文献翻译-淬硬齿轮的加工

1、英文原文Hard gear processingAbstractuses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request OutlineUses in the power dri

2、ve gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the geardrive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request.The gear in the hard heat treatment process, its material organization and the str

3、ess change, usually can cause the gear to have the distortion, namely tooth profile, tooth to and tooth pitch error. This this error will cause the tooth profile not correctly to mesh in the transmission time, thus has enlarged the load, will have the gear noise.Therefore,thehardgearaftertheheattrea

4、tment,shouldincreasetogetherthe precision work working procedure generally.The hard gear precision work craft may divide into two kinds: A kind is uses non- formed the cutting edge, like the gear rubs truncates the processing; Another kind then is has formed the cutting edge like hard gear (HRC48 53

5、) to roll truncates the processing.This article strongly will discuss will use in hardly rolling the hard alloy tools forming cutting edge precision work process which the tooth will process. The now hard alloy material, the cutting tool coating and the gear-hobbing machine technology development, h

6、as caused the hard gear to roll cuts the processing technology to have the remarkable enhancement, specially is smaller than in the processing or was equal to when 12DP center small modulus gear, may withstand the enormous cutting force which in the hard cutting process produces.Hard alloy hob selec

7、tionThe hard alloy hob has the very big progress in the material variety specification.Superfine, is thin, medium or the big pellet hard alloy now all has the product. In addition, the hard alloy hob semifinished materials formed craft technology also had the remarkable enhancement, like uses static

8、 pressure and so on heat (HIP) the craft, thiscraftunderthehigh-pressuredhightemperature,increasedthehardalloy semifinished materials intrinsic binding force, enhanced the hard alloy anti- curved intensity. AccordingtotheISOstipulation,theentityhardalloymaterialmay differently divide into certainkin

9、ds according tothe application situation:The gear cutting tool divides into K kind and P kind, K kind of hard alloy has a higher resistance to wear, P kind then has the better high temperature red hardness. In the K trademark and in the P trademark hard alloy, each kind of trademark hard alloygranul

10、ar structure isdifferent, from medium pellet to superfine pellet. Each kind of trademarkallhasitsapplicationsituation,thisisandthegranularstructureis connected. Generally speaking, regarding softly rolls truncates, the K analogy P kind of performance is friends with, K kind of hard alloy can obtain

11、a micron level the granular structure (granularity to be smaller than 0.5 mum), but P kind then is not good. In abrasion aspect, K kind of toughness better, the life is longer.The hob resharpens and renovatesAfter the hob processing certain quantity work piece, its cutting edge failure, this time mu

12、st resharpen. Sharpens the after hob to have to maintain the original geometry shape; The cutting edge must be sharp; The cutting tool golden phase structure cannot because rub truncates the heat but to destroy. Thus when sharpens the hard alloy hob should use one kind of oil base refrigerant, it do

13、es not get up to the chlorine and the sulfur the response. Regarding scrapes the hob, sharpens after the coating not likely to use in hob such which the entity semifinished materials hardly rolls being important again. After the hard alloy hob sharpens in front of the coating, suggested carries on t

14、he pretreatment to its cutting edge.The hob rewill sharpen can except the cutting surface original coating, this will be able to reduce the cutting tool life. The cutting tool is may again spread. Usually regarding the TiN coating, may spread 3 4;Says regarding TiCN and the TiALN coating, because co

15、ating itself has the very big internal stress, therefore on cutting edge with difficulty again again coating. After several spreading TiN coating, can have the height non-uniformity condition, and influentials the tendency which the level falls off, therefore the original coating must remove.At pres

16、ent has two methods to be possible to remove the cutting tool coating: Chemistry draws back spreads draws back with physics spreads. Draws back with chemistry spreads removes on the hard alloy tools the coating is one kind of fine craft, requests the operator to have the suitable level of expertise.

17、 The excessively chemistry draws back spreads not only removes the coating, moreover also will dissolve washes the cobalt cement, the damage hard alloy material microscopic structure. The cutting edge microscopic damage willproduce the zigzag surface.In addition, when draws back spreads must to the

18、hob pillow block, in the hole and the sign carries on the protection, in order to avoid damages. But physics spreads, then must carry on by the original cutting tool factory, it involves to puts in order rerubs the hob tooth profile truncates. Although draws back chemistry spreads must be much more

19、expensive than, but obtains is a new hob, the quality and the life all can obtain the guarantee.To gear-hobbing machine requestInordertofullydisplaysthehardalloyandthecoatingcraftmerit,the gear-hobbing machine should do correspondingly improves. At present all advanced gear-hobbing machines all pres

20、s high speed roll the tooth to carry on the design, its gear-hobbingmachinehobrotationalspeedsurpasses3000r/Min,usuallyis 5000r/Min, the work piece main axle rotational speed and the hob rotational speed match. In addition, the engine bed has very high moves the rigidity and the hot rigidity. The ad

21、vanced gear-hobbing machine some main design characteristics are: Uses the compound epoxy resin lathe bed, by improvesthe engine bed the tendencyand the static characteristic; Has the constant temperature installment the high speed hobheadstock; High speed work piece main axle; May use does, the wet

22、 two kinds rolls truncates the craft; Belt electro-optical sensor digital actuation system; The straight line rolls the guide rail system; High speed automatic high-quality goods (2 3 seconds); The occupying a land area of is compact; According to man-machine engineering design; Services convenientl

23、y.Uses scrapes the craftRegardless of is the mechanical type the CNC gear-hobbing machine all can carry on scrapes, but the condition is the engine bed must equip has the work piece to the cutting tool selsyn train system. This may cause to scrape the craft economically, to has on the automatic yumm

24、y treats system the engine bed very to be also important. The electronic non- contact system depends on a simulation quantity sensor to send out the pulse to survey the cutting tool main axle, the work piece main axle and the gear position. The engine bed CNC controller carries on processing to thes

25、e pulses, then is opposite to the work piece main axle in the cutting tool position carries on the adjustment, causes a work piece turn of tooth and the hob knife tooth relative position relations is correct.In scrapes in the craft to have very many merits with the refrigerant: In scrapes in the pro

26、cess, the refrigerant has provided the lubricating ability; Because scrapes produces is not the normal scrap, the temperature control is extremely important. Blows the scrap small is thin, does not look like normal knife filings such to be possibletocarryoffmanyquantityofheats,thereforescrapestimeus

27、esthe refrigerant to be possible to control the cutting tool, the work piece and the engine bed system temperature; The refrigerant may washes away the scrap from the cutting tool and the work piece;Improved the work piece surface fine roughness; Enhanced the cutting tool life."Rolls in the gre

28、en truncates" in the craft, correctly chooses the tooth thick remainder is very important. The recommendation choice down milling rolls the tooth, because it may obtain the thickest scrap, this is helpful to the control cutting process dynamic condition, enhances the cutting tool life. The expe

29、rience proved that, the cutting speed may surpass 200m/Min, enters for the quantity choice is decided by the superficially attractive fineness which must achieve. The model enters for the scope is0.5 1.25mm/R. The cutting tool shifts (flees knife) the method very to be also important, because scrape

30、s time only then the rough machining section partial cutting edges only then undergo the attrition. On the contrary, in"the green cutting" in the process, the cutting tool precision work has partially undertaken the main process load. This meant when scraping flees the knife quantity to be

31、 supposed to be bigger, when like the gear is 12 48DP, each time flees the knife quantity is 0.3 0.4mm.Scrapes the hob the selectionScrapes the hard alloy hob to divide into two big kinds: Uses in 10DP or the bigger modulus hob, usually all designs has a negative rake front the cutting, when the cut

32、ting edge contacts to the hard tooth face, reduced to the hard alloy material impact; Regarding the small modulus gear, does not need to have the negative rake. The negative rake hob shortcoming is sharpens the difficulty. After the hob sharpens the outer diameter to reduce, in order to obtain the c

33、orrect negative rake to be supposed to change the grinding wheel the bias quantity.When scrapes, the big modulus gear, its addendum, the outer annulus diameter and the tooth root spot all are usually not rolled truncates, and has a smooth transition a request turn of tooth to the tooth root. In orde

34、r to obtain sinks cuts with the integrity transition circular arc radius, enhances the tooth root the anti- curved intensity, uses in the big modulus gear ideal scraping the hob to be supposed to have the flange.Regarding the small modulus gear processing, should use the standard hob. Uses the stand

35、ard in front of the radial direction the angle hard alloy hob processing to be called "the hard alloy hob to roll again cuts", but is not "scrapes", latter referred has used a negative rake hob.Hardly rolls the specification which truncates and hardly scrapes the specification wh

36、ich, or the hard alloy hob rolls again truncates nearly same, similarity is uses the strategy which flees the knife to shift to be different. When hardly rolls, the scrap excision must spend the massive energies. This energy finally becomes the quantity of heat. Tries to carry off very important the

37、se thermal sending out. After the suggestion processes a work piece every time, the hob flees a position entire tooth pitch. When the hob will flee from beginning to end the position from now on, will be supposed to transfer to the hob to the initial position has a bias quantity the spot. This bias

38、quantity is decided by the hob design and the application, its goal is for be helpful to the hob uniform wear. Another one similarity is the attire which uses clamps the system. As a result of the enormous cutting force, the jig must safely clamp the work piece. The processing result indicated that,

39、 the identical helical gear when hardly rolls again with the hard alloy hob, its gear quality is very high, the tooth profile approaches the AGMA10 level, the tooth to surpasses the AGMA12 level with the tooth pitch; The entire hard semifinished materials hardly roll cut the processing the helicalge

40、ar, its gear precision extremely is also high, the tooth profile precision may reach the AGMA10 level, the tooth to may achieve the AGMA12 level with the tooth pitch.ConclusionAt present has explored many economies the method to process the hard gear, including the material choice, the soft processi

41、ng method, the heat treatment craft and the hard precision work, enable the hard gear to obtain the popularization, has satisfied the high grade transmission device to the hard gear request.Carries on from entity entire hard work piece semifinished materials hardly rolls cuts the processing is one k

42、ind of new processing craft. Because has a rigid better engine bed and the high quality hard alloy tools material and performs coating processing, causes hardly to roll slivers is one effective processing method. Indicated from the factory practical application result that, the hard gear rolls cuts

43、(hardly rolls) the craft to have the broad application prospect.中文翻译淬硬齿轮的加工摘要用于动力传动的齿轮和齿轮箱，其尺寸要求更小，齿轮传动的噪音更低，从而导致对淬硬齿轮的需求，也给齿轮制造厂家提出了探索齿轮加工新方法的要求.概述用于动力传动的齿轮和齿轮箱，其尺寸要求更小，齿轮传动的噪音更低， 从而导致对淬硬齿轮的需求，也给齿轮制造厂家提出了探索齿轮加工新方法的要求。齿轮在淬硬热处理过程中，其材料组织及应力的改变，通常会使齿轮产生变形，即齿形、齿向及齿距误差。这此误差将引起齿廓在传动时的不正确啮合， 从而加大了载荷，产生齿轮噪音

44、。因此，淬硬齿轮在热处理后，一般应添加一道精加工工序。淬硬齿轮精加工工艺可分为两类：一类是采用非成形的切削刃，如齿轮磨削加工；另一类则是具有成形的切削刃如淬硬齿轮(HRC4853)滚削加工。本文将集中讨论用于硬滚齿加工的硬质合金刀具成形切削刃的精加工过程。当今的硬质合金材料、刀具涂层和滚齿机技术的发展，已使淬硬齿轮滚切加工技术有了显著的提高，特别是在加工小于或等于12DP 的中小模数齿轮时，可承受硬切削过程中所产生的极大的切削力。硬质合金滚刀的选取硬质合金滚刀在材料的品种规格上有很大进展。超细、细、中等或大颗粒的硬质合金现在都有产品。此外，硬质合金滚刀毛坯的成形工艺技术也有了显著提高，如采用热

45、等静压(HIP)工艺，该工艺在高压高温下，增加了硬质合金毛坯的内在结合力，提高了硬质合金的抗弯强度。按照 ISO 的规定，实体硬质合金材料可按应用场合的不同分为若干类：齿轮切削刀具分为 K 类和 P 类，K 类硬质合金有更高的耐磨性，P 类则有更好的高温红硬性。在 K 牌号和 P 牌号硬质合金中，每种牌号硬质合金的颗粒结构是不同的，从中等颗粒到超细颗粒。每种牌号都有其应用场合，这是和颗粒结构相关联的。一般来说，对于软滚削，K 类比P 类的性能要好，K 类硬质合金能得到微米级的颗粒结构(粒度小于 0.5m)，而P 类则不行。在磨耗方面，K 类韧性更好，寿命更长。滚刀的重新刃磨和翻新滚刀加工一定数

46、量的工件后，其切削刃变钝，此时必须重新刃磨。刃磨后的滚刀必须保持原有的几何形状；切削刃必须锋利；刀具的金相结构绝不可因磨削过热而受破坏。因而在刃磨硬质合金滚刀时应采用一种油基冷却液，它对氯和硫不起反应。对于刮削滚刀，刃磨后的重新涂层并不象用于实体毛坯硬滚的滚刀那样重要。硬质合金滚刀刃磨后涂层前，建议对其刃口进行预处理。 滚刀的重新刃磨将会除去切削表面的原有涂层，这会减少刀具寿命。刀具是可以重涂的。通常对于TiN 涂层，可涂 34 次；对于TiCN 和 TiALN 涂层而言，由于涂层本身有很大的内应力，所以在切削刃上难以再重新涂层。通过几次涂覆 TiN 涂层后，会产生高低不均匀的状况，并有分层脱

47、落的倾向，所以原有涂层必须去除。目前有两种方法可去除刀具涂层：化学退涂和物理退涂。用化学退涂去除硬质合金刀具上的涂层是一种精细工艺，要求操作者有相当的熟练程度。过度的化学退涂不仅将涂层去掉，而且还将溶洗钴结合剂，损坏硬质合金材料的微观结构。切削刃的微观损坏将产生锯齿状表面。此外，在退涂时必须对滚刀轴台、内孔及标志进行保护，以免损坏。而物理去涂，则必须由原刀具制造厂来进行，它涉及到整把滚刀齿形的重新磨削。虽然比化学退涂要贵得多，但得到的是一把新滚刀，质量和寿命都能得到保证。 对滚齿机的要求为了充分发挥硬质合金和涂层工艺的优点，滚齿机应作相应地改进。目前所有先进的滚齿机都按高速滚齿进行设计，其滚齿机的滚刀转速超过 3000r/min， 通常为 5000r/min，工件主轴转速与滚刀转速相匹配。此外，机床具有很高的动刚