英语中的各种语法（课堂PPT）

1、12十大词类 (Ten parts of Speech) 名词 (nouns) 动词 (Verbs) 形容词(Adjectives) 副词 (Adverbs) 冠词(Articles) 代词 (Pronouns) 数词 (Numerals) 介词 (Prepositions) 连词 (conjunction) 感叹词(interjection)3名词（Noun ） 名词的种类： 专有名词、普通名词（个体、集体、物质、抽象）可数名词和不可数名词。 名词的数：规则变化 和不规则变化 规则变化 1.词尾+s 2.词尾+ es 3.以o结尾 4. 以“f” “fe”结尾 名词的所有格：表示有生命的东西

2、加“s” 表示无生命的东西一般与of 构成短语,表示所有关系。4代词 (Pronouns) 代词的定义：是代替名词的以及名词作用的短语、分词、和句子的词。 代词的分类：1.人称代词（主格、宾格）2.物主代词（形容词性、名词性）3.反身代词（myself, ourselves)、4.相互代词(each other;one another)、 5.指示代词(this;that;these; those, it ) 6.疑问代词(who;whom;whose;which;that;what)、7.关系代词(who;whom;whose;which;what;that;as)、8.不定代词(all;b

3、oth;every;each;either;neither; no; nothing; somebody;everybody )5主格 ,宾格, 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 ,反身代词 I me my mine myself You you your yours yourself He him his his himself She her her hers herself It it its its itself We us our ours ourselves They them their theirs themselves You you your yours yourselve

4、s We us our ours ourselves 6动词 (Verbs) 动词的定义和特征：是表示动作或状态的词。它有时态、语态、语气的变化。 动词的种类：1.实义动词（及物动词和不及物动词）2.系动词：3助动词4情态动词 动词的基本形式：（5种）动词原形、第三人称单数现在式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。 不规则动词的变化 动词的体： 按词义分为动态动词和静态动词。7动词的体： 动态动词:分四类1. 无限动词：drink,study 2.有限动词:build ,make 3.重复动词：struggle . 4.瞬间动词：jump,come,go 静态动词:（表示一种动作在一定时期中持续状态

5、，通常不用进行体） 分四类1. 内心活动：(want, remember, hope,mean,understand,expect,wish,think) 2.情感动词：( like, hate,envy) 3感官动词：feel, see,hear,各种关系动词：(be, belong,need, matter,resemble)8数词 (Numerals) 数词的定义：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。 数词的种类： 基数词和序数词 基数词和序数词的拼法 时刻的表达法 日期的表达法 倍数、分数、小数和百分数的表达法 加、减、乘、除的表达法9介词 (Prepositions） 介词的定义：介词又叫前

6、置词，一般用于名词或代词前，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。 介词的种类： 简单介词（at,in, of)、合成介词(into,within)、短语介词(because of ). 介词短语在句中的作用：定、状、表语 常用介词的主要用法：in,on, with. 10常用的几种介词（1） 表地点: about,above,at,in,to,between 等. 表时间: in,at,for,during,from,to,since 等. 表除去: besides,but,except 等. 表比较: as,like,above,over 等. 表反对: against, with 等. 表原因、

7、目的: for,with, from 等. 表结果: to, with, without 等. 表手段、方式: by, in, with 等11常用的几种介词（2） 表所属: of,with 等. 表条件 :on, without, considering 等. 表让步: despite, in spite of 等. 表关于:about, as for, as to, 等. 表对于: to, for, over, at, with 等. 表根据:on, according to 等. 表其它:for（赞成）, without （没有）等.12冠词冠词(Articles) 冠词的定义：冠词是置

8、于名词之前、说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词。 冠词的种类： 定冠词(the)和不定冠词。 不定冠词的用法：不定冠词有a 和 an 两种， an 用在元音音素前，a用在辅音音素前。如 a teacher, an hour,an example. 不定冠词用可数名词的单数形式前，表示某一类人或事物中的一个,相当于one.13定冠词定冠词(the)的用法的用法 特指某人或某物，或谈论双方都知道的人或物，复述上文提过的人或物。 指世上独一无二的事物。 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。 用在乐器的名称之前。 用在单数可数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人。 在姓氏的复数形式

9、前，指一家人。 用在专有名词前和固定词组中。14零冠词的用法零冠词的用法 表示泛指的抽象名词和物质名词。 表示某一类的人或物的复数名词前。 在星期、月份、季节或节假日等名词前。 在称呼、表示头衔或职务的名词前。 在三餐和球类、棋类的名称的名词前。 泛指人或人类. Man is mortal(人必有死）。 用于“kind,sort，形容词等 +of ”结构。 By+交通工具。by taxi. 在固定词组中。go to bed/school.15形容词 (Adjectives) 形容词的定义：用以修饰名词或代词的词。 形容词的特征：置于所修饰名词的名词前。多数形容词具有比较级。有独特的后缀。 形容

10、词的种类：简单形容词和复合形容词。 形容词的位置：1.一般置于所修饰名词的名词前。2.形容词修饰由some,any, every, no 等构成的复合不定代词时须后置。3.如有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词， 通常是关系最密切的要靠近被修饰的名词。4.在量度表达中，形容词置于量度名词之后。Two metres high.16形容词的用法 作定语: A good boy must behave himself. 作表语: He is very strong. 作主补:The room was found empty. 作宾补:Who has left the door open? 有些形容词

11、作副词，修饰另一个形容词：dark red. dead tired. 作独立成分：More important,hes got a steady job.17副词 (Adverbs) 副词的定义：用以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及全句。表示时间、地点、频率、程度、方式等。 副词的种类：普通、疑问、连接、关系副词。 副词的位置：修饰形容词其它副词时，一般放在被修饰词之前。时间副词放在被修饰词之后。 副词的用法：作状语、表语、定语。18副词的种类副词的种类 普通副词：时间：today,now,then, ago,soon 等 .地点:here,there, above, below, near,

12、far等.频率: always,seldom,often,once,daily等.程度: very quite,too, much, greatly等.方式: carefully,badly, slowly,well fast等. 疑问副词：引导特殊疑问句。when, where, how, why. 连接副词：引导主、宾、表从句。how, when.where,why. 关系副词：引导定从 when.where,why.19形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 比较等级的含义：形容词和副词有三个等级，即原级(big) 比较级(bigger.than ) 和最高级(the

13、biggest)。 形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成：规则变化（单音节、多音节）和不规则变化。 good(well) better best bad(ill) worse worst many (much) more most little less least far farther farthest20形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法 原级 “as+原级+as” 结构.He is as tall as me “not as(so)+原级+as”. She is not as experienced as you. 比较级 “比较级+than”的 结构. Li

14、ght travels even faster than sound. “ the +比较级. the +比较级”结构 The sooner we start, the sooner well get there. 最高级“the +最高级+比较范围”常和in.of.among短语和从句. He sings the best in the class.连词 (conjunction ) 定义：是把词与词短语与短语、句子与句子连接起来,不能在句中单独作成分。 连词的种 类：并列连词 和从属连词。 并列连词表添加 (and,both.and,as well as, not only.but )表选

15、择 or, either.or neither.nor表转折 but,yet表 因果 (for, as ) 从属连词：连接主、宾、表从句的从属连词有that, if ,whether连接状语从句的有(when,because,though)等。22The Use of “As” (As 的用法的用法) As 在句中用作介词，译成“作为” As 在句中用作关系代词引导定语从句the same.as ,such.as .This is the same watch as I lost yesterday. 在句中用作连词引导time, reason, manner,concession,compa

16、rison,condition 状语从句. As词组：consider as,be known as ,refer.as regard.as, serve as ,think of.as . as a result as usual, as well as, such as, as yet （至今）23The Use of “it ” (it 的用法的用法) 指物的人称代词Whats this? It is a book. 指非人称代词：代替time, weather, season distance. It is raining. 作形式主语代替不定式、动名词、分词和从句It is righ

17、t to do so. It is no use trying. It is certain that they will succeed. 作形式宾语:She feels it her duty to help others. 引出强调句:It is(was)+被强调成分+that. eg. It was yesterday that I bought the book.24助动词的用法助动词的用法 助动词本身没有词义，不能独自作谓语，只能和主要动词构成各种时态、语态和语气的动词形式,以及帮助主要动词构成否定式和疑问式。常用的助动词有be,have,do,shall,will,should,

18、would等。 助动词be的用法：be+doing构成进行时.be+done构成被动语态. be+to do 表示计划好的将来动作。 助动词do的用法:构成否定、疑问、否定祈使和倒装句。 助动词have的用法: have +done构成完成时态。 助动词shall,will,should,would的用法。25情态动词情态动词(Modal Verbs)的用法的用法 情态动词本身有词义，表示说话人的语气和态度，情态动词本身有词义，表示说话人的语气和态度，但不能单独作谓语，必须和不带但不能单独作谓语，必须和不带to 的不定式的不定式(ought除外除外)连用连用.它没有人称和数的变化。它没有人称和

19、数的变化。 情态动词共有情态动词共有13个个 can (could), may (might) shall(should),will(would), must, ought to, need, dare, used to. can(could )和和 be able to的区别的区别 must和和have to的区别的区别 need作情态动词和实义动词的区别作情态动词和实义动词的区别 would和和used to的区别的区别 情态动词情态动词+have done 含义的区别含义的区别2627句子的基本词序 主语-谓语动词-（宾语）-（状语） 一些变异形式，如： -疑问句：Do you watc

20、h TV every day? -倒装：Never Will he forget that day when he was admitted into the school.2829疑问句表示提出问题，共有四种 一般疑问句（General Question) Are you a teacher? 特殊疑问句 (Special Question) What are you doing? 选择疑问句 (Alternative Question) Is he a doctor or a nurse? 反意疑问句 (Disjunctive Question) He likes English, doe

21、snt he?30一般疑问句常用来询为问一个事情或一个情况是否属实其答语通常是yes或 no 叫做“是非问句 (yes-no Question)Is he from Japan? Yes, he is. No, he isnt.Do you often play football after class?Yes, I do. No, I dont.Did you go shopping yesterday?Yes, I did. No, I didnt.一般疑问句31特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句是对句子某一特殊部分提出疑问， 通常以who,whose , what,which, where, whe

22、n,why,how 等疑问词开首, 因此又叫“wh-问句” Who phoned last night? Whose book is it? What are you doing? Why did he leave?32疑问句中要注意的问题 1.反意 (附加)疑问句中, 若陈述部分是否定句或含有no,never,hardly,scarcely,rarely, seldom,few,little 等词,反意 (附加)疑问句部分用肯定形式： Everything isnt ready,is it? She seldom goes to the cinema,does she? Lets go to

23、gether, shall we? Open the door, will you? I am a teacher, arent I?33疑问句中要注意的问题 2.对祁使句进行反意（附加）疑问的形式Have a little more coffee,will you? Dont move the chair,will you? Lets go outing, shall we? I am a teacher, arent I?34句子的种类 按结构可分为三类： 简单句： 只包含一个主谓结构，各部分只由单词或短语表示 并列句：包含两个或更多的互不依从的主谓结构， 用一个并列连词连接 复合句：包含

24、两个或更多的主谓结构， 各部分并不同等重要，其中有一个或多主谓结构充当从属分句，即：主句+ 从句35简单句(Simple Sentences) 五种基本句型： 1主语+谓语动词(vi) ：The sun rises 2主语+谓语（系动词）+表语： He becomes an engineer. 3主语+谓语动词(Vt.)+宾语： He collects stamps. 4主语+谓语动词(Vt.)+间接宾语+ 直接宾语：She sent me a Christmas card. 5主语+谓语动词+宾语+补语：（涉及分词用法）We call the baby Tom. They found the

25、 old man dying. 36并列句(Compound Sentences) 用分号： We fished all day ；(however,) we didnt catch a thing . 用并列连词：and, but, or ,so, yet,nor,for both.and ,not.only.but also either. or,neither .nor, as well as,however, while whereas. He opened the door and went in .He neither likes fiction nor (likes) poetr

26、y. 37复合句(Complex Sentences) 复合句有两种: 并列复合句和主从复合句They watched TV and enjoyed themselves, but we couldnt see the program because our television was broken. 复合句有两种方式构成： 1.用 动词不定式构成：To get into university you have to pass a number of examinations. 2.用连词把从句与主句连接起来：Turn off the light before you leave the r

27、oom.38三大主从复合句 名词性从句： 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 定语从句：限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 状语从句 时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步、方式状语从句39主语从句(subject Clauses) 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句：常用的连词：从属连词that, whether, if 连接代词 what, whatever, which, who, whoever连接副词how, where,why等。 What you need is more practice. It is a pity (that) she cant come When he

28、will come is still a question It is still a question when he will come back. (it 作形式主语）40表语从句(Predicative clauses) 1）由that引起的，例如： My suggestion is that you should not go alone. 2)由关系代词what引起的，例如： This is what they need. 3)由其它连接代词或副词引起的，例如：That is where he was born . This is why I decided to give up

29、smoking.41宾语从句(Object Clause) 1）由that引起的宾语从句 （ that经常可以省略），例如：I think (that) he is right. 2)由关系代词what引起的宾语从句例如:： I dont believe what he said . 3)由其它连接代词或副词引起的，例如：Do you know where the post office is? I wonder whether he can speak French or not. 42同位语从句(appositive Clauses) 同位语从句常跟在 fact, suggestion,

30、idea, opinion, news ,hope 等名词后通常由 that 引导。 The fact that the sea water can not be used for drinking is known to all. I had no idea that you were here.（我没有想到你会在这里） The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.43状语从句 1（Adverbial Clause) 时间(time): when ,whenever ,while, as, before after, sin

31、ce ,as soon as, hardly.when, until(till). Whenever I met with any difficulty, he came to help me 地点(place )where ,wherever Where there is a will, there is a way. 原因(reason) : because since, as ,for . As there is no answer, I wrote again. 目的(purpose): that, so that, in order that Bring the picture cl

32、oser that I can see it better.44状语从句 2（Adverbial Clause) 结果(result): so that, so.that such.that He had overslept, so that he was late for work. 条件(condition) : if ,unless ,as(so)long as,in case In case it rains,we wont go there on foot. 让步(concession): although(though) even if(though),no matter what

33、. 方式(manner): as,just as,as if (though) You must do the exercises as I show you. 比较(comparison ): as.as, than ,45定语从句 1（Attributive Clause) 1.定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。 2.先行词：定语从句所修饰名词称为先行词。 3.引导定语从句的连词： 关系代词：which,that,who,whom,whose 关系副词：when,where,why 4.解决定语从句的三个关键： 找先行词，看先行词在从句中充当的句子成分， 选关系代词或关系副词。 The

34、 book which you lent me was interesting.46定语从句 2（Attributive Clause ) 关系代词的用法： which(指 物做主宾) , that（指人物做主宾),who (指人做主宾）,whose （指人物做定语）Whom (指人做宾语) .关系代词在从句作主语。 This is the book that tells about teaching method. .关系代词在从句作宾语（关系代词 可省略） The man whom you met yesterday is an actor. .关系代词在从句作定语。 Is this th

35、e girl whose mother is a singer? .关系代词在从句作介宾。 This is the shelf on which I keep my books.47定语从句 3（Attributive Clause ) 关系副词的用法 When做表时间的状语:This is the day when I was born . Where做表地点的状语：This is the place where he used to work. Why 做表原因的状语:This is the reason why he was late.48定语从句 4（Attributive Claus

36、e ) 关系代词 which和 that的区别 关系代词that在下列情况下用： 先行词为all, any,no,nothing ,everything等 不定代词.All (that) she lacked was training. 先行词为序数词或形容词最高级修饰时.This is the most exciting Film (that) I have ever seen. 先行词为人和物均有时. 先行词为 the only,the same,the last等修饰时.He is the only students that sings well.49定语从句 5（Attributiv

37、e Clause ) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别 限制性(restrictive)定语从句与先行词关系密切，如去掉从句，句子的意思就不完整，不明确，主句与从句之间不用逗号隔开。 He is the man who told me the news. 非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)与先行词关系比较松散 ，从句只对先行词附加说明，没有它，句子的意思就仍然完整，主句与从句之间常用逗号隔开。 His speech ,which bored everyone,went on and on.50一般时 进行时完成时完成进行时现在do/doesam/is/aredoinghav

38、e/hasdonehave/has beendoing过去didwas/were doinghad donehad beendoing将来will do Will bedoingwill have donewill havebeen doing过去将来woulddowould bedoingwould havedonewould havebeen doing动词的时态(Verb Tenses )以动词 do 为例，将16种时态列表如 下51 一般现在时（一般现在时（The Present Tense) 1.形式：形式：主语+ 动词（第 三人称单数+s/es) 2.基本用法：基本用法： 表示反复

39、发生的习惯动作或存在的状态： He gets up at six every day. 表示客观事实和主语的特征、能力等 The earth moves round the sun. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作（常用方位动词 come,go,arrive,start,stay) The train starts at nine oclock. 在时间或条件状语从句中：If it is fine tomorrow,we will go swimming. 3.标志标志：every month, often, once a week等. 52一般过去时（一般过去时（The Past Tense)

40、 1.形式形式：主语+ 动词的过去式 2.基本用法基本用法: 表示过去的动作或状态：I saw him yesterday. 表示过去的某一段时间内经常的动作（可用 used to do表示)When I studied in the College,I read aloud every morning. I used to like fish. 3.标志标志：yesterday,last week ,three days ago in 1994等；或when 引导的从句 . 53一般将来时（一般将来时（The Future Tense ) 1.形式形式：主语+will+动词原形 2.基本用法

41、基本用法: 表示将来的动作或状态：He will come and help me tomorrow. 表示将来经常发生的动作或状态：We will go for an outing every other week. 3.标志标志：tomorrow,the day after tomorrow next month,soon, in future, in 2008 54一般将来时不同表达法一般将来时不同表达法 will+ do. We wont have any classes tomorrow. be going to do .It is going to rain be to do. T

42、hey are to meet in front of the hall. be about to do. The conference is about to begin. 常用方位动词 （ come,go,arrive,start,stay)的现在时，表示安排或计划好的将来的动作。 My friend is arriving here next week. 在时间或条件状语从句中： If it is fine tomorrow,we will go swimming55现在进行时（现在进行时（Present Continuous ） 1.形式形式：主语+am/is /are + doing

43、 2.基本用法基本用法: 表示此刻正在进行的动作：What are you doing here? 表示现阶段的正在进行的动作或状态: We are doing an experiment this month. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作（常用方位动词 come,go,arrive,start,stay). He is coming here next week. 3.标志标志: now,at present, currently look, listen 56现在完成时(The Present Perfect) 1.形式：形式：Have(has)+ 过去分词过去分词 2.基本用法基本用法

44、: 表示动作现在已经完成：We have just come back. 表示过去发生的动作对现在有影响：They have finished the work. 表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，而且可能继续延续 I have studied English since I was six. 3.标志：标志：already,just ,yet, recently(lately) so far(up to now) since ,for. ever, before57过去将来时(The past Future) 1.形式形式 由“shall或will的过去式should或would+动词原形”

45、或was (were )going to do构成。 2.基本用法基本用法 表示在过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作情况 如：we wanted to know when the English class would begin 3.标志：标志：通常用在主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。58过去进行时过去进行时 (past Continuous ) 1.形式形式 ： 由“was(were)”+现在分词构成。 2.基本用法：基本用法： 表示在过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。 She was writing a composition when you came in. 3.标志：标志：通常

46、带一个表示在过去时间的状语或从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。59过去完成时(Past Perfect ) 1.形式形式 ： 由“had +过去分词构成。 2.基本用法：基本用法： 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。By the end of last year,I had worked for fourteen years. 3.标志：标志：by + 过去时间的状语; 或when,before等引导的从句通过上下文判断是主句还是从句 用过去完成时。60过去完成时的几种用法 1.By +过去的时间状语 By the time he retired, he had taught for 35 years. 2.when/as soon as/after +从句 When he had spent all the money he wrote to his father for more money. 3.when/before +从句.The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 4.no sooner.than/ hardly.when 5. as if +从句The man talks as if he had been