第十三章光的量子性

1、早期量子论早期量子论量子力学量子力学相对论量子力学相对论量子力学普朗克能量量子化假说普朗克能量量子化假说爱因斯坦光子假说爱因斯坦光子假说康普顿效应康普顿效应玻尔的氢原子理论玻尔的氢原子理论德布罗意实物粒子波粒德布罗意实物粒子波粒二象性二象性海森伯的测不准关系海森伯的测不准关系波恩的物质波统计解释波恩的物质波统计解释薛定谔方程薛定谔方程狄拉克把量子力学与狄拉克把量子力学与狭义相对论相结合狭义相对论相结合ddETM)()(TM1T2TdTMTM)()(0)(212mwsmJ)(TMT)(Ta)(Tr1)()(TrTa：黑体黑体1)(Ta)()()()()()(2211TaTMTaTMTaTMBB)

2、(TMB)()()(TMTaTMBii)()()(TMTaTMBii)(TMB1T2T3T4Tm1)(4321TTTT40)()(TdTMTMBB)(TMB1T2TbTm )(TMB1T2T3T4Tm1mbT931049010897. 24)(TTMB4859101067. 5271087. 6mWK591024sBsRMP287)1096. 6(41087. 6W26102 . 4211262)10496. 1 (4102 . 44dPPsE231050. 1mW2EEERPP263)1037. 6(1050. 1W171090. 1TcBecTM251)()(TMB42ckTMB-“” )

3、(TMB时，0!BM11)(/512TCBeCTMsJ106260755. 634h.)2 , 1 , 0nnh （112)(/52TkhcehcTM212 hcC216mW107417749. 3khcC 2Km10438769. 1211)(/512TCeCTM040)()(TdTMTMBBbTm221kAE 201. 01521J105 . 74nhE mk21hEn 30108 . 11s617. 0hE nEE129106 . 5GVKAUI1sI2sIaUameUmv221 0UKUa0UK)(2102UKemvmameUmv2210aU00U0212mmvKU0KU00)(210

4、2UKemvmAmvh221Amvh221)(2102UKemvmeKh0eUAKU00hAAchmv22121. 2106 . 1105 . 21031063. 619783421. 297. 4eV76. 2eV97. 4chJ106 . 197. 419J1095. 719191095. 72N218ms1052. 2个-康普顿效应康普顿效应045090013500045090013500(3)0hh0 xy0he20cmxyh0h00nch20cm0hnch 2mcvme2mcxyhe2mc0he20cmcoscos0mvchchsinsin0mvch2200mchcmh02sin22

5、ccmhc0m1043. 21202sin22c xy0hhvmxy2sin2200cmh021245sin1085. 4nm00243. 00nm0224. 02200mchcmhhhcmmc0202即00hchchceV31066. 6202)()(hhpe21121134)102(1)1024. 2(11063. 61231044. 4smkg0/hhtgarchep0h09410224. 002. 0tgarcHHHHH3646A 可见光区 紫外光区422nnB6 , 5 , 4 , 3n)121(22nR)11(22nkR, 2 , 1kkn hEEnkkn2hnL2h, 2 , 1

6、nnrvmre22024mvrL 2hnmrnhv22202mehnrn, 2 , 1n 1n12rnrnnnnremvE022421rvmre22024remvn022821nnreE0282204281hmennnnremvE0224212202mehnrneVE6 .1311n1nn0,nnEreVnnEEn2216 .131E1n2n3n4n2E3E4E莱曼系巴耳末系帕邢系n1234hEEkn223204118nkhmec12211nkR223204118nkchmechmeR3204817m100973731. 1hchphmcE2hmvphE hEphhmc222201cvhcmm

7、vh2201cvvmh2021vmeU 02meUv vmh0002meUmhUemh02m102 .1210UoA2 .12U探测器探测器镍单晶镍单晶kdsin20065290oA25.12UoA66. 15425.12oA65. 1md11101 . 9kdsin2vmh0ES22dxdxyx1sin0ppx1sinppxx1yxpypxp1sinxxppxx1yxpypxpdx 1sinppxphhpxxhpxx222zyxpz,py,pxxhpx1sinppx2tE2hm1010 x2xpxxpx2xxmvp xxvmpm/s.51085xmvx2103134101019410636.

8、m.cm.x005050 xmvx20050010410626634.13010051sm.vvxhpxxph2hpx2hpx2xpxxpx2xpx242m4102 . 3)(2cos0 xty)(20 xtieyy)(cos0uxtyy)(20,xtietxpxEtie0hEph*2dVdw2dVdw212dVpxEtietx0,2222pxmpxm222222EitEtimpE22tixm2222),(txUEEk),(22txUmpmpxm222222Eit),(22txUmptititxUxm),(22222222222zyxtitzyxUzyxm),()(22222222titzyx

9、Um), ,(222)(xUU )()(),(tfxtxtixUxm)(2222 tfttfixUxm11)(2222ExUxm1)(2222 Etfttfi1/)(iEtetf0)()(2)(222xUEmxx)()()()(2222xExxUxxm0),()(2),(22zyxUEmzyx),zyx（Etiezyxtzyx,*22(2)(xU)(00阱内ax )(, 0阱外axxxOa)(xUExm222dd200)(d)(d222xkxx222mEk kxCxsin)(0)(2)(222xmEdxxd0)0(0)(a0sin C00sinkaCnkaank, 2 , 1nxOa00 xanCxsin)(kxCxsin)(xtxad),(20 xxad)(20 xxanCadsin201aC2axxxn, 00)(axxana0sin2xanaxn22sin2)(axxanaxn0sin2)(222mEk 22222manEn, 2 , 1nank122222nmaEn22212maE2nEnxanansin2x0a)(xnx0a2)(xn1n2n3n4nxanaxsin2)(xxwad)(240 xxanaadsin24022sin