Lecture-7-Bibliography--Footnotes-and-EndnotesPPT优秀课件

1、1Bibliography， Footnotes and Endnotes 7.1 WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY? A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all materials consulted in the preparation of your assignment.27.2 WHY MUST YOU DO A BIBLIOGRAPHY? Some reasons: 1. To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, illustr

2、ations, quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or paraphrased.3 2. To show that you are respectfully borrowing other peoples ideas, not stealing them, i.e. to prove that you are not plagiarizing. 3. To offer additional information to your readers who may wish to further pursue your topic.4

3、 4. To give readers an opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy. An honest bibliography inspires reader confidence in your writing. 5. Your teacher insists that you do a bibliography or marks will be deducted.5 7.3 WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY?6 AUTHOR TITLE PLACE OF PUBLICATION

4、 PUBLISHER DATE OF PUBLICATION PAGE NUMBER(S) (For articles from magazines, journals, periodicals, newspapers, encyclopedias, or in anthologies)71. AUTHOR Ignore any titles, designations or degrees, etc. which appear before or after the name, e.g., The Honourable, Dr., Mr., Mrs., Ms., Rev., S.J., Es

5、q., Ph.D., M.D., Q.C., etc. Exceptions are Jr. and Sr. Do include Jr. and Sr. as John Smith, Jr. and John Smith, Sr. are two different individuals. Include also I, II, III, etc. for the same reason.8Examples: a) Last name, first name: Berkel, Catharina van.Christensen, Asger.Wilson-Smith, Anthony.9b

6、) Last name, first and middle names: Price, David Robert James.10c) Last name, first name and middle initial: Schwab, Charles R.11d) Last name, initial and middle name: Holmes, A. William.12e) Last name, initials: Meister, F.A.13f) Last name, first and middle names, Jr. or Sr. designation: Davis, Be

7、njamin Oliver, Jr.14g) Last name, first name, I, II, III, etc.: Stilwell, William E., IV.152. TITLE AND SUBTITLE a) If the title on the front cover or spine of the book differs from the title on the title page, use the title on the title page for your citation. b) UNDERLINE the title and subtitle of

8、 a book, magazine, journal, periodical, newspaper, or encyclopedia, e.g., Oops! What to Do When Things Go Wrong, Sports Illustrated, New York Times, Encyclopaedia Britannica.16 c) If the title of a newspaper does not indicate the place of publication, add the name of the city or town after the title

9、 in square brackets, e.g. National Post Toronto. Sample, Ian. Boy Mixes Saliva with Web Savvy to Locate Birth Father. Globe and Mail Toronto 3 Nov. 2005: A1+.17 Furuta, Aya. Japan Races to Stay Ahead in Rice-Genome Research. Nikkei Weekly Tokyo5 June 2000: 1+.18 d) DO NOT UNDERLINE the title and sub

10、title of an article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newspaper, or encyclopedia; put the title and subtitle between quotation marks:Baker, Peter, and Susan B. Glasser. No Deals with Terrorists: Putin. Toronto Star 29 Oct. 2002: A1+.Fields, Helen. Virtual Healing. U.S. News & World Report 18 Oct.

11、2004: 70.19 Penny, Nicholas B. Sculpture, The History of Western. New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998 ed.20 e) CAPITALIZE the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, as well as all important words except for articles, prepositions, and conjunctions, e.g., Flash and XML: A Developers

12、Guide, or The Red Count: The Life and Times of Harry Kessler.21 f) Use LOWER CASE letters for conjunctions such as and, because, but, and however; for prepositions such as in, on, of, for, and to; as well as for articles: a, an, and the, unless they occur at the beginning of a title or subtitle, or

13、are being used emphatically, e.g., And Now for Something Completely Different: A Hedgehog Hospital, Court OKs Drug Tests for People on Welfare, or Why Winston Churchill Was The Man of The Hour.22 g) Separate the title from its subtitle with a COLON (:), e.g. Belfast: A Warm Welcome Awaits.233. PLACE

14、 OF PUBLICATION - for Books Only a) DO NOT use the name of a country, state, province, or county as a Place of Publication, e.g. do not list Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Great Britain, United States of America, California, Ontario or Orange County as a place of publication.24 b) Use only the n

15、ame of a city or a town. c) Choose the first city or town listed if more than one Place of Publication are indicated in the book. d) It is not necessary to indicate the Place of Publication when citing articles from major encyclopedias, magazines, journals, or newspapers.25 e) If the city is well kn

16、own, it is not necessary to add the State or Province after it, e.g.: Boston: Chicago: London: New York: Paris: Tokyo: Toronto:26 f) If the city or town is not well known, or if there is a chance that the name of the city or town may create confusion, add the abbreviated letters for State, Province,

17、 or Territory after it for clarification. See Chapter 13. USA and Canada - Abbreviations of States, Provinces, and Territories. Example:27 Austin, TX: Englewood Cliffs, NJ: London, ON: Medicine Hat, AB: g) Use n.p. to indicate that no place of publication is given.284. PUBLISHER - for Books Only a)

18、Be sure you write down the Publisher, NOT the Printer.29 b) If a book has more than one publisher, not one publisher with multiple places of publication, list the publishers in the order given each with its corresponding year of publication, e.g.: Conrad, Joseph. Lord Jim. 1920. New York: Doubleday;

19、 New York: Signet, 1981.30 c) Shorten the Publishers name, e.g. use Macmillan, not Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Omit articles A, An, and The, skip descriptions such as Press, Publishers, etc. See Section 7.5 in the 6th ed. of the MLA Handbook for more details and examples.31 d) No need to indicate

20、 Publisher for encyclopedias, magazines, journals, and newspapers.32 e) If you cannot find the name of the publisher anywhere in the book, use n.p. to indicate there is no publisher listed.335. DATE OF PUBLICATION a) For a book, use the copyright year as the date of publication, e.g.: 2005, not 2005

21、 or Copyright 2005, i.e. do not draw the symbol for copyright, or add the word Copyright in front of the year.34 b) For a monthly or quarterly publication use month and year, or season and year. For the months May, June, and July, spell out the months, for all other months with five or more letters,

22、 use abbreviations: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. Note that there is no period after the month. For instance, the period after Jan. is for the abbreviation of January only. See Abbreviations of Months of the Year, Days of the Week, and Other Time Abbreviations. If no mont

23、hs are stated, use Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter, etc. as given, e.g.:35 Alternatives Journal Spring 2005. Classroom Connect Dec. 2004/Jan. 2005.Discover July 2004.Scientific American May 2004.36c) For a weekly or daily publication use date, month, and year, e.g.: Newsweek 29 Sept. 2004.37 d) Use the

24、 most recent Copyright year if two or more years are listed, e.g., 1988, 1990, 2005. Use 2005. e) Do not confuse Date of Publication with Date of Printing, e.g., 7th Printing 2005, or Reprinted in 2005. These are not publication dates.38 f) If you cannot find a publication date anywhere in the book,

25、 use n.d. to indicate there is No Date listed for this publication.39 g) If there is no publication date, but you are able to find out from reliable sources the approximate date of publication, use c. 2005 for circa 2005, or use 2005?. Always use square brackets to indicate information that is not g

26、iven but is supplied by you.406. PAGE NUMBER(S) a) Page numbers are not needed for a book, unless the citation comes from an article or essay in an anthology, i.e. a collection of works by different authors.41 Example of a work in an anthology (page numbers are for the entire essay or piece of work)

27、:Fish, Barry, and Les Kotzer. Legals for Life. Death and Taxes: Beating One of the Two Certainties in Life. Ed. Jerry White. Toronto: Warwick, 1998. 32-56.42b) If there is no page number given, use n. pag. (Works Cited example) Schulz, Charles M. The Meditations of Linus. N.p.: Hallmark, 1967.43(Foo

28、tnote or Endnote example) 1 Charles M. Schulz, The Meditations of Linus (N.p.: Hallmark, 1967) n. pag. c) To cite a source with no author, no editor, no place of publication or publisher stated, no year of publication, but you know where the book was published, follow this example: Full View of Temp

29、les of Taiwan - Tracks of Pilgrims. Taipei: n.p., n.d.44 d) Frequently, page numbers are not printed on some pages in magazines and journals. Where page numbers may be counted or guessed accurately, count the pages and indicate the page number or numbers.45 e) If page numbers are not consecutive, it

30、 is not necessary to list all the page numbers on which the article is found. For example, if the article starts on page 10, continues on pages 12-13, and finishes on page 36, you need only to state 10+ as page numbers, not 10-36, and not 10, 12-13, 36.46 Cohen, Stephen S., and J. Bradford DeLong. S

31、haken and Stirred. Atlantic Monthly Jan.-Feb. 2005: 112+. Above article starts on page 112, continues on pages 113 and 114, advertisement appears on page 115, article continues on page 116, and ends on page 117.47 f) Treat page numbers given in Roman numerals as they are given if quoting sources fro

32、m Foreword, Preface, Introduction, etc., write v-xii as printed and not 5-12. Normally, do not use Roman numerals for page numbers from the main part of the book where Arabic numbers are used. Also, do not use Roman numerals for encyclopedia volume numbers if Arabic numbers are given.48 g) To cite a

33、n article from a well known encyclopedia, such as Americana, Britannica, or World Book, you need not indicate the editor, place of publication, publisher, or number of volumes in the set. If there is an author, cite the author. If no author is stated, begin the citation with the title of the article

34、. Underline the title of the encyclopedia and provide the year of edition, e.g.:49 Kibby, Michael W. Dyslexia. World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed.50 Do not confuse a subheading in a long article with the title of the article, i.e., do not use the subheading History or People as the title if the main t

35、itle of the article is Germany.51 Where the encyclopedia cited is not a well-known or familiar work, in addition to the author, title of article, and title of the encyclopedia, you must also indicate the editor, edition if available, number of volumes in the set, place of publication, publisher, and

36、 year of publication,52 e.g.: Midge, T. Powwows. Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Ed. D.L. Birchfield. 11 vols. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1997.53 7.4 WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY IN MLA STYLE54 Begin typing your list of cited sources flush to the left margin. Indent 5 spaces (or half an inch) f

37、or second and subsequent lines of citation. Some citations are short and may fit all on one line. Nothing is wrong with that.55 Do not type author on one line, title on a second line, and publication information on a third line. Type all citation information continuously until you reach the end of t

38、he line. Indent the second line and continue with the citation. If the citation is very long, indent the third and subsequent lines.561. Standard Format for a Book: Author. Title: Subtitle. City or Town: Publisher, Year of Publication. If a book has no author or editor stated, begin with the title.

39、If the city or town is not commonly known, add the abbreviation for the State or Province57 If you are citing two or more books by the same author or editor, list the name of the author or editor in the first entry only, and use three hyphens to indicate that the following entry or entries have the

40、same name. Do not use the three hyphens if a book is by two or more authors or is edited by two or more individuals.58Example: Business: The Ultimate Resource. Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2002. King, Stephen. Black House. New York: Random, 2001. -. Dreamcatcher. New York: Scribner, 2001. -. From a Buick

41、 8: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2002. Osen, Diane, ed. The Book That Changed My Life: Interviews with National Book Award Winners and Finalists. New York: Modern, 2002.592. Standard Format for a Magazine, Periodical, Journal, or Newspaper Article: Author. Title: Subtitle of Article. Title of Magazine,

42、 Journal, or Newspaper Day, Month, Year of Publication: Page Number(s).60Example: Hewitt, Ben. Quick Fixes for Everyday Disasters. Popular Mechanics Nov. 2004: 83-88. Nordland, Rod, Sami Yousafzai, and Babak Dehghanpisheh. How Al Qaeda Slipped Away. Newsweek 19 Aug. 2002: 34-41. Suhr, Jim. Death Pen

43、alty for Juveniles Is Considered: High Court to Hear Missouri Case. Buffalo News 10 Oct. 2004: A12.617.5 Footnotes vs. Endnotes Footnotes and Endnotes are used to give credit to sources of any material borrowed, summarized or paraphrased. They are intended to refer readers to the exact pages of the

44、works listed in the Works Cited, References, or Bibliography section.62 The main difference between Footnotes and Endnotes is that Footnotes are placed numerically at the foot of the very same page where direct references are made, while Endnotes are placed numerically at the end of the essay on a s

45、eparate page entitled Endnotes or Notes.63 If you are still using a typewriter, a superscript number is typed half a space above the line after the last word of the citation, e.g., The Information Superhighway is giving way to a Commercial Superhighway.1 If you are using a word processor, you can ac

46、cess the superscript function. To type a Footnote citation, the same superscript number is put at the beginning of the Footnote at the bottom of the same page where the citation occurs.64 When mentioning a work for the first time, a full and complete Footnote or Endnote entry must be made.65 NOTE: O

47、nly one sentence is used in a Footnote or Endnote citation, i.e., only one period or full stop is used at the end of any Footnote or Endnote citation. In a Bibliography, each citation consists of a minimum of three statements or sentences, hence each entry requires a minimum of three periods, e.g.,

48、a period after the author statement, a period after the title statement, and a period after the publication statement (publication/publisher/publication date).66First Footnote or Endnote example: 2 G. Wayne Miller, King of Hearts: The True Story of the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery (New

49、York: Times, 2000) 245.67Bibliography example: Miller, G. Wayne. King of Hearts: The True Story of the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery. New York:Times, 2000.68Use of ibid. and op. cit.: Gibaldi (313) does NOT recommend the use of these old-fashioned abbreviations: ibid. (from the Latin ibi

50、dem meaning in the same place) and op. cit. (from the Latin opere citato meaning in the work cited.)69 For Footnote or Endnote citations, if you should see the term ibid. being used, it just means that the citation is for the second mention of the same work with no intervening entries: 3 Ibid. 12-15

51、. More commonly, author and page number or numbers are now used instead of ibid., e.g.:70 4 Miller 12-15.71 For second or later mention of the same work with intervening entries, where previously op. cit. was used, now only the author and page number or numbers are used: 5 Miller 198.72Use of Superscript(上标): Tab or indent Footnote and Endnote entries 5 spaces from the left margin. Leave one space between the s