有机化合物中英文命名-2ppt课件

1、朱金丽朱金丽有机化合物的命名朱金丽Nomenclature of Organic Compoundsn非官能团化合物n Nonfunctional Compoundsn1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）n2单环化合物Monocyclic compounds） n3、官能团化合物n Functional compounds有机化合物的命名有机化合物的命名n系统命名nIUPAC names (systematic names) n 俗名法ntrivial names (popular names)n国际理论和应用化学联合会n IUPAC: International

2、Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry官能团化合物n卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn醇- Alcoholsn硫醇-Thiolsn醇盐-The salts of alcohols (ROM)n硫醇盐-The salts of thiols (RSM)n醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2)官能团化合物n环氧化合物-Epoxidesn硫化物-Sulfides R1-S-R2)n胺-Aminesn醛-Aldehydesn酮-Ketonesn羧酸-Carboxylic acids官能团化合物n酰胺-Amidesn酯-Estern羧酸盐-The salts of aci

3、dsn酸酐-Carboxylic anhydridesn酰氯-Acyl halidesn腈-Nitriles官能团化合物n内酯和内酰胺-Lactones and lactamsn缩醛和缩酮-Acetals and ketalsn亚胺-Iminesn氢过氧化物-Hydroperoxidesn过氧化二乙醚-Ether peroxides (ROOR)n过氧酸-Acid peroxidesRCOOHO1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn命名规则nhalo + the name of alkane - halo+烷烃的名称nThe name of alkyl group + halide-烷基 +

4、 haliden卤素halogen-halo n卤化物-halide1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesSymbolEnglish NamesFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodine卤 族 元 素卤 族 元 素（卤素取代基halo: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo（卤化物） Halide: fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide取代基 substituentsSome Functional Groups Named as Prefixes StructureName-ORAlkoxy- *-NH2Amino

5、-N=N-Azo-BrBromo-ClChloro-FFluoro-HHydro-IIodo-NO2Nitro-NONitroso-* methoxy-, ethoxy-, etc., depending upon the R group1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesnSystematic name: prefix “halo-： fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-” + the name of alkane n系统命名法：卤素取代基（ halo： fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- ）+烷烃名nTrivial name (C1-

6、C4): the name of alkyl group + fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodiden俗名法：烷基取代基+ Halide（ fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide）1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn异丙基氯化物n叔丁基氯化物C-C-C-ClC1-chloro-2-methylpropane isobutyl chlorideC-C-CCClC-C-CCl2-chloropropaneisopropyl chloride2-chloro-2-methylpropanetert-butyl chloride2-i

7、odopropaneisopropyl iodide2-bromoisohexane1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesH3CCHCH3IBrCH3CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH3Some special names for alkyl halides: CHX3 chloroform bromoform iodoform CH2Cl2 methylene chloride CCl4 carbon tetrachloride Cl3C-CCl3 perchloro ethane1、一些卤代烃的专用名称2、醇- AlcoholsnRule：The name of alcohol are gi

8、ven by replacing the final letter “e” of the name of alkaneAlkene，Alkyne） with the suffix “ol ”n规则：去掉烃名称Alkane，Alkene，Alkyne的最后一个字母e，加上后缀 “ol”2、醇- AlcoholsnSystematic name: Select the longest continuous chain to which the OH group is directly attached, and give the OH group the possible lower positi

9、on number.C-C-COHC-C-C-C-CCCOH2-propanol4,4-dimethyl-pentan-2-olC-C-COHC2-methylpropan-2-olCl-C-C-C-OH3-chloropropanol 2、醇- Alcohols Trivial name (C1-C4): the name of alkyl group + alcoholOH2-cyclopenten-1-olOHphenolC-C-COHisopropylalcoholtert-butylalcoholC-C-CCOH2、醇- Alcohols Alcohols containing mo

10、re than one OH group Systematic name: suffix: -diol, -triol Trivial name: glycol(乙二醇), glycerol （丙三醇）CH2CH2OH OHethylene glycol1,2-ethanediolC C COHOHpropylene glycol1,2-propanediolHO-C-C-C-OHOH glycerol1,2,3-propanetriol2-propanol isopropanolH3CCHCH3OH2、醇- Alcohols5-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanolH3CCHCH

11、2CH3CHCHCH3C3H7OH2、醇- AlcoholsHClClCH3HO3,4-dichloro-2-butanol2-cyclopentenolHOCH3OHOH2、醇- Alcohols2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol3、硫醇-Thiols -SHnSystematic name: the name of alkane + thioln系统命名法：烷烃名称alkane加上后缀“thiol”n H3CH2CCH2SHCH3SH1-propanethiol 0-mercaptotoluene mercapto 含巯基的，含硫氢基的3、硫醇-Thiols -SH

12、C-C-C-C-SHCSHC-C-SHC-C-C-C=CSCH3ethanethiol2-methylbutanethiol4-methylthio-1-pentene3-mercapto-1-cyclopentenesystematic names:3、硫醇-Thiols -SH Trivial name ：the name of alkyl group + mercaptantrivial names:C-C-SHC-C-S-C-CC=C-C-S-C=CC-C-C-SHCethyl mercaptanisobutyl mercaptandiethyl sulfideallyl vinyl

13、sulfide4、醇盐-The salts of alcohols (ROM)nSystematic name: The name of cation + the name of R group + oxiden规则：阳离子名称+取代基R名称+oxide4、醇盐-The salts of alcohols (ROM)potassium isopentyl oxideH3CCHCH2H2CCH3OKO-NH4+ammonium cyclohexyl oxide5、硫醇盐The salts of thiols (RSM)nSystematic name: the name of cation +

14、the name of thiol + aten Trivial name ：the name of cation + the name of R group + sulfide n规则：n系统命名法：阳离子名称+硫醇名称+ 后缀aten俗名法：阳离子名称+取代基R+sulfide5、硫醇盐The salts of thiols (RSM)lithium tert-butyl sulfidelithium tert-butanethiolatelithium 2-methylpropane-2-thiolateLiSCH3CH3CH36、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2)nSystemati

15、c name: name the simple OR group as a substituent, the long chain as a parent bodyn规则：简单的烷氧基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链n CH3O- C-C-O- C-C-C-O- C-C-C-C-O-n methoxy ethoxy propoxy butoxyn C5H11O- C6H13O- suffix: -yloxyn pentyloxy hexyloxy6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2)nSystematic nameC-C-C-C=COC4-methoxy-1-penteneC2H5-OCH3p-e

16、thoxytoluene CH3CH2CH2OCH3O1,2-dimethoxyethane4Hoo furan tetrahydrofuran 1,4-dioxane OO6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2)nTrivial name: list the names of both groups that attached to the oxygen in an alphabetic order + ethern俗名法：按照字母顺序列出和氧原子相连的两个烷基+ etherC-O-C=CC-C-O-C-Cmethyl vinyl etherdiethyl etherbenzyl isopr

17、opyl etherC6H5CH2O-C-CCsec-butyl methyl ether仲丁基2-methoxybutaneC2H5OC2H5H3CCH2CHCH3O CH3H3C CH2O CHCH3CH3ethyl isopropyl ether6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2)(di)ethyl etherTrivial name:冠醚-crown ethers规则：碳原子个数+crown+氧原子个数8-crown-4 12-crown-6OOOOOOOOOO6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2)1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropaneCHCHOH3CClCH CHO

18、RR 7. 环氧化合物EpoxidesnSystematic name: epoxy + the name of alkanen规则： epoxy+烷烃名称 2-(methylthio)butaneH3CSCHH2CCH3CH38. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2nthioethers sulfides (RSR, 硫醚)n-SR, alkylthio, 烷基硫基nSystematic name: name the simple SR group as a substituent, the long chain as a parent body. The name of small al

19、kylthio + the name of alkanen规则：简单的烷基硫基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链8. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2nTrivival name： the name of R1 + the name of R2 + sulfide n规则：按照字母顺序列出和硫原子相连的两个烷基+ sulfide sec-butyl methyl sulfide仲丁基H3CSCHH2CCH3CH3p-(ethylthio)benzoicacid p-ethyl(thio)benzoic acidH3CH2CSCOOH8. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2In order to

20、avoid the confusion of SR and -SH groups in same cases, parenthesis must be correctly used.OHOHS8. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2 C-C-C-C-SHCSHC-C-SHC-C-C-C=CSCH3ethanethiol2-methylbutanethiol4-methylthio-1-pentene3-mercapto-1-cyclopentenesystematic names:8. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2trivial names:C-C-SHC-C-S-C-CC=C-C-

21、S-C=CC-C-C-SHCethyl mercaptanisobutyl mercaptandiethyl sulfideallyl vinyl sulfideRNH2 primary 伯胺 RRNH secondary 仲胺RRRN tertiary 叔胺 R2NR4R1R3X9. 胺Amines RNH2Quarternary ammonium季铵盐AmmoniaAmine9.胺Amines RNH2nSystematic name: list the names of small alkyl groups + the name of parent chain + amine. Repl

22、ace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane + aminen系统命名法：列出取代基+主链+aminenTrivial name: list the names of alkyl groups that are attached to the nitrogen in an alphabetic order + amine.n俗名法：按照字母顺序列出所有和N原子相连的取代基+ amine1) Simple amines9.胺Amines RNH2nSystematic name ：Replace the final letter “e” in th

23、e name of alkane + amineN-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamine3 - e t h y l a m i n o - 2 -methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamineH3CH2CCHCHCH3CH3NHC2H5OHCH3NHC2H59.胺Amines RNH2NH2cyclopentylaminecyclopentanaminediisopropylamineN-isopropyl-2-propanamine(C-C)2CNH C-C-N-C-C-CCH3ethylmethyl

24、propylamineN-ethyl-N-methyl-1-propanamine 2-butylaminebis(2-chloroethyl)amineN,N-dimethylpentanamine1-dimethylaminopentaneH3CH2CCHCH3NH2HNH2CCH2CH2ClH2CClH3CH2CCH2H2CCH2NCH3CH39.胺Amines RNH29.胺Amines RNH2 2) Amines with large alkyl groups or with other functional groups in the molecules Trivial name

25、:氨基作为取代基C-C=C-C-CC N(C2H5)24-amino-2-methyl hexane4-(N,N-diethylamino) -3-methyl-2-pentene C-C-C-C-C-CCNH2 9.胺Amines RNH23 - e t h y l a m i n o - 2 -methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamineOHCH3NHC2H59.胺Amines RNH2H2NCH2CH=CHCH2OH4-amino-2-buten-1-olN(CH3)2NH2anilineN,N-dimethyla

26、nilineR4N XEt4NOH-tetraethylammonium hydroxidequaternary ammonium salt+-9.胺Amines RNH2 3) Heterocyclic aminesNHpyridinepyrrolequinolineCH3NNN123456784-methylquinoline吡啶 吡咯 喹啉tertramethylammonium hydroxidecyclohexylammoniumchloride NH3+Cl-9.胺Amines RNH2NCH3H3CCH3CH3OH-10. 醛AldehydesnSystematic name:

27、Replace the final letter “e” of alkane with “al” , or “carb(ox)aldehyde”n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母，加上后缀 “al” 或者 “carb(ox)aldehyden As a substitute (-CHO) “formyl” 10. 醛AldehydesC-C-C- COHC CCCCCOHCH3COHabcabc)3-methyl-4-phenylpentanal2-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxaldehydeacetaldehyde10、醛AldehydesTrivial na

28、mes are widely used for aldehydes with 1-5 carbon atoms:Formaldehyde甲醛） Formyl (甲酰基） Acetaldehyde AcetylPropionaldehyde Propionyl Butyraldehyde ButyrylValeraldehyde Valeryl10、醛Aldehydes4-ethyl-4-pentenalpropanedial2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehydeH2CCCH2H2CC2H5CHOOHCH2CCHOCHOCHObenzaldehydeOHC-CH2CH2

29、CH2-CH-CH2-CHOCHO1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde3-formylheptanedial10、醛Aldehydes 11. 酮ketonesnSystematic name: replace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane with “-one”.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母e”，加上后缀 “one” .n As a substitute (C=O) “oxo”11.酮ketonesnTrivial name: write the names of the groups R and R,

30、followed by the word “ketone”.n俗名法：写出取代基R、R）的名字+ ketone 3-pentanone4-methyl-4-hexen-2-oneH3CH2CCH2CCH3OH3CCH2CCHCH3OCH3 11.酮ketones11.酮ketones1,3-cyclopentanedioneacetophenonemethyl phenyl ketone3-phenylcyclopentanoneOOH3COOO5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-oneOCCH2CH3O2-propionylfuran2-propanoylfuranethyl 2

31、-furyl ketoneCCH3CCH3CCH3OOO1,2,4-triacetylbenzene11.酮ketones11.酮ketones4-(4-oxohexyl)-1-benzoic acid4-methyl-3-penten-2-one5-isobutyl-3-cycloheptenoneHOOCCH2H2CCH2CCH2CH3OH3CH3CHOCH3OCH2CHH3CCH312. 羧酸Carboxylic acidsnSystematic name: Replace the final letter “e” in the name of the hydrocarbon with

32、“-(o)ic acid” or “carboxylic acid”.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母e”，加上后缀 “-(o)ic acid” 或者 “carboxylic acid”. 12.羧酸Carboxylic acids3-butynoic acid2-isohexenoic acidH3CCHCHCH3HCCOOHHCCH2CCOOHCH3CH2CH2COOHbutanoic acidbutyric acid12.羧酸Carboxylic acidsHOOCCl2-chlorocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acidCH3-C-ClClCCHCOOHH

33、(Z)-4,4-dichloro-2-pentenoic acidCH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-COOHCOOHCH2COOH2-ethyl-4-(carboxymethyl)hexanedioic acid12.羧酸Carboxylic acidsNCC-C-OHCOOHCOOHCOOH3-(p-cyanophenyl)-2- 3-cyclohexene-1,2-hydroxypropanoic acid dicarboxylic acid Some trivial names for acids with low molecular weight:formic acid ac

34、etic acid propionic acid butyric acid valeric acidmaleic acid (马来酸, 顺丁烯二酸)fumaric acid (富马酸, 反丁烯二酸) 13. 酰胺 AmidesnSystematic name：Omit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “amide” or carboxyamide to the end of the name.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母e ” ， 加 上 后 缀 “ a m i d e ” 或

35、者 “carboxyamide”. 13.酰胺 Amides Trivial names for amides containing C1C5 carbon atoms: formamide acetamide propionamide butyramide valeramide 13.酰胺 Amides CONH2C-C-C-C-N-C-CCO CCONHCH3CONHCH3benzamideN-ethyl N-methyl-isopentanamideN,N-dimethyl-2,5-cyclo-hexadiene-1,4-dicarboxamide C NOCH3CH3HN,N-dime

36、thylformamideCH3CH2CH2C-NH2ObutanamideCH2=CH-CH-CH=CH-C-NHCH2-CH3CH3ON-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-hexadienamideC NH2Ocyclopropanecarboxyamide 13.酰胺 Amides 13.酰胺 AmidesN,N-dimethylbenamidep-acetamidobenzoic acidCONCH3H3CHOOCNHC OCH3 14. 酯EsternSystematic name：Omit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane,

37、and then add the suffix “(o)ate” or “carboxylate” to the end of the name.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母e ” ， 加 上 后 缀 “ ( o ) a t e ” 或 者 “carboxyate”. 14.酯Esterethyl butanoate isopropyl benzoateH3CH2CCH2COH2CCH3OCOCHCH3CH3Oethyl cyclopentanecarboxylateCH3-CH-CH2-CH2-C-OCH3Ocyclopentyl 4-methylpentanoateCOC2H5

38、OH3CC-O-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3OCH3(2-methylbutyl) -3-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate 14.酯Ester15.羧酸盐The salts of acids /Carboxylate saltsnSystematic name：The name of cation + alkane + “-(o)ate” or “carboxylate”.potassium isohexanoatelithium cyclopentanecarboxylateCOOLiH3CCHCH2CH3H2CCOOKCH3C-ONaOsodium acetate1

39、5.羧酸盐The salts of acids /Carboxylate saltsCOONaClNO2C-C-C-C-C-C-COONH4CC Csodium 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoateammonium 2-ethyl-6-methylheptanoateCOOKpotassium 2-cyclo-hexenecarboxylate 16. 酸酐Carboxylic anhydridesnSystematic name：The name(s) of the Alkane + “(o)ic” anhydridebutyric propionic anhydridebuta

40、noic propanoic anhydrideCH3-CH2-CH2COCCH2CH2CH3OOC3H7COCC2H5OObutyric anhydridebutanoic anhydriderulerule： carboxylic acids carboxylic anhydride carboxylic acids carboxylic anhydride。benzoic anhydrideCOCOOCOCOOcyclohexanecarboxylic anhydrideOOObutanedioic anhydride 16. 酸酐Carboxylic anhydrides 17.酰氯A

41、cyl halidesnSystematic name：Omit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “oyl halide” to the end of the name.butanoyl chlorideH3CH2CCH2CClOCFObenzoyl fluorideH3CHCCHH2COBr3-pentenoyl bromide 17.酰氯Acyl halides 18. 腈NitrilesnSystematic name：Add the suffix “(o)nitrile” or “c

42、arbonitrile to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.nTrivial names of nitriles containing C1C5 carbon atoms:n hydrocyanic acid acetonitrile propiononitrilen butyronitrile valeronitrile 18. 腈Nitriles3-pentynenitrilecyclopentanecarbonitrile1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile1,3,5-tricyanohexaneH3C CC CH2CNCNH3CCHCH2CHCH2CH2CNCNCN 19.内酯和内酰胺 Lactones and lactamsnSystematic name：Add the suffix “(o)lact