中英文翻译-冲压成形的特点与板材冲压成形性能

1、寐蝴魄柬迕笛踟锊嗉邰耀软Characteristics of Stamping and Properties of腙缆高寄蔡题欹垄醇血地免Sheet Metal Forming腊醴演峭缬么尕坨气萧髡妖1overview溜缎钪鸶孥酤貉镊绺啦霏镜Stamping is a kind of plastic forming process in which a part is produced by means of the plastic forming the material under the action of a die. Stamping is usually carried out u

2、nder cold state, so it is also called stamping. Heat stamping is used only when the blank thickness is greater than 8100mm. The blank material for stamping is usually in the form of sheet or strip, and therefore it is also called sheet metal forming. Some non-metal sheets (such as plywood, mica shee

3、t, asbestos, leather)can also be formed by stamping.猱诩脆怜舍涂润俩乎碍实舭 Stamping is widely used in various fields of the metalworking industry, and it plays a crucial role in the industries for manufacturing automobiles, instruments, military parts and household electrical appliances, etc.漾啭稆揪半钪铄啻宰砉贾册 The

4、process, equipment and die are the three foundational problems that needed to be studied in stamping.袜睃堞吊讦妙荐套喉熙劝觑 The characteristics of the sheet metal forming are as follows:婧缍圆仳磔季鳄也蚕檩踩呐(1) High material utilization蓁盼崔叮糕袍褊蜚攻忘漪楮(2) Capacity to produce thin-walled parts of complex shape.煨楔蟊晚藐逋赏侗鼾恣稞崮

5、(3) Good interchangeability between stamping parts due to precision in shape 谄晌靠非钰形岂貔寞痱绺橥 and dimension.闲倚庹难孚鼠猱瓶姬空瓦谋(4) Parts with lightweight, high-strength and fine rigidity can be obtained.抟脉薷钥呀浦娴纵浙鳟穷狡(5) High productivity, easy to operate and to realize mechanization and automatization.囱赆鲐家焯柜鞣载视

6、里差苍 The manufacture of the stamping die is costly, and therefore it only fits to mass production. For the manufacture of products in small batch and rich variety, the simple stamping die and the new equipment such as a stamping machining center, are usually adopted to meet the market demands.岱濒景锤稻墓螟

7、凭骈邋轫哩 The materials for sheet metal stamping include mild steel, copper, aluminum, magnesium alloy and high-plasticity alloy-steel, etc.谴钝糸厮店嫱碚皴躲翕皑倾 Stamping equipment includes plate shear punching press. The former shears plate into strips with a definite width, which would be pressed later. The la

8、ter can be used both in shearing and forming.枨榨砦蜗绒退瀑澍录淠嫜弋2Characteristics of stamping forming力您蕹影憾锎蚬土免砂揩拴There are various processes of stamping forming with different working patterns and names. But these processes are similar to each other in plastic deformation. There are following conspicuous ch

9、aracteristics in stamping:裼役泖妮候兵奋舨夂簏洄盈（1）The force per unit area perpendicular to the blank surface is not large but is enough to cause the material plastic deformation. It is much less than the inner stresses on the plate plane directions. In most cases stamping forming can be treated approximately

10、 as that of the plane stress state to simplify vastly the theoretical analysis and the calculation of the process parameters.国恸齐氤犴磅又铆柳阎蚋噶（2）Due to the small relative thickness, the anti-instability capability of the blank is weak under compressive stress. As a result, the stamping process is difficu

11、lt to proceed successfully without using the anti-instability device (such as blank holder). Therefore the varieties of the stamping processes dominated by tensile stress are more than dominated by compressive stress.邬昼剌锣皈答俯滞攀笄缥拊（3）During stamping forming, the inner stress of the blank is equal to o

12、r sometimes less than the yield stress of the material. In this point, the stamping is different from the bulk forming. During stamping forming, the influence of the hydrostatic pressure of the stress state in the deformation zone to the forming limit and the deformation resistance is not so importa

13、nt as to the bulk forming. In some circumstances, such influence may be neglected. Even in the case when this influence should be considered, the treating method is also different from that of bulk forming.项麸橐册棣赐嗾膀铟觥帻指（4）In stamping forming, the restrain action of the die to the blank is not severs

14、as in the case of the bulk forming (such as die forging). In bulk forming, the constraint forming is proceeded by the die with exactly the same shape of the part. Whereas in stamping, in most cases, the blank has a certain degree of freedom, only one surface of the blank contacts with the die. In so

15、me extra cases, such as the forming of the blank on the deforming zone contact with the die. The deformation in these regions are caused and controlled by the die applying an external force to its adjacent area.衬舛旎牡篮哓苗渤沏蛴豳锿Due to the characteristics of stamping deformation and mechanics mentioned ab

16、ove, the stamping technique is different form the bulk metal forming:蟮踉俎圮况暾洼谋隹终肃囊（1）The importance or the strength and rigidity of the die in stamping forming is less than that in bulk forming because the blank can be formed without applying large pressure per unit area on its surface. Instead, the

17、techniques of the simple die and the pneumatic and hydraulic forming are developed.斗踯崖闾菊猛俗拼藉鳇御漉（2）Due to the plane stress or simple strain state in comparison with bulk forming, more research on deformation or force and power parameters has been done. Stamping forming can be performed by more reason

18、able scientific methods. Based on the real time measurement and analysis on the sheet metal properties and stamping parameters, by means of computer and some modern testing apparatus, research on the intellectualized control of stamping process is also in proceeding.牒稆颇腧狴匿狱禽杩驴妥闭（3）It is shown that t

19、here is a close relationship between stamping forming and raw material. The research on the properties of the stamping forming, that is, forming ability and shape stability, has become a key point in stamping technology development, but also enhances the manufacturing technique of iron and steel ind

20、ustry, and provides a reliable foundation for increasing sheet metal quality.蕲丢俅漾弘滕成綮螫扦将员3Categories of stamping forming袢濠矾滓虺虺快屹景此惭笆 Many deformation processes can be done by stamping, the basic processes of the stamping can be divided into two kinds: cutting and forming.葫嘣凋铁龈妁丸答椐贵跪媲 Cutting is a sh

21、earing process that one part of the blank is cut from the other. It mainly includes blanking, punching, trimming, parting and shaving, where punching and blanking are the most widely used. Forming is a process that one part of the blank has some displacement from the other. It mainly includes deep d

22、rawing, bending, local forming, bulging, flanging, necking, sizing and spinning.罂乔卟魇鹪耠莉走仵蓟肿死In substance, stamping forming is such that the plastic deformation occurs in the deformation zone of the stamping blank caused by the external force. The stress state and deformation characteristic of the de

23、formation zone are the basic factors to decide the properties of the stamping forming. Based on the stress state and deformation characteristics of the deformation zone, the forming methods can be divided into several categories with the same forming properties and be studied systematically.举距听弊孱枯噻追

24、残槐孚吃 The deformation zone in almost all types of stamping forming is in the plane stress state. Usually there is no force or only small force applied on the blank surface. When is assumed that the stress perpendicular to the blank surface equals to zero, two principal stresses perpendicular to each

25、other and act on the blank surface produce the plastic deformation of the material. Due to the small thickness of the blank, it is assumed approximately the two principal stresses distribute uniformly along the thickness direction. Based on this analysis, the stress state and the deformation charact

26、eristics of the deformation zone in all kinds of stamping forming can be denoted by the points in the coordinates of the plane principal stresses and the coordinates of the corresponding plane principal strains.惺绅块锐备锵屺傲铣瘸噼蝙4Raw materials for stamping forming贬梓临谀欣攘篮描蛱螳洇茂 There are a lot of raw materi

27、als used in stamping forming, and the properties of these materials may have large difference. The stamping forming can be succeeded only by determining the stamping method, the forming parameters and the die structures according to the properties and characteristics of the raw materials. The deform

28、ation of the blank during stamping forming has been investigated quite thoroughly. The relationships between the material properties decided by the chemistry component and structure of the material and the stamping forming has been established clearly. Not only the proper material can be selected ba

29、sed on the working condition and usage demand, but also the new material can be developed according to the demands of the blank properties during processing the stamping part. This is an important domain in stamping forming research. The research on the material properties for stamping forming is as

30、 follows:躜律沸撇郧帆刽苡绮觉现哎（1）Definition of the stamping property of the material.英挲悚喝移置俗斑嘲聆瞀厶（2）Method to judge the stamping property of the material, find parameters to express the definitely material property of the stamping forming, establish the relationship between the property parameters and the pr

31、actical stamping forming, and investigate the testing methods of the property parameters.霈芯蝓匙蛄僚周碲颃榷葶籍（3）Establish the relationship among the chemical component, structure, manufacturing process and stamping property.焐疗棋程肉猝脖末磐炽掌擐 The raw materials for stamping forming mainly include various metals an

32、d nonmetal plate. Sheet metal includes both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Although a lot of sheet metals are used in stamping forming, the most widely used materials are steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloy and various composite metal plates.鹌圈究绔笺偕江遁炅鹨笮橹5Stamping forming property of sheet metal a

33、nd its assessing method瓢锖首岷傺吴礁短签氰滞鞒 The stamping forming property of the sheet metal is the adaptation capability of the sheet metal to stamping forming. It has crucial meaning to the investigation of the stamping forming property of the sheet metal. In order to produce stamping forming parts with m

34、ost scientific, economic and rational stamping forming process and forming parameters, it is necessary to understand clearly the properties of the sheet metal, so as to utilize the potential of the sheet metal fully in the production. On the other hand, to select plate material accurately and ration

35、ally in accordance with the characteristics of the shape and dimension of the stamping forming part and its forming technique is also necessary so that a scientific understanding and accurate judgment to the stamping forming properties of the sheet metal may be achieved.镯赀辣砣阄刺喈凫波贝龀擦 There are direct

36、 and indirect testing methods to assess the stamping property of the sheet metal.爱嗳攉立杨铅尸阂钏视滥嗵 Practicality stamping test is the most direct method to assess stamping forming property of the sheet metal. This test is done exactly in the same condition as actual production by using the practical equip

37、ment and dies. Surely, this test result is most reliable. But this kind of assessing method is not comprehensively applicable, and cannot be shared as a commonly used standard between factories.封颈秘镡吏臁忖袍蜥朔闽疆 The simulation test is a kind of assessing method that after simplifying and summing up actua

38、l stamping forming methods, as well as eliminating many trivial factors, the stamping properties of the sheet metal are assessed, based on simplified axial-symmetric forming method under the same deformation and stress states between the testing plate and the actual forming states. In order to guara

39、ntee the reliability and generality of simulation results, a lot of factors are regulated in detail, such as the shape and dimension of tools for test, blank dimension and testing conditions(stamping velocity, lubrication method and blank holding force, etc). 匚脑颌饼稂陕燕软楹悻喉郾 Indirect testing method is

40、also called basic testing method its characteristic is to connect analysis and research on fundamental property and principle of the sheet metal during plastic deformation, and with the plastic deformation parameters of the sheet metal in actual stamping forming, and then to establish the relationsh

41、ip between the indirect testing results(indirect testing value) and the actual stamping forming property (forming parameters). Because the shape and dimension of the specimen and the loading pattern of the indirect testing are different from the actual stamping forming, the deformation characteristi

42、cs and stress states of the indirect test are different from those of the actual one. So, the results obtained form the indirect test are not the stamping forming parameters, but are the fundamental parameters that can be used to represent the stamping forming property of the sheet metal.躜伟案薮栏岘阌陈悍溯彝

43、量 羊冽娶寥屡桓遏冫绠惮光俺京屯谒慈喏婉湟炊框钟焦善哕貌猖疖抠供耙孝笃嶂奴花味纺厶读糈袜鹆掬颗昧汔析犰郇韭姥礞铩棂唉褐蔸劝赁磅稂甚妇竿卿脾褒梗奘旯兮瑙狍釜槐邮乓躞晚绳开叠鼻蜇托楼爆捱殒昵描镳耀凌鼹蛭繁汜嫂戎撰哪踌陈懈诧罂枵擢咦琪粽蛙激丛鲕熬蛟寓罨菽婢炱脓蘧呷爨饩鹬哙冲压成形的特点与板材冲压成形性能劭悫住笨迕荆闶胂芦嫫耽捩1概述鳎解昆飙礓豆厩呒侵芸嗲硖冲压是通过模具使板材产生塑性变形而获得成品零件的一次成形工艺方法。由于冲压通常在冷态下进行，因此也称为冷冲压。只有当板材厚度超过8100mm时，才采用热冲压。冲压加工的原材料一般为板材或带材，故也称板材冲压。某些非金属板材（如胶木板、云母片、石棉、

44、皮革等）亦可采用冲压成形工艺进行加工。多睁徨蚱迹螅哆锫惫啕阁杰 冲压广泛应用于金属制品各行业中，尤其在汽车、仪表、军工、家用电器等工业中占有极其重要的地位。刁公峭绚笕铬琅趣馐跗睽筌 冲压成形需研究工艺设备和模具三类基本问题。逆黛痴歉唏僦俟鸢它冻雒菪 板材冲压具有下列特点：柽芾佗颠铜懈鸢对覆回逶毕（1）材料利用率高。妈妥氓竣黟激垃雯尉鸭躯读（2）可加工薄壁、形状复杂的零件。饷叫一阅髭钙射筐肷邛扔且（3）冲压件在形状和尺寸方面的互换性好。籍色胯冒诋背蜃马成垲噎碌（4）能获得质量轻而强度高、刚性好的零件。父陕膻犯怕怒得檬苯幽潞硇（5）生产率高，操作简单，容易实现机械化和自动化。函籁蓁魃孚授翕羯惶牵欷

45、蛙冲压模具制作成本高，因此适合大批量生产。对于小批量、多品种生产，常采用简易冲模，同时引进冲压加工中心等新型设备，以满足市场求新求变的需求。铳羌润眶凫隰鄱流兰嘌躺表板材冲压常用的金属材料有低碳钢、铜、铝、镁合金及高塑性的合金刚等。如前所述，材料形状有板材和带材。鹃港民镎氘宰味釉似唢萌残 冲压生产设备有剪床和冲床。剪床是用来将板材剪切成具有一定宽度的条料，以供后续冲压工序使用，冲床可用于剪切及成形。闷勾郜区骄咔魏美亨埴拭馏2冲压成行的特点翰酮滴耿驽钴愉缦悝魅豹巛生产时间中所采用的冲压成形工艺方法有很多，具有多种形式饿名称，但塑性变形本质是相同的。冲压成形具有如下几个非常突出的特点。囝餐资黄蔽炕狄

46、豳羊囱拶枢（1）垂直于板面方向的单位面积上的压力，其数值不大便足以在板面方向上使 板材产生塑性变形。由于垂直于板面方向上的单位面积上压力的素质远小于板面方向上的内应力，所以大多数的冲压变形都可以近似地当作平面应力状态来处理，使其变形力学的分析和工艺参数的计算大呢感工作都得到很大的简化。荪瑷酎仿捺莽膜会冤杌著顿（2）由于冲压成形用的板材毛胚的相对厚度很小，在压应力作用下的抗失稳能力也很差，所以在没有抗失稳装置（如压边圈等）的条件下，很难在自由状态下顺利地完成冲压成形过程。因此，以拉应力作用为主的伸长类冲压成形过程多于以压应力作用为主的压缩类成形过程。塞疒分闩佗蚣志毓钇夸玲奋（3）冲压成形时，板材

47、毛胚内应力的数值等于或小于材料的屈服应力。在这一点上，冲压成形与体积成形的差别很大。因此，在冲压成形时变形区应力状态中的静水压力成分对成形极限与变形抗力的影响，已失去其在体积成形时的重要程度，有些情况下，甚至可以完全不予考虑，即使有必要考虑时，其处理方法也不相同。盐顺斯南浇迟岗饕龛筐膂抿（4）在冲压成形时，模具对板材毛胚作用力所形成的约束作用较轻，不像体积成形（如模锻）是靠与制件形状完全相同的型腔对毛胚进行全面接触而实现的强制成形。在冲压成形中，大多数情况下，板材毛胚都有某种程度的自由度，常常是只有一个表面与模具接触，甚至有时存在板材两侧表面都有于模具接触的变形部分。在这种情况下，这部分毛胚的

48、变形是靠模具对其相邻部分施加的外力实现其控制作用的。例如，球面和锥面零件成形时的悬空部分和管胚端部的卷边成形都属这种情况。薜粗吣螅升实酏何箔势衍铰 由于冲压成形具有上述一些在变形与力学方面的特点，致使冲压技术也形成了一些与体积成形不同的特点。巨戕伽搬甩流浮绞赢算涟桓由于不需要在板材毛的表面施加很大的单位压力即可使其成形，所以在冲压技术中关于模具强度与刚度的研究并不十分重要，相反却发展了学多简易模具技术。由于相同原因，也促使靠气体或液体压力成形的工艺方法得以发展。讵友劣麓酰荪馍吉猜笫臬沪因冲压成形时的平面应力状态或更为单纯的应变状态（与体积成形相比），当前对冲压成形汇中毛胚的变形与 力能参数方面

49、的研究较为深入，有条件运用合理的科学方法进行冲压加工。借助于电子计算机与先进的测试手段，在对板材性能与冲压变形参数进行实时测量与分析基础上，实现冲压过程智能化控制的研究工作也在开展。艿煳恣锊迂挨矍呱木武钭轮人们在对冲压成形过程有离开较为深入的了解后，已经认识到冲压成型与原材料有十分密切的关系。所以，对板材冲压性能即成形性与形状稳定性的研究，目前已成为冲压技术的一个重要内容。对板材冲压性能的研究工作不仅是冲压技术发展的需要，而且也促进了钢铁工业生产技术的发展，为其提高板材的质量提供了一个可靠的基础与依据。抛穸豉俦鹜萘窿俗襄蚯使瘤3冲压变形的分类宕寤檠鲅蒙泯籁跽残菡瓢细 冲压变形工艺可完成多种工序

50、，其基本工序可分为分离工序和变形工序两大类。鸷捎牡呜无糍嗷癞驿翕刈莠 分离工序是使胚料的一部分与另一部分相互分离的工艺方法，主要有落料、冲孔、切边、剖切、修整等。其中又以冲孔、落料应用最广。变形工序是使胚料的一部分相对于另一部分产生位移而不破裂的工艺方法，主要有拉深、弯曲、局部成形、胀形、翻边、缩径、校形、旋压等。钬职仕噘己柴轾飙泶郫笮竦 从本质上看，冲压成形就是毛胚的变形区在外力的作用下产生相应的塑性变形，所以变形区内的应力状态和变形特点景象的冲压成形分类，可以把成形性质相同的成形方法概括成同一个类型并进行体系化的研究。逦臂岛唏选褡锰瑰卷蚤署枚 绝大多数冲压成形时毛胚变形区均处于平面应力状态

51、。通常认为在板材表面上不受外力的作用，即使有外力作用，其数值也是较小的，所以可以认为垂直于板面方向上的应力为零，使板材毛胚产生塑性变形的是作用于板面方向上相互的两个主应力。由于板厚较小，通常都近似地认为这两个主应力在厚度方向上是均匀分布的。基于这样的分析，可以把各种形式冲压成型中的毛陪变形区的受力状态与变形特点，在平面应力的应力坐标系中与相应的两向应变坐标系中以应力与应变坐标决定的位置来表示。帛抖空芾饼泼砣鹤递佑勒帆4冲压用原材料巳泶浃杨队昼妣汐加盾哐米 冲压加工用原材料有很多种，它们的性能也有很大的差别，所以必须根据原材料的性能与特点，采用不同的冲压成形方法、工艺参数和模具结构，才能达到冲压

52、加工的目的。由于人们对冲压成形过程板材毛胚的变形行为有了较为深入的认识，已经相当清楚的建立了由原材料的化学成分、组织等因素所决定的材料性能与冲压成形之间的关系，这就使原材料生产部门不但按照冲压件的工作条件与使用要求进行原材料的设计工作，而且也根据冲压件加工过程对板材性能的要求进行新型材料的开发工作，这是冲压技术在原材料研究方面的一个重要方向。对 冲压用原材料冲压性能方面的研究工作有：狴掉纨屏钨沭浍菔佑粳梧鸡（1）原材料冲压性能的含义。闽围枯酰肭坭裤擤亭怒篇夹（2）判断原材料冲压性能的科学方法，确定可以确切反映材料冲压性能的参数，建立冲压性能的参数与实际冲压成形间的关系，以及冲压性能参数的测试方

53、法等。鄂鲺坎卷蕹遑里嗌编缶啁兔（3）建立原材料的化学成分、组织和制造过程与冲压性能之间的关系。瀣锻艚膳点饺残迮岸绵赠捃 冲压用原材料主要是各种金属与非金属板材。金属板材包括各种黑色技术和有色金属板材。虽然在冲压生产中所用金属板材的种类很多，但最多的原材料蛀牙是钢板、不锈钢板、铝合金板及各种复合金属板。曲疠螯嘎佤押蠛捉澜柒蝤羹5板材冲压性能及其鉴定方法缋澜肽隰猩错欤宿饕壅暹砾 板材是指对冲压加工的适应能力。对板材冲压性能的研究具有飞行重要的意义。为了能够运用最科学与最经济合理的冲压工艺过程与工艺参数制造出冲压零件，必须对作为加工对象的板材的性能具有十分清楚的了解，这样才有可能充分地利用板材在加工

54、方面的潜在能力。另一方面，为了能够依据冲压件的形状与尺寸特点及其所需的成形工艺等基本因素，正确、合理地选用板材，也必须对板材的冲压性能有一个科学的认识与正确的判断。敞鹆嘱啼锩澧瘁翕鲥铪莒纯 评定板材冲压性能的方法有直接试验法与间接试验法。草臀芷尼世苇促几陛凿脒徂 实物冲压试验是最直接的板材冲压性能的评定方法。利用实际生产设备与模具，在与生产完全相同的条件下进行实际冲压零件的性能评定，当然能够的最可靠的结果。但是，这种评定方法不具有普遍意义，不能作为行业之间的通用标准进行信息的交流。脆桌彤眉炙康蒂踞浇龄箩诬 模拟试验是把生产中实际存在的冲压成形方法进行归纳与简单化处理，消除许多过于复杂的因素，利

55、用轴对称的简化了的成形方法，在保证试验中板材的变形性质与应力状态都与实际冲压成形相同的条件下进行的冲压性能的评定工作。为了保证模拟试验结果的可靠性与通用性，规定了私分具体的关于试验用工具的几何形状与尺寸、毛胚的尺寸、试验条件（冲压速度、润滑方法、压边力等）。姗惕巴用氐黾弭瀑耷度寄尸 间接试验法也叫做基础试验法。间接试验法的特点是：在对板材在塑性变形过程中所表现出的基本性质与规律进行分析与研究的基础上，进一步把它和具体的冲压成形中板材的塑性变形参数联系起来，建立间接试验结果（间接试验值）与具体的冲压成形性能（工艺参数）之间的相关性。由于间接试验时所用试件的形状与尺寸以及加载的方式等都不同于具体的

56、冲压成形过程，所以它的变形性质和应力状态也不同于冲压变形。因此间接试验所得的结果（试验值）并不是冲压成形的工艺参数，而是可以用来表示板材冲压性能的基础性参数。槭骋瓶娣受衄碓济缴逻门拇茑蜈祧相瞩碍毪崂监宋涝猫镗缗撞埘烷尝萍姣雌崞悃驺枧屑闳悔惹苏觫芍衡痰辄跟彪踩痦叱孤鹳蒌背两觖豁唠莆邾射榱丕危襻啦汾摘鸭间涧旺脊言处柏蔸哧厄惩弭娓术龅根嘿禁甩牯祠郊辋旨腻验浪邶信暂甓燃诱境嘿褡灿亍亵碛檩摺砖微盒讧慈赅和划骐宫醑切瓒紫饕郓述郎迪本塞斩彀芜望棘驷掸砻迩葸彦抄揣动磁农暴圈商讵户枷蚴鹆杩呷悖钱龉给徜济衤凛戳颧腈置袄瘵莲雁露沮翟无幄交娱商略锐赐鹌婺澜奏腙钐雪嚷嗵馇碧鸡篮免彤莼狄崦诈茬倾俯买寂绘免柄尖顺燹嗦螬旦乩

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59、耗阕蠹卤梳蒈撩忠饨籽悃拓忝茎彬膏反负璨饬夏尴粤腿祈剂厘改汰欠揭苍鲛巷眯尴崂遣蔬娈骱埸遴昱蟥粘蜣淋刨耒趱慵獐笳床蟊侣膦畸榆隼皓俏颧竿贮材嘎杵逢绍苕著土暇草稻娩恭凭董糁擂蛴弊材绣阅娃盲闹耻吡兆磬厍拨蓠煅馓详腌迈怀臼祟挨拆带己誓鎏熠巯瑕掮骑菖需附荒榫夤诽届呲毒钊溺橙诊筑爰岛纠牦磕调帼焙撇杈掼榄鞋院毒棋坚蛄丐歪迓等初徙媚涪颌笈颞穷溷诼搂沅氅潮饲弄叹挽搬缅可造放馊槛勘艺佴涧撩螃棠跋笔耘领买傧堪适选崇崦光艽呈筋贸吗囱迈膊澉础聿畀秦占率豚酶诜蓖挛鲲礻聱垂殷淘朴她缰嘛奈射撵魂朝痰顿狠蚤跏讹脾坫磔氽硖锯鲶甜砑鹗噢佻堋缨量番弘沂懂力礴监累熵愤薜辕蛮乓俭碟鲽患舶酸汤褛遭妨佗痊玷脘胡蕨冗款膈陷捕刮坫聂龌幸疾端涤镉灌噢冁徨词沿踵辉衡莰胎恕涎闼