大学英语讲义23-25

1、Text ANon - verbal Communication一、New Words1.前缀单词1）non - verbal（a.）非词语的，非语言的 verbal 言语的，言词的；non 不，非。2）dislike（vt./n.）不喜爱，厌恶2.后缀单词1）listener（n.）听者，收听者 writer（n.）作者、作家 manager（n.）1.经理；2.管理人2）European（a.）1.欧洲的；2.欧洲人的（n.）欧洲人 an 结尾表示人的单词：American，Italian3）approve（v.）批准、通过、赞成 approval（n.）1.批准，通过；2.赞成，同意 a

2、rrive/arrival 与以上两个词的构词方式一样。4）reaction（n.）1.反应（力），反作用（力）；2.反动，对抗5）appearance（n.）1.出现，露面；2.外观，外表6）closeness（n.）1.紧密；2.严密，精密7）tenseness（n.）紧张；绷紧 intense（a.）强烈的、紧张的8）embarrassment（n.）1.窘迫；2.使人为难的事9）culture（n.）文化 cultural（a.）1.文化的；2.栽培的，培养的10）invasion（n.）入侵，侵略invade（v.）侵略、入侵11）nervous（a.）1.神经系统的；2.神经紧张的

3、nerve（n.）神经12）casually（ad.）1.偶然地，碰巧地；2.漫不经心地，随便地英文意思就是 by chance3.核心单词1）oral（a.）口头的，口的For example：Oral English 英语口语2）frown（vi.）1.皱眉；2.不满，用皱眉对表示不满（+ at）For example：He is frowning at those words on the wall. 他对写在墙上的这些字直皱眉头。3）staff（复staffs）（n.）1.全体职工，全体人员；2.参谋部 （vt.）为配备工作人员如果要表述某一个整体中的具体的某一个人，应该是“staff

4、 member”，某几个成员“staff members”。For example 1：The schools teaching staff is excellent. 这个学校的教职员工是非常出色的。For example 2：Five staff members went to discuss their working conditions with the manager. 有五位职工去和经理讨论他们的工作条件。4）appearance（n.）1.出现，露面；2.外观，外表； 反义词：disappearance（失踪） appear（v.） 反义词：disappear（消失）For e

5、xample：The lions appearance in the village cause great panic. 这头狮子在这个村庄的出现导致了非常大的恐慌。5）control（vt./n.）1.控制，支配；2.克制，抑制in control of 控制了out of control 脱离了控制，意思是已经不受控制了，也可以用 beyond controlunder control 处于控制之下6）false（a.）1.假的，伪造的；2.不真实的，错误的； 反义词：truewrong（错的） right（正确的）但是这两个词没有真假的意思。7）confess（vt./vi.）1.承认

6、；2.坦白，供认4.Phrases and Expressions1）for short简称，缩写For example：We are talking about National Basketball Association, NBA for short. 我们正在谈论国家篮球协会，缩写是 NBA。2）to fiddle with1.摆弄，玩弄；2.弄虚作假For example：As a accountant you should not fiddle with accounts. 作为一名财会人员，你不应当篡改账目。3）to lack in在方面缺乏For example：The you

7、ng always lack in experience. 年轻人经常是缺乏经验。4）and so on/and so forth/etc等等For example：My mother bought many vegetables from the market such as potatoes, tomatoes, cabbages, and so on. 我妈妈在市场上买了很多蔬菜，比如土豆、西红柿、卷心菜等等。5）So far 迄今为止，就此范围（或程度等）来说 So far 相当于 by nowFor example：She is the hardest student I have

8、seen so far. 到目前为止，她是我所见到的最用功的学生。6）In fact实际上7）As the saying goes正如俗语所说For example：As the saying goes dont try to run before you can walk. 正像俗话所说的，在你学会走路之前不要想着去跑。（你还没有具备那样的能力，就不要硬逞能。）8）To speak volumes含义很深，很有意义For example：What the speaker said at the end of the lecture speaks volumes. 那个演讲人在他演讲的最后所说

9、的话非常地富有含义。二、Text ANon - verbal Communication（非语言文字的交流）If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isnt a catch question.译：假如现在有个人问你，什么是人与人之间的主要交流手段，那么你会说什么？这并不是一个能把人难住了的问题。1.catch 做动词表示抓住、赶上，在这儿 catch 是一个名词，意思是 hard to answer,难以回答的。The answe

10、r is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words.译：答案简单而又明确。几乎可以肯定，它指的就是用语言文字作为交流手段。2.refer to：指的是。Speakers and listeners - oral communication, and writers and readers - written communication. And youd be quite right. There is, however,

11、 another form of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non - verbal communication. Non - verbal, because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short.译：讲话的人和听讲的人用口语进行交流，而作家与读者用书面文字进行交流。对了

12、，你答得相当正确。但是，还有一种交流方式是我们大家在不知不觉的大部分时间都在使用的，我们有时称它为身体语言。身体语言的更加专业化的名称就是非语言交流。之所以称为非语言文字的，就是因为这种交流是不用语言文字进行的。缩写是NVC。When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and sh

13、ake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word.译：当某人谈了某件事，大多数的欧洲人若是同意他所说的事，就会微笑并点头表示同意。相反，若是这个欧洲人不同意他们所说的事，那么就可能皱眉并摇摇头。用这种方式你表示了对他们所说的事情的反应，你一句话也没说就把你的反应传达给了跟你讲话的人。3.average（n./a.）这里做名词，意思是一般的。4.signal n.信号；v.用信号通知、用信号传达、用动作示意。For exam

14、ple：He signaled me to sit down. 他示意我坐下来。I referred a moment ago to the average European, because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarr

15、assed.译：我刚才提到的是绝大多数欧洲人，因为身体语言与文化习俗有很大的联系。为了不致误解别人或为了不被别人误解，你必须意识到这一点。例如，一位华人在微笑时很可能并不表示同意，而是有点不好意思。5.tie-n.领带；v.系、关联；常用短语：be tied to = be connected with 和有关联、和有关系。Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal ev

16、ery day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions.译：关于非语言文字的交流这一课题我们现在正进行相当大量的研究。这一研究课题，比如对于经理、总管之类的人员来讲，很显然是重要的。经理人员每天都必须同员工们打交道，他们必须明白，如果能创造出一个良好的工作环境，那么别人都会有什么感觉。6.be being + 动词过去分词：现在进行时的被动结构。7.deal with + sth 意思是处理事情；dea

17、l with + sb 意思是跟某人打交道。be to do 表示已经计划好了，已经决定将要做什么事情。Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorised into five kinds: 1. body and facial gestures; 2. eye contact; 3. Body contact or proximity; 4. clothing and physical appearance; and 5. the quality of speech. I expect you understood all thos

18、e, except perhaps proximity. This simply means closeness.译：有时可以把身体语言，或者叫非语言文字的交流，分成五大类：（1）身体的姿态和面部表情；（2）目光的接触；（3）身体的接触或者亲近度；（4）衣着打扮和天生的长相；（5）讲话的质量。我想，也许除了亲近度而外，这一切你都明白。它就是讲亲近到什么程度。In some cultures - and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one - it is quite normal for people to

19、 stand close together, or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures, this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space.译：在某些文化习俗当中-我敢肯定这是某一民族的风俗文化的特征，而不是某一个人的习惯特征-当人们在跟你谈话时，跟你站得很近或者或多或少地把脸贴近了你的脸，这都是十分正常的。而在另外一些民族的文化习俗当中，这

20、样做是人们所不喜欢的。例如，美国人认为你侵犯了他们的私人空间。8.more or less 或多或少；Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker （like a professor, for example）is all the time fiddling with a pencil, or with his glasses, while he is talking to you, he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person w

21、ho holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs, looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, I shall soon get the message that Im boring you. And so on. Im sure you could make a whole list of su

22、ch signals - and it might be fun if you did.译：也许有些信号是我们大家所共有的。如果一位演讲者（比如一位教授），在给你们作报告时，总是摆弄一支铅笔或者他的眼镜，那么，他这是很清楚地告诉你，他心情很紧张。一个人如果在谈话时总是用一只手捂着嘴，这就表明他缺乏自信。如果你们开始不能安稳地坐在椅子上，开始偷偷地不时看看钟表，或者你们开始用手捂住嘴打哈欠，那么，我将会马上得到一个信息，那就是我使你们感到厌倦了。如此等等。我敢肯定你们会把这类感到厌倦的信号列出一整张纸来-如果你们现在就写的话，可能会很有趣。 9.make a list（of）罗列（罗列什么东西）

23、；list 自身可以做动词罗列For example：Make a list of the books.it might be fun if you did 是与现在相反的虚拟语气All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things, you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in fact nervous, but

24、 a good speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence.译：我上面所提到的这些信号都是人们可以控制的。如果你意识到了你正在做那些小动作，你就会停止不做了。甚至你们还能学会发出虚假的信号。事实上绝大多数公开发表演讲的人都心情紧张，但是一位擅长演讲的人会发出自信心很强的信号来掩饰紧张的心情。10.mention = speak of 表示提及到的、说到的、说过的；so far 到目前为止；be aware that 意识到、知道；in fact 事实上，实际上；11.by giving off 通过发出（虚假信

25、号）。Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact, for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone elses eyes for very long. If you try it, youll find they will soon look away, probably in embarrassment.译：另外几种非语言文字的交流就不是很容易控制的了。比如说目光接触吧。除非你坦白承认你深深爱

26、上了她，要不然的话你就不会长时间地凝视着她的眼睛。如果你将来试一试凝视她的眼睛，你就会发现她会扭转头把眼睛挪开看其它地方，也许是出于难为情吧。Ive already mentioned proximity, so just a brief word now about our last two categories, which concern the way people dress and the way they speak. These are both pretty obvious signals. People may dress casually and speak casual

27、ly, which signals that they are relaxed. Or they can dress formally and speak formally, showing their tenseness. In fact, non-verbal communication can, as the saying goes, speak volumes.译：我上面已经把亲近度解释过了。现在用简明扼要的话讲讲最后两大类语言文字交流信号。这两类涉及到人们穿着的方式和讲话的方式。这两类都是很明显的交流信号。穿着随随便便而讲话又漫不经心，说明这些人的心情很轻松。如果人们穿得整整齐齐，讲

28、起话来一本正经，这表明他们的心情很紧张很不轻松。事实上，非语言文字的交流，正如俗话所说的那样，含义是很深的。12.pretty（a.）意思是 beautiful；在文中是副词，意思是 quite、very 非常、十分。三、Vocabulary Exercises.For each sentence, fill in the blank with the proper forms of the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word.1. embarrass（v.）

29、窘迫、为难embarrassing（a.）使为难；使窘迫；通常修饰没有动作执行能力的事物。embarrassed（a.）为难的，感到很为难的，通常做表语或者定语，修饰有动作执行能力的人。embarrassment（n.）窘迫a. I often feel embarrassed in the presence of strangers.b. The little girl raised a rather embarrassing question.c. You cant imagine my embarrassment at having forgotten her name.d. The m

30、odern child embarrasses less easily than 50 years ago.2. close（a.）close（v.）closeness（n.）closed（a.）a. She made a close study of the relationship between culture and language.b. The bank has decided to close its New York branch.c. A sphere is a closed surface of figure.d. In some countries more eye co

31、ntact implies more closeness of relationship.3. approve（v.）approval（n.）disapprove（v.）disapproval（n.）a. We all like others to show approval of what we do.b. He shook his head in disapproval.c. The government has approved the financial program for the coming year.d. I strongly disapprove of your progr

32、am.4. appearance disappear appear disappearancea. The appearance of the old gray house made us think that it was empty.b. The advertisement didnt appear in yesterdays New York Times.c. The disappearance of the airplane brought about a search of the area.d. The truck disappeared into the night.5. ten

33、se（v.）拉紧，使紧张； （a.）紧张的，绷紧的。 intense（a.）热烈的，强烈的，一般表示程度，有的时候也可以表示紧张的 tenseness（n.）绷紧、紧张 intensity（n.）思想或感情上的强烈、剧烈、激烈a. A bad burn causes intense pain.b. The heat continues with increased intensity.c. His muscles tensed when he heard the bad news.d. One must learn to hide ones tenseness when speaking in

34、 public. Fill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.non-verbalstaffapprovalappearancedislike confesscontrol briefcasuallyoral1. The boy confessed that he had broken the vase.2. The plane suddenly went out of control.3. The old man dislikes his wife although they h

35、ave been married for thirty years.4. The young lady is making her first appearance at the party.5. The headmaster and his staff should all speak at the meeting.6. Do you know how to practice oral English?7. The professor made a brief introduction to his research.8. Art, like gesture, is a form of no

36、n-verbal expression.9. The father expressed his approval of what the son did.10. He only casually put in a remark when we talked about the matter.Text BBody Talk一、New Words1.前缀单词1）interaction（n.）相互作用，相互影响2）subconsciously（ad.）下意识地，潜意识地3）submissiveness（n.）服从，顺从2.后缀单词1）liking（n.）喜欢，爱好2）considerable（a.）

37、1.值得考虑的，重要的；2.相当大或多的3）provocative（a.）1.挑衅的，挑逗的；2.引起争论（或议论，兴趣等）的4）repeatedly（ad.）反复地5）hostile（a.）1.敌对的；2.不友善的，敌意的hostility（n.）敌意，敌视6）insistently（ad.）坚持地7）directness（n.）1.直接；2.直截了当，直率8）sincerity（n.）真诚sincere（a.）真诚的1）friendliness（n.）友好2）warmth（n.）1.暖和，温暖；2.热烈，热情3）emotion（n.）1.激动；2.情感，情绪emotional（a.）感情的

38、，情感的，感情上的4）satisfying（a.）令人满意的，使人满足的For example：a satisfying speech. 一个令人满意的演讲。satisfied（a.）（人的感受上的）满意、满足For example：My father is satisfied with my study. 我的父亲对我的学业比较满意。5）lover（n.）1.情人；2.爱好者For example: book lover 爱书的人6）fascinating（a.）迷人的，销魂夺魄的3.核心单词1）considerable（a.）1.值得考虑的，重要的；2.相当大或多的2）consider（v

39、t.）1.考虑，细想；2.认为，把看作（vi.）考虑，细想3）bare（a.）1.赤裸的，光秃的；2.无遮蔽的，无掩护的；3.仅仅的，勉强的4.Phrases and Expressions1）to take a liking to（for）爱好，喜欢For example：He has a great liking for Chinese green tea. 他特别爱喝中国的绿茶。2）to worry about 焦虑，不安，烦恼For example：He has been out of home for three months, so his mother worries about

40、 his safety very much. 他已经离家三个多月了，他的母亲非常担心他的安全。3）apart from 除去，撇开，除之外For example：Apart from the cost of living his university life is quite good. 除了生活费用，他的大学生活还是过得相当不错的。4）to complain of/about 抱怨，发牢骚，诉苦For example：Dont always complain of the others. 不要总是抱怨其他人。5）to let alone 1.不管，不弄；2.更不用For example：W

41、hen a child is crying you should let it alone or he will cry more loudly. 当一个孩子哭的时候，你不要理他，否则他会哭得更大声。6）at times 有时候 = sometimes7）to take note of 注意，留意For example：When you make experiments in the laboratory, you should take note of the changes.当你在实验室做实验的时候，你应当注意所发生的变化。二、Text BBody Talk（身体语言）Have you e

42、ver wondered why you sometimes take an almost immediate liking to a person you have just met? Or worried about why someone you were talking to suddenly became cool and distant? The chances are that it wasnt anything that was said but something that happened: a gesture, a movement, a smile.你有没有想过为什么有

43、时你刚刚见到了一个人，就会立刻喜欢上这个人？或者你有没有因为一位正在跟你谈话的人突然态度变得很冷而又疏远，这使你心情感到焦虑不安？这很可能并不是因为你说错了什么话，而是因为你的一个手势、一个小动作、一个微笑引起的。take a liking to 喜欢1.The chances are that 可能性Social scientists are now devoting considerable attention to non-verbal communication, what happens when people get together, apart from their actua

44、l conversation.社会科学家们现在特别注意非语言文字的交流，即当人们在一起时，除了人们实际上所谈的话而外所发生的事情。2.devote to 投身于，献身于what 引导同位语从句，做 non - verbal communication 的同位语Professor Erving Goffman of the University of Pennsylvania is involved in a continuing study of the way people behave in social interaction. He feels that gestures, movem

45、ents and physical closeness have meaning which the words that the people are using do not carry.宾夕法尼亚州立大学欧文高夫曼教授一直不断地在研究社会中人们行为的方式。他认为每个手势、每个动作和身体亲近的程度都有着人们的语言所表达不出来的意义。3.be involved in 涉及到，投身于，牵扯进去The closeness of two people when talking, movement towards and away from each other, and the amount of

46、 eye contact all reveal something about the nature of the relationship between the two individuals. We tend to be only subconsciously aware, if at all, of the various patterns and rituals of social behavior. We expect other people to act according to the same rules that we do, so much so that the ma

47、nners and behavior of persons from another culture can be extremely confusing.交谈着的两个人的亲密程度，动作上的互相接近或疏远以及两个人目光接触的次数及接触时间的长短，所有这一切都能表明两人之间是哪一种关系。一般我们对社会行为的种种规范和礼仪，即使知道该怎么做，也常常是通过下意识才意识到的。我们期待着其他民族也按着我们做事的同样的规矩办事，以致于来自其他民族文化的人们的待人处事的态度和行为举止可能会令我们感到极端地困惑和不理解。4.if at all 即使、假如rules that we do 中 do 表示遵守5.

48、so much so that 表示结果Fox example, North Americans tend to expect more physical distance between two speakers than do Latin Americans. Consequently, when the Latin American seems to be leaning too close, the North American complains of invasion of his space. The Latin American, on the other hand, ofte

49、n considers the North American to be cold or distant because he keeps a greater distance between himself and the person he is speaking to.例如，北美洲的人和拉丁美洲的人比较起来，北美洲的人希望两个谈话人之间的距离稍大一点。因而，当拉丁美洲的人似乎把身子凑得离谈话对方很近的时候，北美洲的人就会抱怨说你侵犯了他的私人空间。相反，拉丁美洲的人经常认为北美洲的人待人都很冷淡或疏远，因为北美洲人自己总是跟谈话对方之间要保持较大的距离。Eye contact is on

50、e way of measuring the degree of closeness of relationship between two speakers, although there are cultural variations in the meaning of eye contact. In the Middle East, for example, it is considered extremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eye, let alone return his gaze. Social psy

51、chologist Michael Argyle observes that there is more eye contact between people who like each other than those who are indifferent or hostile towards each other. 尽管在不同的民族文化中目光接触的意义有所不同，但目光接触是衡量两个谈话人之间关系亲密程度的一个标准。例如，在中东，如果一位妇女惹得一个男子的注目，就被认为是带有极端的挑逗调情的性质，更不用说回眸再去凝视那个男人了。社会心理学家迈克阿吉尔觉察两个互相喜欢对方的人看对方的次数和时

52、间，要比两个互相冷漠甚至敌视的人互相看对方的次数和时间要多。6.catch ones eyes 引起某人的注意，文中是盯某人的眼睛7.be indifferent to 冷漠的be hostile to 敌对的、敌意的And the longer the length of the gaze, the more likely it is that the listener is more interested in the person who is speaking, than the actual topic of conversation. Frequently looking down

53、 can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment. Looking away repeatedly may express boredom or dislike. Women tend to engage in more eye contact than men, especially when talking to other women.听话的人若是凝视讲话的人的时间越长，越有可能是，听话的人对讲话的人本人的兴趣大于他所讲的真正的话题的兴趣。低头往下看通常都表示顺从或不好意思。反复地扭转头看别处可以表达厌烦或不喜欢。妇女比男人更喜欢用目光接触，特别

54、是在和另外一些妇女谈话时更是这样。8.engage in 从事、进行某项活动But too steady eye contact can make one feel uneasy at times. Most people become uncomfortable under the intense gaze of a stare. One scientist suggests that perhaps one reason that man becomes tense under the force of a stare is in his biological ancestors：in a

55、pes, a stare signifies aggressiveness and hostility. The person who insistently fixes his eyes on our face is often more successful in arousing our dislike than impressing us with his directness and sincerity.但有时死死地盯着看人，会使人感到不安。被人家盯着看，这会使大多数人感到不舒服。某一位科学家说，人类受到使劲地盯视时会感到紧张，这其中的原因之一就在于人类的生物学的始祖身上：在类人猿中

56、，瞪着眼睛盯着看，就意味着要侵犯和敌对。一个人若是用他的两只眼睛始终不停地直直地看着我们的脸，这样做不但不会给我们留下这个人很直率很真诚的印象，反而会引起我们的反感。Similarly, the smile cannot always be interpreted as a sign of friendliness. The person who smiles almost constantly and with little apparent reason makes us uneasy. Even though he may believe that he is expressing friendliness, he may re