LITERATURE REVIEW - Final文献综述

1、LITERATURE REVIEW A MAN WHO REVIEWS THE OLD SO AS TO FIND OUT THE NEW IS A MAN WHO REVIEWS THE OLD SO AS TO FIND OUT THE NEW IS QUALIFIED TO TEACH OTHERS. QUALIFIED TO TEACH OTHERS. CONFUCIUS CONFUCIUS 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Lecture One About a literature review Case study Assignment Learning outcomes: the def

2、inition and role of literature review the structure of a literature review the evaluation criteria for literature review strategies for writing a literature review 2 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 About a literature review The literature review always comes after the introduction and before the method chapter. A good

3、literature review is comprehensive, critical and contextualized. That means that it will provide the reader with a theory base, a survey of published works that pertain to your investigation, and an analysis of that work. Order of typical elements included in academic writing: Introduction Literatur

4、e review Research method Research results Discussion 1. Conclusion 3 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 A literature review should not be 4 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 What is a literature review? Why do a literature review? How to structure a literature review? A Literature Review 5 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 What is a literature review? A literature

5、review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. 文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、 分析研究和综合后提炼而成的一种，是高度浓缩的 。 6 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 A literature review is： a survey and discussion of the literature in a given area of study, wh

6、ich is the effective evaluation of selected documents on a research topic. a concise overview of what has been studied, argued, and established about a topic, and it is usually organized chronologically or thematically. 7 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 真正意义上的“文献综述”，可以理解为“关于文献的文献”，是 对文献再加工而成的第三次文献，即综述的作者并不需要自己去做 第一手的工作

7、，但却可以凭借自己的学识和判断力对某一领域的研 究做出综合性的介绍，并加入自己的预测和判断。 文献综述写作主要是作者帮助自己吃透题目、理清思路、找到方向， 所以首先应当是写给自己看的。 文献综述 (Literature Review) 是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。 具有评论性（review），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学 术研究的“堆砌”。 8 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Why do a literature review? A literature review provides you with a handy

8、 guide to a particular topic. A literature review also provides a solid background for a research papers investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers. 文献综述是科学研究过程的一个重要环节，是写出高水平论文的 重要基础。 9 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Requirements for a literature review M

9、ethods of organizing a literature review How to structure a literature review? Sections of a literature review 10 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Requirements for a literature review The literature review organizes the previous research in the light of what you are planning to do in your own project. Therefore, a liter

10、ature review is required to deal with the following three aspects: 1. Achievements 2. Gaps 3. Your plan 11 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Whats been done in this topic area to date? What are the significant discoveries, key concepts, arguments, and/or theories that scholars have put forward? Which are the important wo

11、rks? Who are the influential researchers? On which particular areas of the topic has previous research concentrated? Have there been developments over time? What methodologies have been used? 1. Achievements 12 王勇，欧阳琨，201313 2. Gaps Are there any gaps in the research? Are there areas that havent bee

12、n looked at closely yet, but which should be? Are there new ways of looking at the topic? Are there improved methodologies for researching this subject? What future directions should research in this subject take? 13 王勇，欧阳琨，201314 3. Your plan How will your research build on or depart from current a

13、nd previous research on the topic? What contributions will your research make to the field? 14 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 EXAMPLE OF A MEDIOCRE REVIEW Sexual harassment has many consequences. Padgitt (1983) found that some women students said they avoided taking a class or working with certain professors because o

14、f the risk of harassment. This study also concluded that men and women students reacted differently. Thomsons study in Social Problems (1982) lists many problems created by sexual harassment. In his excellent book, The Lecherous Professor, Dziech (1990) gave a long list of difficulties that victims

15、have suffered. Victim s of sexual harassment suffer a range of consequences, from lowered self-esteem and loss of self-confidence to withdrawal from social interaction, changed career goals, and depression (Padgitt, 1983; Thomson, 1982; Dziech, 1990). Padgitt found that 13 percent of women students

16、said they avoided taking a class or working with certain professors because of the risk of harassment. EXAMPLE OF A BETTER REVIEW 15 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Methods of organizing a literature review One common way to approach a literature review is to start out broad and then become more specific, like an inver

17、ted triangle. First briefly explain the broad issues related to your investigation. Then narrow your focus to deal with the studies that overlap with your research. Finally, hone in on any research which is directly related to your specific investigation. 16 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Organizing the literature rev

18、iew 17 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Sections of a literature review l introduction l body l conclusion 18 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Sections of a literature review A literature review should contain an introduction, body, and conclusion. In the introduction Define the topic, establishing an appropriate context for the reasons for

19、 reviewing the literature State the scope of what literature is and is not included Point out overall trends, conflicts, and gaps in research and scholarship 19 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 In the Body Organize the literature according to some common themes Proceed from the general, wider view to the specific proble

20、m Provide the reader with strong “umbrella” sentences at the beginnings of paragraphs and brief “so what” summary sentences as guide posts at intermediate points in the review 20 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 In the conclusion Summarize major contributions of the literature Evaluate the current “state of the art” lit

21、erature reviewed Outline issues pertinent to future study Conclude by providing insight into the relationship between the topic and the larger area of study 21 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Case study 尽管尽管“流俗词源流俗词源”的现象由来以及，且广泛地存在于各种语言之中，但的现象由来以及，且广泛地存在于各种语言之中，但 “流俗词源流俗词源”并未受到汉语研究者的重视。并未受到汉语研究者的重视。依个人所见，最早以汉语流 俗词源为主题进

22、行系统性论述者，应为俞敏古汉语里的俚俗语源 （1949）一文，该文中依尔雅的篇目分类，耙梳了53个出现在切 韶之前的古汉语流俗词源，但全文偏重在资料汇整，而欠缺深入地阐 发。俞敏之后，“流俗词源”的研究便又销声匿迹了，直至1990年代以 后，随着文化语言学、认知语言学的兴起，学着才又开始关注“流俗词 源”的相关问题，诸如：伍铁平（1994）、金基石（1994）、王士元 （2000）、张韶麒（2000）、谭汝为（2003）等人相继以“流俗词源” 为研究对象，展开更具理论深度、更多元面向的阐发。 依照传统的观点，“流俗词源”被认为是“土圣人”主观比附所造成的 曲解，因此，如何以科学方法考证出合理、

23、正确的词源，以辨识流俗词 源之谬误所在，便成为学着努力的目标。本文则转换视角，采纳认知语 言学的观点重新估量“流俗词源”的正面价值，将“流俗词源”现象定 位为：诠释者对模糊的造词理据所进行的再创造，体现出词语内部形式 的自组织（self-organization）过程。经此转换之后，研究的重点便不 再局限于初始词源的考证上，而是试图以“流俗词源”为窗口，窥探词 语内部形式编码、湮灭、重构之演变过程。 A general introduction to the topic. In the body, the “literatures” are summarized chronologically

24、 with the necessary “synthesis”. The conclusion indicates the gaps among the previous “literatures” and clarifies the major research topic. 22 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Assignment Directions: To finish a literature review on your major in English with reference to the relevant methods in this lecture. 文献综述的“口头陈述”

25、（Oral Presentation） 按照“硕士论文的样式及要求”，用英文完成 23 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Lecture Two Ways to conduct a literature review Case study Presentation The gaps among the relevant studies and solution t o t he current issue. 76 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Posner et al. postulated a model for visually presented words in which meaning acces

26、s takes place at approximately 250 ms in the left anterior cortex (Abdullaev Posner as cited inHinojosa, Martin- Loeches, All the literatures mentioned are synthesized and reviewed with reasonable explication related to the research topic in this paper (italicized blacked parts). 77 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 Subs

27、equent studies (Grainger, Kiyonaga, Holcomb Kiyonaga, Grainger, Midgley, Morris, Frank, Grainger, When you are writing about an accepted fact, use the present tense: (demonstrates, finds); When you are citing several authors or making a general statement, use the present perfect tense: (have shown,

28、have found, little research has been done). 83 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 1. More comments on a literature review Some Traps to Avoid 1) Trying to Read Everything If you try to be comprehensive you will never be able to finish the reading! The idea of the literature review is not to provide a summary of all the pu

29、blished work that relates to your research, but a survey of the most relevant and significant work. 84 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 2) Reading But Not Writing Its easier to read than to write: given the choice, most of us would rather sit down with a cup of coffee and read yet another article instead of putting ours

30、elves in front of the computer to write about what we have already read! Writing takes much more effort. However, writing can help you to understand and find relationships between the work youve read, so dont put writing off until youve “finished” reading after all, you will probably still be doing

31、some reading all the way through to the end of your research project. Also, dont think of what you first write as being the final or near-final version. Writing is a way of thinking, so allow yourself to write as many drafts as you need, changing your ideas and information as you learn more about th

32、e context of your research problem. 85 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 3) Not Keeping Bibliographic Information The moment will come when you have to write your reference page; then you realize you forgot to keep the information you need, and you never got around to putting references into your work. The only solution

33、is to spend a lot of time tracking down all the sources you read, and going through your writing to find which information came from which source. To avoid this nightmare, always keep this information in your notes and always put references into your writing. Think about using a bibliography softwar

34、e program such as EndNote; it will make this task much easier. 86 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 2. Case study Directions: Discuss the relevant passage in the textbook with the necessary analyses and comments in class. Sample 1 The past ten years have witnessed a growing interest amongst both academics and policy-make

35、rs in the relationship between trade and poverty. Several recent studies show that trade liberalization directly and indirectly impacts poverty through multifaceted channels. To recognize the subject, issue or theory involved in sample 1. 87 王勇，欧阳琨，2013 To recognize the division of work under review into categories Th