高中英语必修4第2单元单词短语讲解

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业必修4第2单元单词短语讲解Hungerhunger n.1. 饿,饥饿UHunger is the best sauce. 饥者口中尽佳肴./ 饥不择食Some say love it is a hunger and endless aching need 有人说 爱是饥饿而无休止的需要But for the party , he _ of hunger 30 years ago . 要是没有党他在30年之前就已经死了。A died B. would die C .mu

2、st have died D .would have diedThe little boy who ran away from home soon felt hunger.从家里出走的那个小男孩不久便感到饿了。2. 饥荒UCThere is hunger in all the flood-hit areas.洪水泛滥地区到处都出现了饥荒。3. 渴望(+for/after)have a hunger for / after 有. 的渴望/欲望He has a hunger for/after knowledge.他有强烈的求知欲。vt.1. 使挨饿vi.1. 挨饿hunger强调的是一种饥饿的状

3、态（尤指长久的） 而starve强调的是由于饥饿导致的灾难和死亡2. 渴望(+for/after)hunger for / after 渴望The whole world hungers for/after peace.全世界的人都渴望和平。He hungered for friends.他渴望得到朋友。渴望最常用的短语是 starve for (=be starved of) 渴望; 极需; 缺乏starve for news 渴望消息he is really-(starve) knowledge。（答案是starving for） long to do sth渴望做某事 long for

4、sth渴望.Oh how I long to have diner with my wife it is one of the pleasures of being married噢，我多渴望和我妻子一起享用晚餐。 这是婚姻生活的最大乐趣。My eyes they long for you我的眼睛渴望见到你i still long for your love day by day. 日复一日，我依然渴望着你的爱be eager for 渴望, 渴求, 争取 be eager about 渴望, 渴求, 争取 be eager after 渴望, 渴求, 争取 be eager to do 急欲

5、, 渴望做be eager for success 渴望成功 be eager about ones progress 渴望进步 with an eager expression 带着殷切的表情 eager beaver 勤奋努力干的人 I am eager to do it. 我极想做这件事。词语辨析：eager、 avid、 keen、 anxious 、starve意思都含“渴望的”。 eager指“以巨大的热情，渴望实现愿望或达到目的”, 有时也指“由于其他感情影响而表现急不可耐的”, 如:He was eager to see her.他渴望见到她。 avid 指“以强烈的(有时是贪

6、婪的)愿望去获取的”, 如:He was avid for gold.他贪图黄金。 keen 指“对某人、某物怀有极大兴趣或热情的”, 如:They were keen to win.他们急于取胜。 anxious 指“热切地希望实现愿望,并因顾虑愿望落空而心情不安,感到焦虑的”, 如:lm anxious to know the final result.我急于想知道最后的结果。starve引申义是 “思想上,精神上的饿”. 也就是“渴望”. Now we are starving for a rest. 我们现在想休息想的要命starve for news 渴望消息Sunburnsunbu

7、rn过去式 sunburnt /sunburned 过去分词sunburnt/sunburnedvi.1. 晒伤皮肤;晒红皮肤,晒黑皮肤Her skin sunburns very quickly.她的皮肤一晒就黑。vt.1. 晒伤;晒红,晒黑We were all sunburned from a day on the beach.我们在海滩上过了一天,皮肤都晒黑了。n.UC1. 【医】晒斑,晒伤The cream protects your skin from sunburn.这种乳霜保护你的皮肤不致被太阳晒伤。2. 晒红,晒黑晒太阳受的伤-sunburn 这里虽然用伤,但是绝对不是中文理

8、解的伤那么严重. 一般都是这么说的,红了就是SUNBURNSunburnta.1. 晒黑的;日灼的The skiing instructor was a tall, sunburnt man.滑雪教练是一个高高个子晒得黑黑的男子。同时与sunburn的过去式和过去分词形式上一样。StruggleStruggle vi.奋斗;斗争(+for/against/with)+to-vStruggle for 为了. 而奋斗/斗争Struggle against 反对. 而斗争/Struggle with 与/同 . 斗争/竞争/对抗Struggle to do sth 努力的去做某事They stru

9、ggled for peace.他们为和平而战。They struggled against war. 他们为和平而战。The old man has been struggling with illness.这位老人一直在与病魔斗争。2. 努力;使劲;挣扎(+for)+to-vShe struggled to keep back the tears.她努力忍住泪水。The baby struggled in its mothers arms.婴儿在母亲怀抱中挣扎。3. 艰难地行进QThe wounded soldier struggled in the forest.受伤的士兵在森林中艰难地

10、行进。4. 竞争;对抗The human being struggles with his environment.人类和环境竞争。vt.1. 费力搬动或放置They struggled the heavy file cabinet into the elevator.他们使劲把沉重的档案柜搬进电梯。n.C1. 奋斗;斗争(+for/against/with)The struggle between the two teams was hard.这两个队之间的斗争很艰苦。2. 努力;使劲;挣扎(+for)3. 难事问个英语单选题：The children talked so loudly at

11、 dinner table that I had to struggle _. 席间，孩子们声音太大了，以至与我必须大声说话才能被他们听见。Ato be heard Bto have heard Chearing Dbeing heard Struggle 的固定搭配是Struggle to do，表示努力干什么。 还有，that从句用被动结构才符合语境，所以选Ato be heardSuperSuper Girl = super voice of girl (超级女生)； super girl voice超级女声Hybridn. 1. 杂交生成的物种；杂种动物；杂种植物；混血儿A mule

12、is a hybrid of a male donkey and a female horse .骡子是公驴和母马交配而生的杂种动物。2. 混合物；合成物Adj. 杂交产生的；杂种的；混合的；合成的杂交水稻 rice hybrid；hybrid rice (杂交水稻)YUAN Longping, the father of hybrid rice (杂交水稻), won the World Food Prize (世界粮食奖) on Monday.hybird power混合动力; a hybrid animal,plant 杂交植物，动物； OutputStrainstrain n.1. (

13、人的)血缘,世系;种,族CShe is of a noble strain. 她出身名门。2. (动植物的)种,品种CThis strain of wheat can grow during a cold spring.这种品系的小麦能在寒冷的春天生长。3. 气质,(性格上的)倾向4. 曲子,旋律,歌;诗节,歌节PL5. 口吻,语气;笔调;情调CHe wrote letters in a happy strain.他用欢快的笔调写信。v1. 拉紧;拖紧;伸张The heavy box strained the rope to a breaking point.那只沉重的箱子几乎把绳子拉断。2.

14、 尽力睁大(眼);竭力喊She strained her eyes in the darkness.她在黑暗中睁大眼睛看。3. 使过劳(以致受损伤);扭伤John strained his eyes by reading too much small print.约翰因看过多的小字体而弄坏了眼睛。4. 滥用;曲解,歪曲The official was warned not to strain his power.那个官员受到警告,不可滥用职权。5. 过滤6. 紧抱(+to)7. 超越.之所及8. 尽力,使劲(+at/after/under)+to-vHe strained to finish

15、the work in a week.他拼命努力,想在一周内完成工作。They strained to row the boat.他们奋力划船。Expandvt. vi1. 展开,张开(帆,翅等)The eagle expanded its wings.老鹰展开翅膀。2. 使膨胀;使扩张; 膨胀Water expands when it freezes.水结冰时体积膨胀。A tire expands when you pump air into it.轮胎打了气就会胀大。3. 扩大;扩充;发展; 增长He is thinking of expanding his business.他正考虑扩展

16、他的生意。In ten years the citys population expanded by 12%.十年之中,该城人口增加了百分之十二。The progect,_by the end of 2008,will expand the citys telephone network to cover users A accomplished B being accomplished C to be accomplished D having been accomplished 这项工程将拓展该城市的手机上网用户超过人。4. 详述They have expanded my view on

17、the question.他们已更充分地阐明了我对这个问题的观点。近义词辨析：expand、extendExpand 常指范围、数量、面积和体积的增加和扩大；也可以指活动范围、活动量和业务的扩展和增加（if a company ,business etc expands or if someone expands it,they open new shops,factories etc) 。Because the company was doing more business it was necessary to the factory. A)expand B)extend C)increa

18、se D)growHe is thinking of expanding his business.他正考虑扩展他的生意。Water expands when it freezes.水结冰时体积膨胀。In ten years the citys population expanded by 12%.十年之中,该城人口增加了百分之十二。extend v.常指伸出，舒展身体的部位（to stretch out a part of your body)；He extended his hand in greeting. 他伸出手来表示欢迎。 延长建筑或道路等的长度（to make a buildin

19、g,road etc bigger or longer) ； 延长，推延时间（to increase a period of time that has been agreed ,especially in order to finish a job or pay money that you owe) ；Cant you extend your visit for a few days? 你们访问的时间不能延长几天吗? The tourist season extends from May till October. 旅游季节从五月延续到十月还可以指距离上的“延伸，伸展”（to contin

20、ue for a particular distance or over a particular area)； 另外，表示影响、势力和范围都超过目前； （if you extend your control,influence etc or if it extends over sth. ,it becomes more powerful) 综上所述，expand强调的是“增加”的意思；extend强调的是“延长，延伸”的意思。Circulatecirculate：vt.使循环；使流通；使环流；使环行；使周转；发行；散布，流传，传播。形近词区别：cycle,circulate,circle有

21、什么区别？circle vt.环绕，盘旋 n.圆 例句：They sat in a circle round the fire. 他们围着火坐成一圈。 2）circuit n.电路；环行；巡行 例句：The old scientist used to run three circuits of the track every morning. 老科学家以前每天早晨沿跑道跑三圈。 3）circulate vt.使循环 vi.循环 例句：The blood circulates round the body. 血液在体内循环近义词辨析：expand、circulate、spreadexpand的含

22、义与其他两个词的含义区别较大，expand是展开，扩大，增长，详细叙述之意。circulate，有“循环”之意，对它的最基本的含义就是这个，引申为“流通”，“发行”等等的意思。英语填空：circulate, circulation As is known to all, money c_ as it goes from person to person. money circulation 金钱循环流通另外，circulate还有“传播”，“流传”“传阅”的意思，比如说circulate可以指谣言的传播spread的意思是说“传开，蔓延，传开，散布，传播，普及等”。比如， spread不仅可以

23、指谣言的传播，还可以指疾病，火势等等的蔓延开来；另外，spread除了传播等意思还有“展开”的意思当这个意思的时候应该是可以与expand互换的。Rid.of 略Satisfy作及物动词，表示“满意，使满足”，直接跟宾语，若接that从句时，意思是“使相信”，从句前有间接宾语。如：Nothing satisfies him, he is always complaining.没有东西能让他满足，他总是在抱怨。He satisfied the judge that he was innocent.他使法官相信他是无辜的。He satisfied us that he could do the w

24、ork well.他让我们相信他能把这项工作做好。satisfy with 以来满足。如：Have I satisfied you with my answer?我的回答使您满意吗？ be satisfy with 对满意。如：We are much satisfied with your performance.我们对你的表现很满意。satisfy . for 向偿还。如：You have to satisfy all claims for the damage you have caused.你必须赔偿你造成的所有损失。be satisfied to do sth 满意于做某事。如：Are

25、 you satisfied to teach in a middle school? 你满足于在中学教书吗？ 常见搭配：satisfy ones curiosity 满足某人的好奇心，satisfy ones hunger 解饿，satisfy ones demand 满足某人的要求，satisfy ones fears/doubts消除某人的恐惧/疑虑。Lead a . Life lead作及物动词，表示“领导，引导”，其宾语后常接介词短语或副词作宾补。常见的介词有：to, from, into, out of, through, towards等；常见的副词有：away, back, i

26、n, out, off, on等。如：She led me to a room upstairs.她把我带到楼上的一个房间里。The guide led us through a series of caves.向导领我们穿过一连串的洞穴。The guard led the prisoner away.看守把囚犯带走了。表示“影响，致使”时，后接介词to，也可接不定式。如：Investigations led us to this conclusion.调查研究使我们得出了这个结论。What led you to think so?什么使你这样想？lead sb into 使人陷入（某种不良状

27、态）。如：The love of pleasure leads men into vices.贪图享乐使人堕落。Behavior like this will lead you into trouble.这样的行为会给你惹麻烦。lead sb away 使盲从，常用于被动语态。如：Dont let yourself be led away.不要盲从。lead nowhere 毫无结果，对不起作用。如：Your work seems to be leading nowhere.你的工作似乎没有什么效果。lead up to sth 作为准备（先导），导致。如：Chapter One descri

28、bes events that led up to the war.第一章描写了引起战争的一些事件。lead sb by the nose 牵着某人的鼻子，完全操纵某人。如：Intelligent people cannot be led by the nose.聪明的人不会让人牵着鼻子走。lead a dogs life 过困苦的生活；lead sb a dogs life 使某人过困苦的日子。如：Before the liberation, the Chinese workers led a dogs life.解放前，中国工人的生活极端困苦。He led his wife a dogs

29、life.他使他的妻子过着痛苦的生活。lead sb to believe that 使某人相信（假的事情或不确切的事情）。如：You might have been led to believe that I am joking.你或许会（被弄得）以为我在开玩笑。lead the way 带路，带头。如：The hostess led the way to the table.女主人把客人们带到餐桌旁。lead 作名词，follow the lead of sb/ sbs lead = follow sbs example 表示“效法某人，以某人为榜样”。如：She followed the

30、 lead of her sister and rushed into marriage.她效法她姐姐，也仓促结了婚。give sb a lead 给某人做出榜样，提示某人。如：I gave him a lead in settling the problem.他解决这个问题时，我给他做过提示。EquipV (equipped; equipping)装备, 配备, 装束;使做好准备, 训练; 使具备;穿着准备好, 对.有准备装配备; 安装为.装备; 为.作准备用.装备起来, 使装具备用.装备起来, 使装具备整装, 预备行装, 装备自已参考例句A good education should eq

31、uip you for life.有良好的教育能受用终生.The traveler was well equipped. 这位旅行家装备齐全。The seamen equipped a ship for a voyage. 水手们装备船只准备出航。The soldiers were equipped with the latest weapons. 士兵们配备着最新式的武器。We equip our children with a good education. 我们使孩子们受到良好的教育。She equipped herself in all her finery. 她穿上最好的衣服。点击查

32、看Freedomn.自由; 自主; 自由身分; (行动、使用等的)自由权; 免除; 解脱(from)freedom of assembly 集会自由freedom of conscience 信仰自由freedom of the air 【军】空战主动权freedom of the city (赠与外宾的)荣誉市民权freedom of the seas 商船在公海上的自由航行权; 国际法战时中立国船只的自由航海权freedom from taxation 免税take freedoms with 对某人放肆 take freedoms with sb. 对某人放肆 use freedoms

33、with 对某人放肆 use freedoms with sb. 对某人放肆 with freedom 自由地; 随便地, 无拘束地近义词辨析： 、 都含“自由”的意思。freedom 系常用词, 指“没有强制、压迫且能充分按自己意志行事”, 强调“个人的自由”, 如:We have freedom of speech . 我们有言论自由。liberty 在谈到民族,国家争取或获得自由时,可与 freedom 互换, 但它着重“从过去所受的压制或束缚中解放出来”, 强调“集体的自由”, 如:The majority of the people in the world have regaine

34、d their liberty. 世界上大多数人已重获自由。Would ratherwould rather的用法一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。例 Mr Li wou

35、ld rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。If youd rather be alone, well all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。Hed rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿而不愿，与其宁可”的意思时，则可用would ratherthan或wouldrather

36、than的句型例 I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。请注意 1） would ratherthan/wouldrather than也可以颠倒为：rather thanwould。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。例 I would rather have nood

37、les than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。He would rather drink wine than beer 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。2)使用would ratherthan句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。例 I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。

38、I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would ratherthan中的would要放在主语之前例 Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗

39、歌吗？四、would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿,还是 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。例 John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来)Wed rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给

40、我们那笔钱。Dont come tomorrow. Id rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。请注意 1） 如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,其（that）从句则用过去完成时。 例 Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。2）如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。例 I would rather have gone to the theatre

41、 than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods 他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。五、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之

42、间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。例Tom would rather/sooner read than talk 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers reading to talking汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。请注意 1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。例 He prefers wine to beer= He would rather drink wine than beer他喜欢喝红葡萄

43、酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。I prefer tennis to golf= Id rather play tennis than golf我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。 2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than cats（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。3） would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。例 Id rather fly than

44、go by sea=Id prefer to fly我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样：例 Would you like some gin？Id prefer a coffee=Id rather have coffee than gin您想喝点杜松子酒吗？我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。例 We went by sea but Id rather have gone by air=Id prefer to have gone by air 我们是乘船去的，可

45、我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。）这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。The pen is not compared to that one.这笔比不上那只。GrainGrain n.1. 谷粒CNot a grain of rice was wasted.一粒米也没有浪费。2. 谷物,谷类UCFarmers grow grain and keep cattle.农民种谷养牛。3. (砂、盐等的)颗粒,细粒CThere is a grain of sand in his eye.他眼里有一

46、粒沙子。Rice Grain 米粒Exportexport vt.1. 输出,出品We export rice but import wheat.我们出口稻米,但进口小麦。vi.1. 输出物资(+to)Our factory exports to Southeast Asia.我厂向东南亚出口产品。export n.输出,出口UHalf of our products are for export.我们有一半产品出口。2. 输出品;输出额PRubber is the countrys principal export.橡胶是该国主要出口物。Suitablesuitablea.1. 适当的;合适

47、的;适宜的(+to/for)be suitable for sth 适合某物/事情be suitable to sb/sth适合某人/某事He was just not suitable for the job.他就是不适合干这份工作。This wine is not suitable to my taste. 这酒不合我的胃口。近义词辨析：fit是指大小合适，引申为“能胜任”某工资等 ；suit是指款式、式样合适 ；match 指“匹配，相配”e.g. His experience fits him for the job .他的经历使他能胜任这项工作。This shirt suits me

48、, but doesnt fit me. 这件衬衣我穿起来很好看，但是大小不合适。The Peoples Great Hall and the Historical Museum match the Tian An Men beautifully . 人民大会堂和历史博物馆把天安门陪衬得极为美丽。Organicorganic 美 rgnk 英 gnik 形容词 器官的 有机体的,生物的 organic evolution 生物进化 【化】有机的 organic chemistry 有机化学 构成整体所必需的 an organic whole 有机的整体 组织的,建制的,基本的 the orga

49、nic law 基本法 施用有机肥料的 【医】组织结构的,器质的 相关词组organic chemistry 有机化学 Chemicalchemistry和chemical，physics和physical的区别chemistry化学，指学科，如chemistry teacher chemical化学的，化学作用的，如chemical reaction化学反应 n. 化学制品1. We are doing a chemical experiment. 我们正在做化学实验。 2. My major is the subject of chemical engineering. 我的专业是化学工程

50、学。 6. The chemical symbol for copper is Cu. 铜的化学符号是Cu。 8. The government has banned the use of chemical weapons. 政府已经禁止使用化学武器。physics物理学，如cosmical physics宇宙物理学 physical（1）物理的，如physical change物理变化 （2）物质的，如physical world物质的世界 （3）自然界的，如physical laws自然法则 （4）身体的，如physical training体育锻练Confusevt.把.弄糊涂,使困惑C

51、onfuse sb 使某人困惑/感到糊涂They confused me by their conflicting advice.他们的建议相互矛盾,把我弄糊涂了。把.混同,混淆(+with/and)Confuse A with/and B 把A与B混淆You confused Australia with/and Austria.你把澳大利亚和奥地利搞混了。3. 搞乱,使混乱His granddaughter confused the papers on his desk.他的孙女把他书桌上的书信文件弄乱了。I felt quite (confuse) _ when I was first

52、at college. I didnt know what courses to take. confused迷茫的 当我第一次上大学时，我感到很迷茫，我不知道该选什么科目。His _expression made the professor_(confuse)confusing ,confused. confusing意思是令人困惑的（强调给别人的感觉），confused意思是感到困惑的（强调自己的感觉）。The state tax laws in America are diverse and_ (confuse)confusing 前面的diverse是个形容词、用and连接时，后面的词

53、词性要和前面一致，所以应该用confuse的形容词,它的形容词有confused (修饰人),confusing（修饰物）Refer torefer to 的用法 1. 表示“查阅”或“参考”之意。例如： If you want to know his telephone number, you may refer to the telephone directory. 如果你想知道他的电话号码，你可以查电话簿。 翻译：在你做阅读理解时，请不要经常查阅字典。(refer to) Please dont often refer to the dictionary,when you are doi

54、ng reading comprehension.2. 表示“谈到”或“提到”之意。(=mention提及) 例如： refer to sb./sth.提到,谈及(某人,某事) 例如He didnt refer to Jack in his letter. 他在信中没有提到杰克. Please dont refer to his past again. 请别再提他的往事了。 The old soldier referred to his experiences during the Long March. 老战士谈到了长征时的一些经历。 3. 表示“适用于”或“涉及到”之意。例如： These

55、 books refer to Asian problems. 这些书涉及到亚洲问题。 These regulations refer only to children. 这些规矩只适用于儿童。 4. refer to.as. 的用法。refer to sb. sth. as 称某人物为 或 “把称作”。例如： He referred to her simply as my friend. 他只称她为我的朋友. He is referred to as a living Lei Feng. 他被称作是一个活雷锋。近义短语辨析：turn up 、look up 、refer to表示“查阅”从结

56、构上分析区别如下：turn up the word in the dictionary look up the word in the dictionary refer to the dictionary另外，look sb. up 拜访,看望 例如Look me up if youre ever in this part of the country. 如果你到这地方来,请来看看我. Mineralmineral n.C1. 矿物Tin is a mineral.锡是矿物。2. 【化】无机物3. 【英】矿泉水;苏打水;姜汁啤酒Pa.1. 矿物的,矿质的mineral water矿泉水Thos

57、e countries are rich in mineral resources.那些国家矿物资源很丰富。【化】无机的mine和mineral的区别mine当名词是“矿；地雷”coal mine 煤矿动词是“采矿，开矿”。另外，还可以是名词性物主代词，“我的.东西”mineral是矿物的意思。指矿物的种类。Tin is a mineral.Fertilefertile 英 ftail 形容词 ( more fertile; most fertile ) (动植物)多产的,繁殖力强的 (土地)肥沃的,富饶的,丰产的 The land is so fertile that three crops

58、 a year can grow. 这片土地很肥沃,一年可种三季庄稼。 (创造力或想像力)丰富的 He is fertile of imagination. 他想像力很丰富。Reducereduce ri：dju:s vt. 减少, 缩小, 简化, 还原 减少;缩小;降低He is trying to reduce expenses.他正试图减少开支。减轻体重,减肥It is easy to reduce if you watch your diet.你如果注意饮食,减肥并不难。reduce to和reduce by的区别：reduce to 5 (减少到5) reduce by 5/ 5%

59、(减少了5/减少了5%)Price will be by10% 价格将减低10Mr. Bush launched a plan to reduce death from malaria by 50 percent in 15 African countries.Bush 先生提出了一个把非洲15个国家的疟疾死亡率降低50%的计划。另外，reduce to v. 使处于, 迫使, 使变为, 使变弱为, 归纳为Poverty reduced him to begging.贫穷迫使他行乞。Finally the chair reduced all the questions to one.最后主席把

60、所有的问题归纳为一个。Supplysupply vt.1. 供给,供应,提供O1(+to/for/with)Our farm supplies the market with fruits and vegetables.我们的农场为市场提供水果和蔬菜。We supply power to the three nearby towns.我们对附近的三个城镇提供电力。2. 补充;满足近义词辨析：supply, provide, offer 的区别： 1表示“向某人提供某物” supply / provide sb. with sth. supply / provide sth. for sb. s