概况辅导5(澳大利亚)

1、Part FiveAustralia澳大利亚Gen eral In formati on:1. Name： conven tio nal I ong form: The Common wealth of Australiaconventional short form: Australia国名：澳大利亚联邦，简称：澳大利亚（澳大利亚一词，意即“南方大陆”，欧洲人在17世纪初叶发现这块大陆时，误以为这是块直通南极的陆地，故取名“澳大利亚”Australia 即由拉丁文terraaustralis（南方的土地）变化而来。）2. Map of Australia :IVDary PortCirniT

2、vcriJM飞wDi/winq-oKadbine口 AiESOrinss腮捣右2丄£甲CoQfrown q oCii miAUSTRALIAPerthBrisbane Qjl11/T|N；li> IlfT_Brokeri HiUEflirtono j ° 腭：去 栄冊圖u o SydneyA-,1,. ci ；Hdbourn归皋，一cm；Met artAustralia is the world s smallest continent and largest island,a relatively young n ati on established in an a

3、n cie nt land.;11flOCfAJWT 聽fi5-:冶 fi s -.-Darwin.>r5I JI亦叱,j, r二注',T4 ：' i :仁< ' ' ：l I r建创im$qtownstfille*>s?.IAlice Spring需M acka/i 亠7Brisbane.jPenhi-.乂；T:N Mcagil e r-/.Adelaide Sydney*Canberra*Mellon mo丄福血* Am17V?OJWUWW _ 一 OCEAN.300 6<W tin冋0 mi3Q01t _/ ' ( If L

4、auncesloa-"''.-Tmmna/ifm * jMot)罩吋Laid IIqvk: 1工曰1口 ojnd M-DCdcJELTK iNdidl3. Cap ital: Can berra 堪培拉人口约3 1万（2000年6月），年平均温度2 0C。4. Location : Oceania 大洋州， continent between the IndianOcea n and the South P acific Ocea n5. Area : total: 7,686,850 sq kmland: 7,617,930 sq km water: 68,920

5、sq km no te: in cludes Lord Howe Isla nd and Macquarie Isla ndAreacomparative: slightly smaller than the UScontiguous 48statesThe Flags Act 1953 formally established the Australia n flag.The flag is described as:The Australian national flag has a blue field withthe UnionJack 'n the canton (the u

6、pper quarter next totheflag po le). The seve n-poin ted Common wealth star inthelower hoist rep rese nts the six States and the Territories. Inthe fly are the five stars of the con stellatio n of the Souther nCross （南十字星座，南半球夜空中最为明显的标志）Four of the stars have seve n points and the smallest one hasfiv

7、e.国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为2：1。旗地为深蓝色，左上方是红、白 米”字，米”字下面为一颗较大的白色七角星。旗地右边为五颗白色的星， 其中一颗小星为五角，其余均为七角。澳大利亚为英联邦成员国，英国女王为澳大利亚的国家元首。国旗的左上角为英国国旗图案，表明澳大利亚与英国的传统关系。 一颗最大的七角星象征组成澳大利亚联邦的六个州和联邦区（北部地区和首都直辖区）。五颗小星代表南十 字星座（是南天小星座之一，星座虽小，但明亮的星 很多）。为 “南方大陆 ”之意，表明该国处于南半球。7. The national anthemAdvance Australia Fair was proclaime

8、d as the national anthem on 19April 1984 by the Governor-General. Non-sexist words were adopted.Advance Australia Fair is used on all occasions other than those on which the royal anthem or the vice-regal salute is used. Until 1974 the anthem used wasGod Save the Queen/King. The Whitlam Government,

9、following the result of a public opinion poll conducted by the AustralianBureau of Statistics, changed the anthem toAdvance Australia Fair, except for specifically royal occasions. In January 1976, the FraserGovernment reinstated the use oGf od Save the Queenfor royal, vice-regal, defence and loyal

10、toast occasionsA. dvance Australia Fair was played on all other official occasions.Advance Australia Fair国歌：“前进，澳大利亚 。”在 1984 年以前是“上帝拯救女王” 。” became the anthem in 1984,replacingGod Save the Queen ”, which has beenknown since then as the royal anthem.to- /8. 8. The natio nal day : Ja n. 26 国庆日：1月26日(

11、1788 年)Independence： 1 January 1901 (Federati on of UK Colonies)19 0 1年1月1日，各殖民区改为州，成立澳大利亚联邦。国家政要:9. Important persons p oliticallyGovernor Ge neral: Michael Jeffery总督 迈克尔杰弗里 ，20 0 3年8月宣誓就任Prime Minister : Howard 总理 霍华德 ,2 0 0 4 年10 月任职。-The floral emblem10. the n atio nal flower:Australia'atiso

12、nal floral emblem, the Golden Wattle , Acacia pycnantha, was proclaimed on 1 September 1988. On the advice of the Government, the Governor-General proclaimed on 23 June 1992 that 1 September each year is to be observed as National Wattle Day throughout Australia.金合欢 金合欢属豆科的有刺灌术或小乔木， 二回羽状复叶， 头状花序簇生于

13、叶腋，盛开时，好像金色的绒球一般。在澳大利亚，你稍加留意就会发现，居民的庭院不是用墙围起来，而 是用金合欢作刺篱，种在房屋周围，非常别致。花开时节，花篱似一 金色屏障，带着浓郁的花香，令人沉醉。金合欢还是一种经济树种， 芳香的花可提炼芳香油作高级香水等化妆 品的原料。果荚、树皮和根内含有单宁，可做黑色染料，茎中流出的 树脂含有树胶，可供药用。术材坚硬，可制贵重器具用品11. the national emblem:国徽：澳大利亚国徽左边是一袋鼠，右边是一只鸸鹋（ermiao，形似鸵鸟，嘴短而扁，羽毛灰色或褐色，腿长，善走，产在澳洲森林中，吃 树叶和野果 ），这两种动物均为澳大利亚所特有，是国家

14、的标志，民族的象征， 中间是一个盾， 盾面上有六组图案分别象征这个国家的六 个州。红色的圣乔治十字形（十字上有一只狮子、四颗星） ，象征新 南威尔士州； 王冠下的南十字形星座代表维多利亚州； 蓝色的马耳他 十字形代表昆士兰州； 伯劳鸟代表南澳大利亚州； 黑天鹅象征西澳大利亚州；红色狮子象征塔斯马尼亚州。盾形上方为一枚象征英联邦国 家的七角星。周围饰以澳国花金合欢，底部的绶带上用英文写着“澳 大利亚”。It dep icts a shield of six p arts with rep rese ntati ons ofkan garooandthe badges of the six Sta

15、tes, with aof the shield. Thisissetoversmallbran chesoffloweri ngwattle,ben eathwhichis theword Australia'bovetheshieldisthecrest, withtheemu, resti ng on orn ame ntal supp orts, on either sidestar ofseve n-poin tedgoldFederati onrest ingon ablue and gold wreath.JA12. Languages： The official Ian

16、guage is English- by usage, notby law. En glish 79.1% ,Chi nese 2.1% Italian 1.9%, other 11%,u nsp ecified 5.8%(2001 Cen sus)13. Religion:Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%, Buddhist 1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%, none 15.3% (2001Census)14. People:Population: 20

17、,090,4379(July 2005 est)Ethnic group: Caucasian ( 高加索人，白种人 )92， Asian 7，aboriginal and other 1 % .15. Government: Democratic, federal-state system recognizingthe British monarch as sovereign政治：英国女王是澳大利亚的国家元首， 由女王任命的总督为法定的 最高行政长官。总督由总理提名，由女王任命。在联邦行政会议的咨 询下执掌联邦政府的行政权， 为法定的最高行政长官。 联邦议会是澳 的最高立法机构，由女王（由总

18、督代表）和参、众两院组成。19 9 2年12月17日，澳大利亚联邦政府内阁会议决定，澳大利亚的新公民不再向英国女王及其继承人宣誓效忠。16Legislative branch:bicameral (两院制的 )Federal Parliament consists ofthe Senate 参议院 (76 seats - 12 from each of the six states and twofrom each of the two mainland territories; one-half of statemembers are elected every three years by

19、 popular vote to servesix-year terms while all territory members are elected every threeyears)the House of Representatives 众议院(150 seats; members electedby popular preferential voting to serve terms of up to three-years;no state can have fewer than five representatives)elections: Senate - last held

20、9 October 2004 (next to be held no laterthan June 2008); House of Representatives- last held 9 October2004 (next to be called no later than November 2007)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats byparty (for session beginning on 1 July 2005) - LiberalParty-National Party coal

21、ition 39, Australian Labor Party 28,Democrats 4, Australian Greens 4, Family First Party 1; House ofRepresentatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -Liberal Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party 60,independents 3Executive branch: chief of state: Queen of Australi

22、a ELIZABETH II (since 6 February1952), representedby Governor General Maj . Gen. (Ret.) MichaelJEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)Governor General: Michael Jeffery总督 迈克尔 杰弗里，2 0 0 3年8月宣誓就任Michael Jeffery, Governor-General ofAustraliaI暮f 丁Michael Jefery and His WifeKevin Rudd陆克文澳大利亚工党大选获胜陆克文出任新总理澳大利亚最大政党工

23、党在2007年11月24日举行的联邦大选中击败执政11年半之久的自由党-国家党联盟， 获得胜利。工党领袖 陆克文将出任下一届总理。他是第一位能讲流利汉语的西方领导人。Kevi n Rudd led Australia's Labor Party to a reso unding electio n victorylast November.a *Head of gover nment:Prime Mi nistercab in et:P rime Mi nister nomin ates, from among members of Parliame nt, can didates w

24、ho are subseque ntly swor n inby theGover norGen eral to serve as gover nment min isters elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed bythe monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a

25、majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party17 Judicial Branch ：High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointedby the governor general)18. Political Parties and leader：sLiberal Party John Win

26、ston HOWARD; 自由党Australian Labor Party Kim BEAZLEY; 工党One Nation Party Len HARRIS; 国家党(第三大党)The Nationals Mark VAILE;Family First Party Steve FIELDINGAustralian Democrats Lyn ALLISON;Australian Progressive Alliance Meg LEES;Australian Greens Bob BROWN;19 note: world's smallest continent but sixt

27、h-largest country; population concentrated along the easternand southeasterncoasts; the invigoratingtropicalsea breeze known as the "Frema ntle Doctor" affects the city of P erth on the west coast, and is one of the most con siste nt winds in the world自然地理：位于南太平洋和印度洋之间，由澳大利亚大陆和塔斯马尼亚等岛屿组成。澳

28、四面临海，东南隔塔斯曼海与新西兰为邻，北部隔帝汶海和托雷斯海峡与东帝汶，、印度尼西亚和巴布亚新几内亚相望。面积7 6 9 .2万平方公里。占大洋洲的绝大部分。海岸线长3 6 7 3 5公里。虽四面环水，沙漠和半沙漠却占全国面积的3 5%。全国分 为东部山地、中部平原和西部高原3个地区。全国最高峰科修斯科山海拨2 2 3 0米， 最长河流墨尔本河长3 4 9 0里。中部的埃尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点，湖面低于海平面12米。在东部沿海有全世界最大的珊瑚礁一一大堡礁。北部属热带，大部分属温带。年平均气温北部2 7C，南部14C,内陆地区干旱少雨，年降水量不足2 0 0毫米， 东部山区5 0 0 1 2

29、0 0毫米。20. Administrative Divisions (popu lati ons in red)Capital Territory (318,099) (2,452 sq km)首都直辖区，Cap ital: Can berra,堪培拉Northern Territory (192,381) (1,346,200 sq km)北部地区,Cap ital: Darwi n,达尔文New South Wales (6,511,808) (801,428 sq km)新南威尔士，Capital: Sydney,悉尼Queensland (3,591,049) (1,727,200

30、sq km)昆士兰,Cap ital: Brisba ne 布里斯本South Australia (1,518,879) (984,377 sq km)南澳大利亚，Ca pital: Adelaide,阿得雷德Tasmania (483,514) (67,800 sq km)塔斯马尼亚,21. A brief history:Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began expIoration in the

31、 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt.James COOK took p ossessi on in the n ame of Great Britai n. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th cen turies; they federated and became the Com mon wealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took adva ntage

32、of its n atural resources to rapi dly devel op its agricultural and manu facturi ng in dustries and to make a major con tributi on to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In rece nt decades, Australia has tran sformed itself in to an intern atio nally comp etitive, adva need market econom y. I

33、t boasted one of the OECD's( Orga ni zati on for Econo mic Coop erati on andDevel opment 经济合作与发展组织) fastest grow ing econo mies duri ng the 1990's, a p erforma nee due in large part to econo mic reforms adop ted in the 1980's.简史：澳大利亚原为土著人居住。1 7 7 0年，英国航海家詹姆斯 库 克在澳大利亚东海岸登陆，并宣布澳为英国殖民地。1788年1月2 6日，英国首批移民抵澳，这一天后来被定为澳大利亚的国庆日。此后，英国陆续在澳各地建立了一些分散的殖民区。19世纪下半叶,澳各殖民区先后成立自治政府。1 9 0 0年7月英议会通过 澳大利 亚联邦宪法，19 0 1年1月1日，澳各殖民区组成澳大利亚联邦,成为英国自治领。19 3 1年，澳成为英联邦内的独立国。22Main cities ：堪培拉 (Canberra) , 澳大利亚联邦首都 ,全国政治、经济和文化中心 .位于澳大利亚东南部 ,在墨尔本和悉尼之间 ,面积为 2357 平方公里 .堪培拉市以绿化而著称于世 ,市区内无重工业 ,花繁树茂