wall.答案：broke；were sent；was killed3A singe

18、r and dancer_(invite) to perform at our school yesterday.答案：was invited4All the students but Xiao Wang_(be) going to Beijing tomorrow.答案：are5Every boy and every girl_(ask)to obey the rules.答案：is asked6Some money as well as some books_(give) to the children in the disasterhit areas so far.答案：has been

19、 given.单项填空1Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who_evening dress.AwearBwearsChas worn Dhave worn解析：考查主谓一致和时态。首先the only one of.为先行词时，定语从句修饰的是one，即one是主语，而非后面的复数women，根据主谓一致的原那么，谓语动词应该用单数，排除A，D。另外，从“is可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯，因此要用一般现在时，排除C，应选B。答案：B2This coastal area_a national wildl

20、ife reserve last year.Awas named BnamedCis named Dnames解析：考查动词时态和语态。句意为：去年这一海滨景区被命名为一个国家野生生态保护区。根据主语“This coastal area与name之间的被动关系排除B、D两项。根据句中的last year判断用一般过去时，应选A项。答案：A3It is reported that many a new house_at present in the disaster area.Aare being built Bwere being builtCwas being built Dis being

21、 built解析：此题考查主谓一致。many a做主语，谓语用单数，根据at present可知，时态为现在时。该句意为“据报道，目前灾区人们正在建设大量新房屋。答案：D4Linda，make sure the tables_before the guests arrive.Abe set BsetCare set Dare setting解析：考查语态。set the tables摆放桌子，故set与tables为动宾关系，故用被动形式，而在此又作句子的谓语，C项正确。句意为“客人到来之前要确保所有的桌子都被摆放好。答案：C5Youve failed to do what you_to an

22、d Im afraid the teacher will blame you.Awill expect Bwill be expectedCexpected Dwere expected解析：考查时态和语态。句意为“你没能按照你被期望的那样去做。根据句意应选D项。答案：D6Either you or one of your students_to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Aare BisChave Dbe解析：句意为：要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。该题考查的是主谓一致，按照就近一致原那么，one of your studen

23、ts的中心词为one，谓语动词该用单数，在本句中is to do表示应该(should)。答案：B7The teacher together with the students_discussing Reading Skills that _newly published in America.Aare；were Bis；wereCare；was Dis；was解析：句意为：老师和同学们在讨论美国刚出版的?阅读技巧?一书。不难看出主句的主语是the teacher，together with the students是附加局部，而Reading Skills是一个书名也应该用第三人称单数形式。

24、答案：D8Do you have any problems if you_this job?Well，Im thinking about the salary.Aoffer Bwill offerCare offered Dwill be offered解析：考查条件状语从句的时态和语态。句意为：如果你得到了这份工作，你还有问题吗？哦，我正在想工资问题句中if引导条件状语从句，条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时，根据句意，应是被给一份工作，故应该用一般现在时态的被动语态。答案：C9A survey of the opinions of experts_that three hours of

25、 outdoor exercise a week_good for ones health.Ashow；are Bshows；isCshow；is Dshows；are解析：考查主谓一致，前面的主语是a survey，后面的主语是exercise。句意为“一个关于专家的意见的调查说明每周3个小时的户外锻炼对身体有好处。答案：B10The flowers were so lovely that they_in no time.Asold Bhad been soldCwere sold Dwould sell解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意为：那些花是那么可爱以至于它们很快就被卖完了。句中so.that.引导的是结果状语从句，由于主句用的是were，所以从句也应该用一般过去时的被动语态。答案：C11Each soldier and each sailor_a rifle.Aare given Bwas givenCbeing given Dwere given解析：句意为：每位士兵和海员发了一杆来复枪。each.and each.连接两个单数名词作主