虚拟语气MOOD全英教案

1、VERB (VI) MOOD10.1 “Mood” is the form of the verb which shows the speakers attitude towards the relation between the action (or state) expressed by the predicate verb and the objective reality. 语气是一种动词形式，用来表示讲话人对谓语动词所表示的动作（或状态）与客观实际之间的关系的态度。There are three moods: the indicative mood, the imperative

2、mood and the subjunctive mood.10.2 The indicative mood (fact-mood事实语气) shows that the speaker considers the action or state denoted by the predicate as an actual fact. It is used in statements (both affirmative or negative) of facts, in questions of facts and in exclamations of facts, e.g.The forces

3、 of the third world are growing from day to day. (affirmative statement)She didnt help me with my work. (negative statement)Will it do if we let you have an answer by Friday? (question)How hot it is today! (exclamation)10.3 The imperative mood (will-mood意志语气) conveys the speakers will to urge the pe

4、rson addressed to fulfil an action. This may be expressed in the form of a command, a request, a warning, etc.1) It has only one simple form (i.e. the plain root form of the verb) for the second person singular or plural, e.g.Give him what help you can.Do not make the same mistake again.The subject

5、of an imperative is seldom expressed unless it is emphatic. If it is emphatic, the subject is placed before the verb in the usual place of the subject, e.g.You be more careful. (Lawrence)“Dont you lose a minute.” (Conrad)With the first and the third person it is preceded by “let” (or “have”) and an

6、accusative, e.g.Let me see. (让我想一想，让我看一看。)Let us help you. (让我们帮助你吧。)Lets go. (The second person is included in “us”, which is shortened to s.) (咱们走吧。)2) The imperative mood may be used to express a condition in a compound sentence, e.g.Make haste and you will accomplish the work on time. (If you ma

7、ke haste, you will accomplish the work on time.)3) The emphatic imperative is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb “do”, e.g.Do work harder.Do be silent.4) “Will you?” is often added to the imperative, e.g.Bring me that dictionary, will you?5) “Shall we?” is often added to such an imperative s

8、entence as follows:Lets go, shall we?10.4 The subjunctive mood (thought-mood想象语气) doesnt refer to facts but the speakers thought. It expresses wishes, suggestions, supposition, etc., e.g.I wish I could see him immediately. -wish (the fact is that I cant see him immediately.)He suggests that the regu

9、lations should be revised at once. - suggestion (Whether the regulations will be revised at once is uncertain though he suggest that they should.)If I had had time last week, I should have come to see you. -supposition.(I had no time last week, so I didnt come to see you.)10.5 The Use of the Subjunc

10、tive in the Unreal Conditional SentenceConditional sentences may be divided into two kinds: real conditional sentences and unreal conditional sentences. Both refer to supposition.1) In sentences of real condition the indicative mood is used because the supposition maycome true, e.g.You can finish th

11、e work by yourself if you try hard.If it rains, I shall stay at home.2) In unreal conditional sentences the verbs are in the subjunctive mood because thesupposition in such sentences is either doubtful or contrary to the fact, e.gIf I were you (but, in fact, I cant be you) I would study much harder.

12、 -contrary to the factIf I should have free time tomorrow (but I dont think I shall have free time ), I would help you with your grammar. - future doubtful suppositionCompare the following:a. I am sure whether Ill see him. (indicative)But if I see him, I will ask him to come. (real condition)b. I di

13、dnt meet him there. (indicative)If I had met him there, I would have asked him to come. (unreal condition)3) A sentence of unreal condition may refer to the present, the past, or the future. It mayalso refer to no particular time. The following are various verb forms for it according to sense and so

14、me points for attention:(a) Supposition contrary to the present factIn “If” ClauseIn “Result” ClauseVerb fromthe past fromshould/would+ root formExample If he had more time now, he would lend his help to the workIndication (Understood)But I know that he has no more time now.Other examples:If he were

15、 here now, he would not let the matter end this way (but he is not here)How nice it would be if I were there now.Note 1) With the verb “to be”, “were” is used for all persons and both numbers in the pastform. In colloquial speech, “was” is often used instead of “were” for the first and the third per

16、son singular. Nevertheless, we must say “If I (he, she) were (not was) you ”Note 2) The above verb form is also used in the supposition contrary to the fact referring to no particular time, e.g.If there were no water, there would be no life on the earth.No matter how perfect the birds wing is, it co

17、uld never lift the bird if it were not supported by air.Note 3) The above verb form is also used in the sentence of rejected concession (虚拟让步句) referring to the present, e.g.Even if I were there, I shouldnt be able to solve the problem by myself. (In fact, I am not there.) -referring to the presentE

18、ven though we didnt have needed materials, we should (would) find substitutes for them.Cf: Even if I had been there, I shouldnt (wouldnt) have been able to solve the problem by myself. (In fact, I was not there.) - referring to the past(b) Supposition contrary to the past fact.In “If” ClauseIn “Resu

19、lt” ClauseVerb fromHad+ past participleshould/would +have +past participleExampleIf he had had more time before, he would have lent his help to the work.Indication (Understood)But he had no more time before, so he didnt lend his help to the work.Other examples:If he had not been ill and missed many

20、classes (but he was ill and missed many classes), he would have made greater progress.Note: this form may also be used to refer to certain cases of future doubtful supposition, e.g.If you hadnt finished the work by the end of this month, you would probably be criticized.If he hadnt got back by the t

21、ime you come again, he would certainly have been at the seaside in others company.(c) Future doubtful suppositionThere are three tense forms expressing the future doubtful supposition: A.In “If” ClauseIn “Result” ClauseVerb fromwere to + root formshould/would + root formExampleIf he were to have mor

22、e time before, he would lend his help to the work.Indication (Understood)But I think it is highly improbable that he will have more time tomorrowB.In “If” ClauseIn “Result” ClauseVerb fromshould+ root formshould/would + root fromExampleIf he should have more time before, he would lend his help to th

23、e work.Indication (Understood)But whether he will have more time tomorrow is dependent upon chanceC.In “If” ClauseIn “Result” ClauseVerb fromthe past formshould/would + root fromExampleIf he had more time tomorrow, he would lend his help to the work.Indication (Understood)But I think it is improbabl

24、e that he will have more time tomorrow.Note 1) In the above-mentioned unreal conditional sentences, both the “If” clause and the“Result” clause in each sentence refer to two actions which occur at the same time. If the actions expressed in the two clauses do not take place at the same time, differen

25、t tense forms are used as the sense requires.Examine the following examples:If China had not been liberated (contrary to the past fact), the peasants and workers would still be leading a miserable life (contrary to the present fact).If the criminal were honest (contrary to the fact), he would have m

26、ade a clean breast of the whole thing long ago (contrary to the past fact).Note 2) “should” or “would” can be replaced by “could” or “might”, etc. as the sense requires, e.g.If he could help me, he would. (He cant help me.)If he would help us, he could. (He wont help us though he can.)If he might co

27、me, he would come early. (He may not come.)Note 3) In unreal conditional sentences expressing future doubtful supposition, the root form of the verb may be used in the “If” clause and “shall” (“will”, “can”, “may”) can be used instead of “should” (“would”, “could”, “might”) in the “Result” clause. C

28、ompare sentences (1), (2) and (3) in the following groups:A (1) If he is hard-working, why cant he fulfil the plan ahead of schedule? (I think he will probably be hard-working.) (2) If he should be hard-working, he could fulfil the plan on time. (It seems that he wont be hard-working.) (3) If he be

29、hard-working, he will (would) fulfil the plan on time. (I dont know whether he will be hard-working.)B (1) If he knows it, he will tell us. (It seems he will know it. ) (2) If he should know it, he would tell us. (It seems he wont know it. )(3) If he know it, he will (would) tell us. (Whether he wil

30、l know it is uncertain. )In sentences A (2) and B (2), while the subjunctive mood is used in the “If” clauses, the indicative mood may be used in the “Result” clauses. Thus, A(2) and B (2) turn into:If he should be hard-working, he can fulfil the plan on time.If he should know it, he will tell us.He

31、re, “should be” and “should know” do not express suppositions contrary to anticipation but uncertainty. They may be replaced by the present forms “is” and “knows” respectively and the sentences will thus become real conditional.Besides, the imperative mood may be used in the “Result” clauses if the

32、verb form of the “If” clauses if “should + root form”, e.g.If you should see John, give him my regards.If she should fail this time, tell her to try again.Note 4) The conjunction “if” is frequently omitted before were, should, could, had, etc. In this case the subject of the clause stands after them

33、, e.g.Had you (= If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.Were I (= If I were) you, I would do more practice after class.Note 5) “Supposing”, “unless”, “in case”, “provided (that)” etc. can be used as the conjunction instead of “if”, e.g.Supposing they were not there, what should we

34、do?Unless they should invite me, I wouldnt go there.Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.Note 6) The meaning of the conditional clause (referring to either an unreal condition or a real condition) may be implied in a phrase, a clause or the context, e.g.With your assistance (= If we had

35、your assistance), we might finish the plan carlier.Without heavy industry (= If there were no heavy industry). The plans for mechanization and electrification of agriculture would be impossible. But for your co-operation (= If it hadnt been for your co-operation), our meeting wouldnt have been so su

36、ccessful.A more responsible man would have acted differently. (= If he had been a more responsible man, he would have acted differently.)10.6 Other Uses and Corresponding Forms of the Subjunctive1) In the simple sentence to express desire, e.g.Glory be to the people!Long live the Peoples Republic of

37、 China !Note : A verb phrase forms with the modal verb “may” is often used to express desire, e.g.May they be successful!Cf: They may be successful. (indicative)2) In subordinate clauses:(1) To express wish (an unfulfilled desire or a desire that is unlikely to be fulfilled), e.g.I wish that he were

38、 not so agitated= It is a pity (or I am sorry) that he is so agitated.I wish (or: wished) I had gone (or: could have gone) to the football last night. = I am (or: was) sorry that I didnt (or: couldnt) go to the football match last night.I wish the boys would be quiet. = It is a pity that the boys wo

39、nt be quiet.(2) To express rejected manner (comparison), e.g.The whole family greeted me as though I were one of the family.They also talk peace and have repeatedly made gestures as if they were willing to ease international tension. (In fact, they are unwilling to ease international tension.)The enemy acts as if he had known our plan already. We should change the plan.(3) To express rejected concession, e.g.Though he criticize me I will not be hurt.Whether the information be true or not, we must be vigilant.However hard