《英语国家概况》精讲笔记

1、新版英语国家概况精讲笔记Chapter1第一章LandandPeople英国的国土与人民1. DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成局部1 .Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称：不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3 .TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeis

2、lands-GreatBritain(thelargerone)andIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛一大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成.4 .ThreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:England,ScotlandandWales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士.(1) EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部

3、,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.(2) ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;thesouthUplands)Capital:Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫4 4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionofthe

4、UK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特.5 .TheCommonwealthofnationsisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountriesuntil1991.英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体.它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50个成员国.Chapter2第二章TheOriginsofaNation5000BC-1066英国的起源公元前5000年一1066年1

5、.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts克尔特人的到来和定居Celtswerepracticedfamers.Thedrainedmuchofmarshlandsandbuilthousesofwood.Theywreironworkers,too.Theirlanguages,theCeltslanguages,arethebasisofthelanguagewhichisstillusedbysomepeopleinScotlandandWales.TheirreligionwasDruidismn.德鲁伊教.克尔特人是有经验的农民,他们排干沼泽地,用木材建造房屋.他

6、们还打造铁器.苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为根底开展而来的.I、 TheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC.约公元前700年,克尔特人来到不列颠岛.2、TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮.ThefirstwaveweretheGaels-cameabout600BC.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临.ThesecondwaveweretheBrythons-cameabout400BC.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布列吞人的抵达.ThethirdwaveweretheBelga

7、e-cameabout150BC.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达.II、 TheAnglo-Saxons446-871盎格鲁一撒克逊人公元446-871年1. BasisofModernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons.盎格鲁一萨克逊时代奠定了英国的根底Inthemid-5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders,Jutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain.TheywerethreeTeutonictribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJutland,cametoBritainfirst.

8、AJutishchiefbecametheKingofKentin449.ThentheSaxons,usersoftheshort-swordfromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdominEssex,SussexandWessexfromtheendofthe5thcenturytothebeginningofthe6thcentury.Inthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,theAngles,whoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpe

9、ople,settledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.ThesesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy.五世纪中叶,朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠.这是三支日耳曼条顿部落.居住在日德兰半岛现丹麦南部上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠.一个朱特人首领于449年当上了国王.后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国,统治期从五世纪末至六世

10、纪初.六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居,同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上.这七个主要王国肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚,合称为七王国.2. TheearlyAnglo-SaxonsconvertedtoChristianity.最早的盎格鲁一撒克逊人改信基督教.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain.Christianitysoondisappeared,exceptamongtheCeltsofCornwall,Wales,Scotlan

11、dandIreland.In597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.Augustine,thePriorofSt.AndrewsMonasteryinRome,toEnglandtoconverttheheathen异教的EnglishtoChristianity.In597St.AugustinebecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.Hewasremarkablysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility,buttheconversionofthecommonpeoplewaslargelyduetothe

12、missionaryactivitiesofthemonksinthenorth.盎格鲁一撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外,基督教很快就消失了.公元597,教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰,其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教.公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教.在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面,奥古斯丁特别成功.但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动.3. TheEarlyAnglo-SaxonsmakethecontributionstotheEnglishstate.formationo

13、ftheEnglishnation早期盎格鲁一撒克逊人为英国做出的奉献.TheAnglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theyCDdividedthecountryintoshireswhichtheNormanslatercalledcounties,withshirecourtsandshirereeves,orsheriffs,responsibleforadministeringlaw.Secondly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-field2farmingsystemwhic

14、hcontinuedtothe18thcentury.Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem庄园制.Finally,theycreatedtheWitancouncilormeetingofthewisementoadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.盎格鲁一撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家根底.首先,他们把国家划分为郡,郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法.其次,他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至18世纪.此外,他们还建立了领地制.最后,他们还创立了咨议会贤人会议,向国

15、王提供建议,这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身.IV. VikingandDanishinvasions北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵1. TheinvadersweretheNorwegiansandtheDanes.TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.Theybecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury,especiallybetween835and878.TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianityin867.By

16、themiddleof9thcentury,theVikingandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessex.入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人,从8世纪末开始,他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方.9世纪,尤其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题.他们甚至占领了约克郡,公元867年时的基督教中心.到9世纪中叶,北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的平安.2. KingAlfred849-899andhiscontributions艾尔弗雷德国王849-899和他所做出的奉献AlfredwasakingofWessex.Hedefeatedth

17、eDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeast,whileheruledtherest.HealsoconvertedsomeleadingDanesintoChristians.HeCDfoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishavyreorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.He3translatedaLatinbookintoEnglish.Healso

18、establishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.AllthisearnshimthetitleAlfredtheGreat.阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议.协议规定丹麦人限制英格兰北部和西部丹麦法区,而他统治其他地区.他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒.他由于建立了强大舰队,而以英国海军之父闻名于世.他改组了弗立德撒克逊军队,使之更为高效.他将一本拉丁语的书译成英语.同时他还建立了学校,并且说明了法律制度.所有这一切使他当之无愧于阿尔弗雷德大王.的称号.V. TheNormanConquest1066诺曼征

19、服公元1066年1.ReasonsforWilliamsinvasionofEnglandafterEdwardsdeath.威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因.ItwassaidthatkingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasking.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,duringtheimportantbattleofHastings,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandkilledhim.OneChristmasDa

20、y,WilliamwascrownedkingofEngland,thusbeginningtheNormanConquestofEngland.据说,爱德华国王曾容许把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯附近的剧烈交锋中,威廉打败了哈罗德军队,同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死.在圣诞节加冕,成为英国国王,从此开始了诺曼征服.2. TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences诺曼征服及其产生的影响.TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishh

21、istory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andthecivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mann

22、ersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.1066年年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件.征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府.于是,封建制度在英国完全建立.开放了与欧洲大陆的关系,文明和商业得到开展,引进了诺曼一法兰西文化、语言、行为标准和建筑艺术.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭与民事法庭别离.3. The

23、Englishisamixtureofnationalitiesofdifferentorigins.TheancestorsofmanyEnglishpeopleweretheancientAnglesandSaxons.SomeEnglishpeopleareoftheNorman-Frenchorigin.英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家.许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人.而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统.Chapter3第三章TheShapingoftheNation(1066-1381)英国的形成(公元1066-1381)1. NormanRule(1066-1381)诺曼统治公元1

24、066-13811. WilliamsRule(1066-1087)威廉一世的统治(公元1066-1087)EnglandsfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.(2)Accordingtothissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally.WilliamgavehisbaronslargeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofm

25、ilitaryserviceandaproportionofthelandsproduce.Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebeltheking.Thebarons,whohadbecomeWilliamstenants-in-chief,parceledoutlandtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices.Atthebottomofthe

26、feudalscalewerethevilleinsorserfs.OnepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandownersmusttaketheoathofallegiance,notonlytotheirimmediatelord,butalsototheking.在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立.根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地.威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是换取对方服役和物品.这些地产分散于各处,相距遥远,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王.已成为国王总佃户的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民,

27、同样换取货物和服役.处于封建等级最底层的是农奴.英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接地主,而且要效忠于国王.II .ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter?大宪章?的内容及意义GreatCharterwassignedbyKingJohnin1215underthepressofthebarons.Itconsistsofsixty-threeclauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows:(1)notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalof

28、theGrandCouncil;(2)nofreemenshouldbearrested,imprisonedordeprivedoftheirproperty;(3)theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections;(4)Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirtraditionalrightsandprivileges,and(5)thereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry.(significance)A

29、lthoughTheGreatCharterhaslongbeenpopularlyregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipsbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.ThespiritoftheGreatCharterwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthe

30、mwithintheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.?大宪章?是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的.?大宪章?总共63条,其中最重要的内容是：(1)未经大议会同意,不得征税；(2)只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；(3)教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；(4)伦敦和其它城镇应保存其贵族的传统权力和特权；(5)全国要统一度量衡.尽管人们普遍认为?大宪章?为英国的自由奠定了根底,但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声明书,保证了教会的自由,限制了国王权利.?大宪章?的精神实质就是把国王的权利限制在英国封建法律允许的范围之内.

31、III .TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament英国议会的起源TheGreatCouncilisknowntobetheprototype原型ofthecurrentBritishParliament.In1265,SimondeMontfortsummoned召集theGreatCouncil,togetherwithtwoknightsfromeachcountyandtwocitizensfromeachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Itsmainrolewastooff

32、eradvice,nottomakedecisions.Therewerenoelectionsorparties.AndthemostimportantpartofParliamentwastheHouseofLords.大议会是当今英国议会的原型.1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加.大议会开展到后来演变成议会,分为上议院和下议院.其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的局部是上议院.英语国家概况精讲系列六IV .TheHundredYearsWaranditsconsequences.百年战争及其结果TheHundredYearsWarre

33、ferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlastedintermittentlyfrom1337to1453.Thecausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.TheterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepossessionbytheEnglishkingsofthelargeduchyofAquitaineinFrance,astheFrenchkingsgrewstronger,theyincreasinglycovetedthislargeslice.The

34、economiccauseswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanders,whichweretheimporterofEnglishwool,buttheywereloyaltotheFrenchkingpolitically.Besides,EnglandsdesiretostopFrancefromgivingaidtoScotsandagrowingsenseofnationalismweretheothercauses.TheEnglishsbeingdrivenoutofFranceisregardedasablessingfo

35、rbothcountries.IftheEnglishhadremainedinFrance,thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争,战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素.领土起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地,这是战争的根源

36、,随着法国国王势力日增,他们渴望占领这片土地.经济原因那么与弗兰德斯城有关.弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王.其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助,并且压制不断增强的民族意识.战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：假设英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍独立的英国的开展；而在英国占领大量法国领土的情况下,法国也很难统一.Threestagesofthewar战争的三个阶段Inthefirsttwostages,theEnglishwonsomebigvictories.Butinthethirdst

37、age,theyweredrivenoutofFance.战争初期,英国取得辉煌胜利.但是最终被逐出法国ThebattleofArgencourt阿壤科之战Ittookplacein1415andtheEnglishwonacrushingvictory.Afterthevictory,theEnglishkingHenryVwasrecognizedastheFrenchKing.1415年英国大获全胜,亨利5世登上法国王位.JoanofArc(1412-1431)贞德女士JoanofArcwasanationheroineinFrenchhistory.Sheledandencourage

38、stheFrenchindrivingtheEnglishoutofFrenchintheHundredYears贞德是法国历War的女英雄,她领导和鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境.Consequencesofthewar战争的后果影响TheEnglishlostthewar.TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFrenchisregardedasablessingforbothcountries.IthelpedEnglishnationalidentityaswellasFrenchnationalidentity.Twoseparatenationwerebornaf

39、terthewar.V.TheBlackDeath黑死病TheBlackDeathisthemodernnamegiventothedeadlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348.ItreducedEnglandspopulationfromfourmilliontotwomillionbytheendofthe14thcentury.TheeconomicconsequencesoftheBlackD

40、eathwerefar-reaching.Asaresultoftheplague,muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasaterribleshortageoflabour.Thesurvivingpeasantshadbetterbargainingpowerandwereinapositiontochangetheirserfdomintopaidlabour.Somelandlords,unableorunwillingtopayhigherwages,triedtoforcepeasantsbackintoserfdom.In1351thegovernme

41、ntissuedaStatuteofLabourerswhichmadeitacrimeforpeasantstoaskformorewagesorfortheiremployerstopaymorethantherateslaiddownbytheJusticesofthePeace.黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫,是一种流行疾病,在14世纪传播了到欧洲.1348年夏天横扫全英国.英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万.黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远.鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏.地主想把耕地变为人力需求较少的牧场.存活的农民处于有利的讨价还价地位,从农奴变为

42、雇佣劳动力.于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付较高工资的地主想方设法迫使农民重返农奴地位.1351年政府公布劳工法令,规定农民们涨工资的要求,或者是雇主支付比地方官制订的工资水平要高的工资都是犯罪.Chapter4第四章TransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1688)向现代英国的过渡I. TransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1485)向近代英国的过渡(1455年-1485年)TheWarsofRose玫瑰战争ThenatureandconsequencesoftheWarsoftheRoses.ThenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefert

43、othebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythereadrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputthecountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywas

44、muchweakened.玫瑰战争是指,从1455年到1485年,以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称.1485年,兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利,建立了都铎王朝.这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击,贵族阶层受到了削弱.II. HenryVIIIandTheEnglishReformation亨利八世和英国的宗教改革HenryVIIIwasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreformofthechurch.Therewerethreemaincauses:adesireforchangeand

45、reforminthechurchhadbeengrowingformanyyearsandnow,encouragedbythesuccessofMartinLuther,manypeoplebelieveditstimehadcome;theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresented;andHenryneededmoney.亨利八世最重要的改革是负责进行教会的宗教改革.改革原因有三个主要方面：多年来,人们改革教会的意愿不断增长,现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞,许多人认为时机已到；教职人员的特权和财富已引起民愤；亨利需要钱.Thereformbeganas

46、astruggleforadivorceandendedinfreedomfromthePapacy.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorceCatherineofAragonbutthePoperefused.HenrywastogetridoftheEnglishChurchsconnectionwiththePope,andtomakeanindependentChurchofEngland.HemadethisbreakwithRomegraduallybetween1529and1534.HedissolvedallofEnglandsmonasteriesandnunner

47、iesbecausetheyweremoreloyaltothePopethantotheirEnglishkings.ThelawssuchastheActofsuccessionof1534andtheActofSupremacyof1535madehisreformpossible.HeestablishedthechurchofEnglandasthenationalchurchofthecountry,andhemadehimselfthesupremeheadofthechurchofEngland.改革以争取离婚而开始,以脱离教皇而告终.亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚,但是教皇拒

48、绝了.亨利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系,成立独立的英格兰教会.1529年至1534年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系.他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院,由于后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚.1534年的?继位法?和1535年的?王权法案?使改革具有了可行性.1535年他获英格兰教会最高首脑之称号.HenryVIIIsreformstressedthepowerofthemonarchandcertainlystrengthenedHenryposition;Parliamenthadneverdonesuchalongandimportantpieceofworkbefore,itsimporta

49、ncegrewasaresult.HisattackonthePopespowerencouragedmanycriticsofabusesoftheCatholicChurch.EnglandwasmovingawayfromCatholicismtowardsprotestantideology.改革的三大影响：亨利的改革强调了君主权力,自然稳固了亨利的地位；议会以往从未做过如此漫长而重要的工作,自然其重要性也有所增强；他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞许多人批评指责天主教会,并希望从天主教转向新教.英语国家概况精讲系列(八)III. ElizabethI(1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世(1558年

50、-1603年)ElizabethIandparliament(1)ElizabethIwasthelastmonarchoftheTudorDynasty.ShewasabletoworkwithPaliament.SheavoidedtroublingParliamenttoooftenforpoundsbymakingstricteconomiesatCourt.Buttherelationshipwasoftenturbulent.BecauseParliamentdemandedthatitsrightoffreespeechbeconfirmedinwritinganditbeall

51、owedtodiscussallimportantquestionsatwill.ElizabethIdidnotagreetotheirdemands.为了防止经常向议会索要资金,伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格的节约制度.但是,她与议会的关系也经常不稳定.由于议会需要用文字形式对言论自由的一般权力加以确定,同时希望可以随时对重要问题进行讨论.伊不同意他们的要求.Elizabethsreligiousreformandherforeignpolicy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策Elizabethsreligiousreformwasacompromiseofviews.ShebrokeMarys

52、tieswithRomeandrestoredherfathersindependentChurchofEngland,i.e.keepingtoCatholicdoctrinesandpracticesbuttobefreeofthePapalcontrol.HisreligioussettlementwasunacceptabletoboththeextremeProtestantsknownasPuritansandtoardentCatholics.Fornearly30yearsElizabethsuccessfullyplayedoffagainsteachotherthetwog

53、reatCatholicpowers,FranceandSpain,andpreventedEnglandfromgettinginvolvedinanymajorEuropeanconflict.Throughhermarriageallianceswhichwerenevermaterialized,ElizabethmanagedtomaintainafriendlyrelationshipwithFrance.SoEnglandwasabletofacethedangerfromSpain.伊莉莎白的宗教改革是对不同观点的妥协.她中断玛丽与罗马的关系,恢复她父亲在位时独立的英格兰教会,

54、也就是说保持天主教教条及习俗,但不受教皇限制.她的宗教定论既不被以清教徒知名的新教极端分子所接受,也不为虔诚的天主教徒所接受.近30年的时间,伊莉莎白成功挑起了两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相斗杀,从而免于英国卷入任何主要的欧洲国的冲突.通过她从未具体化的联姻,伊莉莎白设法与法国维持友好关系,因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险.IV. TheEnglishRenaissance英国文艺复兴DistinctivefeaturesoftheEnglishRenaissance英国文艺复兴的特点1) Englishculturewasrevitalizednotsomuchdirectlybythecla

55、ssicsasbycontemporaryEuropeansundertheinfluenceoftheclassics;2) EnglandasaninsularcountryfollowedacourseofsocialandpoliticalhistorywhichwastoagreatextentindependentofthecourseofhistoryelsewhereinEurope;3) Owingtothegreatgeniusofthe14thcenturypoetChaucer,thenativeliteraturewassufficientlyvigorousande

56、xperiencedinassimilatingforforeigninfluenceswithoutbeingsubjectedbythem;4) EnglishRenaissanceliteratureisprimarilyartistic,ratherthanphilosophicalandscholarly;5)theRenaissancecoincidedwiththeReformationinEngland.英国文艺复兴的五个特点：1)英国文化的复兴直接受古典作品影响不大,更大的影响来自于受古典作品熏陶的当代欧洲人；2)由于英国是一个岛国家,其社会和政治历史进程与欧洲其他国家相去甚

57、远；3)由于14世纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现,英国本国文学得以蓬勃开展,能够在吸收外国文学影响的同时,并未处于附属地位；4)英国文艺复兴文学主要是文艺方面而不是哲学的和学术方面；5)文艺复兴和英格兰的宗教改革正好同步.VI.TheCivilWarsandtheirconsequencesBecauseoftheabsoluteruleofCharles,theconfrontationbetweenCharlesIandtheparliamentdevelopedintothecivilwar.ThewarbeganonAugust22,1642andendedin1651.CharlesIwascondemnedtodeath.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalledthePuritanRevolution.IthasbeenseenasaconflictbetweentheparliamentandtheKing,andaconflictbetweeneconomicinterestsoftheCrown.TheeconomicinterestsoftheurbanmiddleclassedcoincidedwiththeirreligiousPuritanideologywhiletheCrownstraditionaleconomicin