2022年考研《英语（二）》考试真题及答案解析

1、2022年考研英语(二)考试真题及答案解析【完整版】Sect ion I Use of Eng Ii shDi rect ions: Read the fol lowing text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Har I an Coben be I i eves that if you' re a wr iter, you' I I f i nd the time; and that if you

2、can't find the time, then writing isn't a pr ior ity and you' re not a wr iter. For him wr iting i s a(1) job-a job I i ke any other. He has(2) it with p I umb i ng, poi nt i ng out that a p I umber doesn't wake up and say that he can't work with pipes today.(3), I ike most wr it

3、ers these days, you' re holding down a job to pay the bi I I sf i t1 s not(4) to find the t ime to wr i te. But it's not impossible. 11 requ i res determi nat i on and s i ng Ie-m i ndedness.(5)that most bestsei I ing authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a Iiving.

4、And today, even wr iters who are fairly(6)often have to do other work to (7)the i r writing i ncome.As HarI an Coben has suggested it's a(8)of pr i or i t i es. To make writing a pr ior i ty, you' I I have to (9) some of your day-to-day-activities and some things you reaI Iy enjoy. Depending

5、 on your(10) and your I i fe sty I e, that might mean spend i ng I ess time watch i ng television or Ii sten i ng to mus i c, though some peopIe can wr i te (11)they I isten to music. You might have to(12)the a mount of exercise or sport you do. You' I I have to make soc i a I media an(13) activ

6、ity rather than a daily time-consuming(14). There' I I probab I y have to be I ess soc i a I i z i ng with your f r i ends and I ess time with your fami ly. It's a(15) learning curve, and it won't always make you popular.There's just one th i ng you shou I d try to keep at I east som

7、e time for, (16)your wr it ing-and that' s reading. And wr iter needs to read as much and as widely as they can; i t1 s the one(17) supporter-something you can't do without.Time is finite. The oIder you get, the (18) it seems to go. We need to use it as careful ly and as(19) as we can. That

8、means prioritising our act i v i t i es so that we spend most t i me on the th i ngs we reaIly want to do. If you* re a wr iter, that means(20)wr iting.1 .【题干】1.【选项】A. difficultB. norma IC. steadyD. p I easant【答案】B2 .【题干】2.【选项】A. comb i nedB.comparedC.confusedD.confronted【答案】B3 .【题干】3.【选项】A. IfB. Th

9、roughC. OnceD. Un I ess【答案】A4 .【题干】4.【选项】A.enoughB. strangeC. wrongD. easy【答案】D5 .【题干】5.【选项】A. AcceptB. ExplainC. RememberD. Suppose【答案】C6 .【题干】6.【选项】A. we I I-knownB. we I I-advisedC. we I(-informedD. we I I-chosen【答案】A7 .【题干】7.【选项】A. donateB. generateC. suppIementD. calculate【答案】C8 .【题干】8.【选项】A. c

10、auseB. purposeC. quest i onD.condition【答案】c9 .【题干】9.【选项】A. high IightB. sacr i f i ceC. cont i nueD. explore【答案】B10 .【题干】10.【选项】A. re I at i onsB. i nterestsC.memor i esD.ski I Is【答案】B11 .【题干】11.【选项】A. unt i IB. becauseC. wh i I eD. before【答案】C12 .【题干】12.【选项】A.put up withB. make up ofC. hang on toD.

11、 cut down on【答案】D13 .【题干】13.【选项】A. intel IigentB. occas iona IC. i ntens i veD. emot i ona I【答案】B14 .【题干】14.【选项】A. habitB. testC. dec i s i onD. p I an【答案】A15 .【题干】15.【选项】A. toughB. gentleC. rapidD. funny【答案】A16 .【题干】16.【选项】A. i n p I ace ofB. in charge ofC. in response toD. in addition to【答案】D17 .【

12、题干】17.【选项】A. i nd i spensabIeB. innovativeC. invisibleD. i nstant【答案】A18 .【题干】18.【选项】A. du I I erB. harderC. quieterD. quicker【答案】B19 .【题干】19.【选项】A. peacefu I I yB. generous IyC. productivelyD. gratefully【答案】C20 .【题干】20.【选项】A. at mostB. i n turnC.on averageD. above a I I【答案】DSection 11 Reading Compr

13、ehensionPart AD i rect i ons:Read the fol lowing four texts. Answer the quest i ons be Iow each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day13.000 chickens roam over Larry Brown's 40 wi ndswept acres i n Shi ner Texas. Some rest i n

14、 the shade of a parked car others dr i nk water w i th the cows. Th i s a I I seems random, but it's by des i gn, part of what the $6. 1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-fr iendly eggs.These eggs, wh i ch are mak i ng the i r debut now on she I ves for as much as

15、 $8 a dozen, are sti I I I abe I ed organ i c and animal -f r i end I y, but they' re a I so from b i rds that I i ve on farms us i ng regenerat i ve agr i cu I ture-spec i a I techniques to cultivate r ich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs couId be marketed as helping to fight cli

16、mate change."I'm excited about our progress, n says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and i s add i ng more cover crops that draw worms and cr ickets for the chickens to eat. The bi rds' waste then fert i I izes f i eI ds. Such improvements "al low our hens t

17、o forage for higher-qual ity natura I feed that wi I I be good for the I and, the hens, and the eggs that we suppIy to our customers."The egg industry's push i s the fi rst major test of whether animal products from regenerat i ve farms can become the next premi um offer i ng. i n bare I y

18、more than a decade, organ i c eggs went from be i ng d i smi ssed as a niche product in naturaI foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were s imi I ar doubts about probiotics and p I ant-based meats, but both have exp Ioded i nto major supermarket categor i es. I f the susta i na

19、b Ie-egg rol I out i s successfuI, i t couId open the fIoodgates for regenerat i ve beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sei I because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agr icultural economics at Pennsy I van i a State Un i

20、 vers i ty Brandy wine. Such farming a I so br ings minimal, if any. improvement to the food products (though some producers say thei r eggs have more protein).The i ndustry i s bett i ng that the same consumers pay i ng more for premium attr ibutes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-rai sed e

21、ggs wi I I embrace sustainabi I ity. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about cl imate change, and some of the success of pI ant-based meat can be chaIked up to shoppers want i ng to s i gnaI the i r desi re to protect envi ronment. Young adults "really care about the p I

22、anet, *' says John Brunnque I I, pres i dent of Eggs I nnovat i ons. "They are absolutely alter ing the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they're doing.21 .【题干】the cl imate-fr iendly eggs are produced .【选项】A.at a considerabIy low cost22 at the demand of regular sh

23、oppersC.as a rep Iacement for organ i c eggsD. on spec i a I Iy des i gned forms【答案】D【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词cl imate-fr iendly eggs定位到第 一段末句：This a I I seems random, but it' s by des i gn, part of ,next b i g thing: cl imate-fr iendly eggs （这看起来随意，但其实是设计好的，是下一 大事件气候友好蛋的一部分）。其中Th i s指的是第一段开头描述的养鸡农场景象。

24、 养鸡农场是设计好的，用于生产气候友好蛋，由此可知气候友好蛋是在 special ly designed farms （经过特别设计的农场）上生产的，所以本题选D。22.【题干】Larry Brown is excited about his progress in .【选项】A. reducing the damage of climate changeB.acceI erat i ng the d i sposaI of wasteC. creating sustainable systemD. attract i ng customers to h i s products【答案】C【解

25、析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Larry Brown is excited about his progress 定位到第三段句，该句提到（Brown） i s add i ng more cover crops that draw worms and cr ickets for the chickens to eat （Brown 正在添力口更 多的覆盖作物来吸引蠕虫和蟋蟀给鸡吃）。结合句The birds' waste then fert i I izes f i e I ds （然后鸡的排泄物可以给田地施肥）和句中的Such improvements "al low

26、our hens to forage for higher-quaI ity naturaI feed-" "（这样的改进使我们的母鸡能够找到更高质量的天然食物）可知,C项creating a sustainable system（创造一个可持续的系统）是对-句的合理概括，所以本 题选Co23 . 【题干】 the example of organic eggs is used in the Paragraph if to suggest .【选项】A. the doubts to over naturaI feedsB. the set breaks i n the eg

27、gs i ndustryC. the potential of regenerative productsD. the promot i onaI success of super markets【答案】c【解析】本题为例证题。例证题通常考查根据论据寻找论点的能力，论点一 般在论据的前面。根据题干关键词。rganic eggs定位到第四段句，该句为论 据，其所要说明的事物为句：whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offer ing（来自再生农场的动物产品能否 成为下一个优质产品）

28、。C 项 the potential of regenerat i ve products （再生产 品的潜力）是对句中问题的合理概括，所以本题选C。24 .【题干】It can be I earned from paragraph that young peop I e. 【选项】A. are reluctant to change thei r dietB. are Ii keIy to buy cIimate fr i end Iy eggsC. are cur i ous about new foodD. are amazed at agr iculture advances【答案】B

29、【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干中的young people可先定位到最后一段 中的句：younger generat i ons are more concerned about c I i mate change （年 轻一代更加关心气候变化）。结合句中的Young adults "real ly care about the planet”（年轻人真的关心地球）和句中的They are absolutely alter ing the food chain（他们绝对在改变食物链），可以判断年轻人很可能在从食物方面为改 善气候和地球环境做贡献。B项are I ikely to bu

30、y c I imate-f r i end I y eggs （可 能购买气候友好蛋）是对-句的合理推断，所以本题选B。25 【题干】John BrunnquelI would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerat i ve products .【选项】A. markets prospectsB.standard definitionC. market prospectD. moraI imp Ii cat i on【答案】A【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干中的John Brunnquel I定位到最后一段中 的句，Brunnquel I说年轻人真

31、的关心地球。结合句他说年轻人绝对在改变 食物链，可见他认为年轻人可能通过消费气候友好蛋等再生产品来保护地球，对 再生产品的市场前景是乐观的。再根据题干中的Julie Stanton定位到倒数第二 段的句，Stanton 说 Regenerative products could be a hard sei 1（再生产 品可能要被强行推销），可见她对再生产品的市场前景是悲观的。因此这两人在 再生产品的市场前景方面的观点是不一致的，A项market prospects （市场前景） 准确指出了两人观点的分歧所在，所以本题选A。Text 2More Amer i cans are opt i ng

32、to work we I I i nto ret i rement, a growi ng trend that threatens to upend the old workforce mode I.One in three Amer icans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job i n ret i rement to prepare for a I onger I i fe, accord i ng to a survey conducted by Harr i s Pol I for TD Amer i trade. Even

33、more surpr i s i ng i s that more than ha If of "unret i reesn-those who pI an to work i n ret i rement or went back to work after ret i r ing -said they would be empIoyed in thei r later years even i f they had enough money to sett Ie down, the survey showed.F i nanc i a I needs aren't the

34、 on I y culprit for the "unret i rement" trend. Other reasons, accord i ng to the study, i nc I ude persona I fu I f i I Iment such as stay ing mentaI ly f it, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of "unret i ree" respondents said that they would return to work on

35、ce ret i red to keep mentaIly fit while 59% sa i d it wouId be t i ed to mak i ng ends meet."The concept of ret i rement i s evolving." said Chr i st i ne Russe I I, senior manager of ret i rement at TD Amer itrade. "It's not just about f i nances. The va I ue of work i s a I so d

36、r i v i ng fo I ks to cont i nue work i ng past ret i rement. nOne reason for the change i n ret i rement patterns: Amer i cans are I i v i ng longer. Older Amer icans are a I so the fastest-growi ng segment of the U. S. workforce, and boomers are expected to Ii ve Ionger than prev i ous generat i o

37、ns. The percentage of ret i rement-age peopIe i n the I abor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an al I-t ime low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.Because of longer I i fe spans. A

38、mer icans are a I so boost i ng the i r sav i ngs to preserve the i r nest eggs, the TD Amer i trade study showed, wh i ch surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 "unret i rees" are increasing their savings in anticipation of a Ionger life, according to the survey. Among the most

39、 popu I ar ways they are doi ng th i s, the company said, is by reducing thei r overaI I expenses, secur ing I ife insurance or maximizing thei r contributions to ret i rement accounts.Unfortunate Iy, many peopIe who are opt i ng to work i n ret i rement are prepar i ng to do so because they are wor

40、 r i ed about mak i ng ends meet i n the i r Iater years, sa i d Brent We i ss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning fi rm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preret i rees should speak with a financial adv i ser to set long-term financial goaIs.The most chaIlengi ng moments i n I ife are

41、gett i ng marr i ed, start i ng a fami ly and ultimately ret i r i ng. " We i ss sa i d. "It's not just a f i nanc i a I decision, but an emot i onaI one. Many people be I ieve they can't ret i re.26. 【题干】 The survey conducted by Harr is Pol I indicates that.【选项】A. over ha If of th

42、e ret i rees are phys i caI Iy fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger one doseC. one in three Amer icans enjoy ear Iier ret i rementD. more Amer i cans are willing to work i n ret i rement【答案】D27 .【题干】It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Amer icans tend to th i nk that.【选项】A

43、. ret i rement may cause problems for themB. boredom can be re Ii eved after ret i rementC. the mentaI heaI th of ret i rees i s over IookedD. "unret i rement" contr i butes to the economy【答案】A28 .【题干】Ret i rement patterns are changing part I y due to,【选项】A. Iabor shortageB.population grow

44、thC. longer Iife expectancyD. rising Ii v i ng costs【答案】C29.【题干】Many ret i rees are increasing thei r savings by.【选项】A. i nvest i ng more i n stocksB. tak i ng up odd jobsC.getting we I I-pa id workD.spend i ng I ess【答案】D30 .【题干】With regard to ret i rement, Bent Weiss thinks that many peopIe are.【选项

45、】A. unpreparedB. unafraidC. d i sappoi ntedD. enthus i ast i c【答案】AText 3We have a I I encountered them, i n both our persona I and profess i ona I I i ves. Think about the times you felt tr icked o frustrated by a membership or subscr ipt ion that had a seamless s ign-up process but was Iater diffi

46、cult to cance I. Someth i ng that shouId be simple and transparent can be comp I i cated, i ntent ionaI Iy or un i ntent i onaI Iy, i n ways that impa i r consumer choice. These are examp Ie of patterns.Fi rst coined i n 2010 by user exper ience expert Harry Br ig null, dark patterns" i s a cat

47、ch-aI I tern for practices that manipulate user i interfaces to i nf I uence the dec i s i on-mak i ng ability of users. Br i g nu I I ident if ies 12 types of common dark patters, ranging from mi sd i rect ion and hidden costs to roach mote I. " where a user exper ience seems easy and intuitiv

48、e at the start, but turns difficult when the user tr ies to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns i s still not we I I understood. Bus i ness an

49、d nonprof i t Ieaders shouId be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Where i s the I i ne between eth ica I, persuas i ve des i gn and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, comp I iance, r i sk, and I ega I teams to rev i ew the i r pr i va

50、cy po I i cy, and i nc I ude i n the d i scuss i on the customer/user exper i ence des i gners and coders respons i bIe for the company's user i nterface, as we I I as the marketers and advert i sers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pr icing, and promotions. Any or a I I these teams c

51、an p I ay a role i n creat i ng or avoiding "digital decept i on."Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the CaIi forn i a Attorney Genera I announced the approvaI of add i t i onaI reguI at i

52、ons under the CaI i forn i a Consumer Pr i vacy Act (CCPA) that ensure that consumers wi I I not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise thei r data pr i vacy r ights. "The regulations a im to ban dark patterns-th i s means proh i b i t i ng compan i es from us i ng" confus i ng I a

53、nguage or unnecessary steps such as fore i ng them to click through multiple screens or Ii sten to reasons why they shouldn't opt out.As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there i s a need for greater accountabi I ity form within the business community. Dark patterns a I s

54、o be addressed on a se I f-regu I atory bas i s, but on I y i f organ i zat i ons ho I d themse I ves accountab I e, not just to I ega I requ i rements, but a I so to industry best practices and standards.31 .【题干】It can belearned from the fi rst two paragrphs that dark patterns .【选项】A. improve user

55、exper ienceB. leak user information for profitC.undermine users deci s ion-makingD. remi nd users of hidden costs【答案】c32.【题干】The 2019 study on dark pattern i s ment i oned to show. 【选项】A.the i r major flawsB.thei r comp I ex designsC.the i r severe damageD.the i r strong presence【答案】D33.【题干】To hand

56、I e digital decept i on bus i ness shou I d .【选项】A. I i sten to customer feedbackB.taIk with relevant teamsC.turn to i ndependent agenc i esD. rely on professionaI training【答案】B34 .【题干】The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to【选项】A. guide user though opt-out processesB. protect consu

57、mers from being tr ickedC. grant compan i es data pr i vacy r i ghtD. restr i ct access to prob I emat i c content【答案】B35 .【题干】According to the Iast paragraph a key to coping with dark patterns i s .【选项】A. new legaI requi rementsB. bus i ness seIf-d i sc i pIi neC. str i ct reguIatory standardsD. co

58、nsumers* safety awareness【答案】BText4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if thei r lessons can actual ly change behavior; evidence either way i s weak, relying on contr i ved Iaboratory tests on sometimes unreI i abIe seIf-reports. But a new study pub I i shed i

59、n Cognition found that, i n at least one reaHwor Id situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers i nvest i gated one cI ass sess ion's impact on eat i ng meat. They chose th i s part i cuI ar behav i or for three reasons, accord i ng to study co-author Er ic Schwi tzeebeI, a phi losoph