新编英语语法教程.ppt

ANEWENGLISHGRAMMARCOURSEBOOK新编英语语法教程,Lecture30Coordination了,Acoordinateconstructionisasequenceofsemantically-relatedgrammaticalunitsthataresimilarinaform,equalinrankofstructure,identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators.,Inordinaryexpositoryprose,parallelismcanberegardedasatypeofcoordination,linkingelementsthatarealreadylogicallyconnected.Thusanadjectiveisparalleledtoanother,anountoanounoraverbtoaverb.,E.g.Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat.(-WinstonChurchill)Sayinggood-byetotheworldsheknowsandloves,Parisheadswest,toSanFrancisco,anddiscoversbeingsingleinaworldfullofmenwhoaretooyoung,tooold,toomarried,ortoogoodtobetrue.,CommaFaults:Commafaultsresultfromusingonlyacommatoconnecttwomainclauses.(inplaceofaperiod,asemicolon,acolon,oradash.)Toavoidcommafaults,youcaneitherinsertaproperpunctuation(asemicolon,acolon)orjointhesentenceswithaconjuction.,Faulty:Youdontspeakfluently,youshouldpractisemore.Revised:1,.;.2,.so.3,.,Run-onSentences:Run-onsentencesaresentenceswhichruntogetherwithneitherproperpunctuationnorproperconjunction.,E.g.Run-on:Sheputonherbathingcapthensheplungedintothewater.Revised:.Then.,Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetime.Youcanfoolsomeofthepeopleallofthetime.Youcantfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.,Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetimeandsomeofthepeopleallofthetime,butyoucantfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.-AbrahamLincoln,Coordinatingdevices,1,Punctuationmarksa,Thecomma.Ifwewanttomaketheseriesmorerapidsoastocreateasuggestionofurgencyandexcitement,wecanusecommasallthroughtheseries,eliminatingthecoordinator.b,Thecoloncoordinatesbyamplification,withconjunctlikeaccordingly,furthermore,however,nevertheless,therefore,hence,etc.c,Thesemicoloncoordinatesbycontrast.,2,Coordinators,1)And-group:and,bothand,notonlybut(also),notnor,neithernor,etc.Tomaketheseriesmoveslowlyandseemlengthyanddrawn-out,werepeatthecoordinatorallthroughtheseries,eliminatingthecommas.Inadditiontosemanticextension,andcandenoteothermeanings,suchastemporalsequence,result,condition,contrast,anditcanalsofunctionasanattitudinaldisjunct.(p.548)E.g.Customer:Canyougivemearoomandabath?Hotelclerk:Icangiveyouaroom,butyouhavetotakeyourownbath,sir.Grammaticalconstructionslike“niceand,goodand,goand,”seemtobe,butactuallyarenot,coordinateconstructions:Heisgoodandhungry.(very,extremely.)Youreallniceandhardworking.Keepitsweetandshort.,卜,And前的修饰后面的，表示程度,限于少数表性质和程度的形容词和副词。最典型的是niceandgood.还有：Fine,rare,sweet,bright,big,clear,lovely,pure,well等：Itsrareandhotinside.Sheisbigandbusy.Ishallgointobusinessbrightandearlyinthemorning.Ididntlikethespeech,butatleastitwasniceandshort.,这种结构第二个形容词在名词前作定时,and往往可以省略Iprefergoodblackcoffee.浓浓的咖啡。Youscoldmesomuchinthenicelongletter.长长的信。And连接两个相同名词表“不同类型”的概念，且常有“有好的，也有坏的”的含义：Thereareteachersandteachers.Youcanfinddoctorsanddoctors.Therearetranslationsandtranslations.Therearewomenandwomen.,但如重复两次，则表“众多”:Wesawdogsanddogsanddogsallovertheplace.两个或两个以上的简单句关系如不很紧密，并列连词可引导单独一个句子：Yourealive!Andshesdead.Imsorrytotroubleyou.Butcanyoudirectmetothenearestpostoffice?,口语中，and与be或go的完成体搭配表示说话人对另一人所做某蠢事感到恼怒或埋怨：ThatidiotAntoniohasgoneandlockedourdoor.这个笨蛋，竟把我们的门锁了。Youvegoneandwakedhim.Hessotired.你怎么把他弄醒了！他可累坏了。Youvebeenandboughtsuchapairofshoes.你怎么买了这么一双鞋！Whosbeenandtakenmydictionary?真讨厌，谁拿了我的字典？,Andthat(而且)用来补充说明前面的内容以加强语气。其中that代替上文中某个词、短语或句子，以避免重复。有时只用and:Returntoyourwork,andthatatonce.回去干活，马上去！Hewillcome,andthatsoon.而且马上就来。,表示并列成分都被否定时，在not,nothing,without,never等后宜用or,不用and,因为and连接的并列成分在否定词后有歧义：Hedoesnthavelonghairorwearjeans.=Heandhedoesntwear.Hedoesnthavelonghairandwearjeans.=1)同上。2)EitherhedoesnthavelonghairORhedoesntwearjeans.要么要么Shecantsingordance.=Sheandshe.She.and.=1).2)Eithershecantsingorshecantdance.,And连接的分句表主从意义。第一分句是第二分句的条件或时间：Gobytrainandyoullgettherequicker.=IfyougoOnemoreeffort,andyoullsucceed.=IfyoumakeOnemoreboot,andIllhaveapair.如并列分句均为祈使句，第一句仍可表条件，第二句表结果：Surrenderandlive;resistanddie.=Ifyousurrender,youlllive;Dontdrinkanddrive.=Ifyoudontdrink,youcandrive.Or:Ifyoudrink,youcantdrive.不许酒后开车。C.f.Dontdrinkordrive.=Dontdrinkanddontdrive.,有时用and表示部分否定，即否定其中一个，通常是否定后者：Heisnotaandawriter.月他是教师，不是作家。Hedidntspeakclearlyandcorrectly.他讲得清楚，但不正确。,Or-groupcoordinators:or,eitheror在否定句中，一般用or不用and连接同等成分。Or一般不表示所择关系：Hehasnomoneyorfood.=Hehasneithermoneynorfood.Ididntfindhimcleverorgood-looking.=Ifoundhimneitherclevernor.Asheepwasnotmovingaboutoreatinggrassliketheothers.有一只羊的行动和(？或)吃草的样子跟别的羊不一样。Spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongs.蜘蛛从不危害我们，也(？或)不危害我们的财物。,But-groupcoordinators:But,notbut,while,whereas,yet,onlyetc,denotingcontrastoraturninmeaning.Earlyasitwas,butalotofpeoplewerewaitingtobuynewstampsinfrontofthepostoffice.But错。并列连词不可用于as,though,although引导的从属句中。MynameisRobert,_mostofmyfriendscallmeBobforshort.A,thenB,insteadC,howeverD,but选D,C是连接副词，在连接分句时，前面用“;”或前后用“,”，but后一般不用逗号。,IneverseeherbutIwanttokissher.错：我从未但我想正：我没有一次见到她而不想IneverthinkofsummerbutIthinkofmychildhood.IneverseethepicturebutIthinkofmycollegeyears.上列各句中but是butthat的省略式。它引出的从句带有结果含义，主句总是否定，并含有never,too,so,such等词。换言之，当主句是否定时，but作”without”解，译为“一就”,“如果不就不会”,“除外，就不”又如：Nomanistooold_hecanlearn.A,thatB,asC,whenD,butD.人不管多老，都可以学习。IamnotsuchafoolbutthatIunderstandyou.我不至于蠢到连你都不了解。Itneverrainsbutitpours.直译：除了倾盆下外，就总不下雨。/每次下都是倾盆而下。/一下雨就是倾盆大雨。可译为：不雨则己，一雨倾盆。,Thereis_wouldbesurprisedatthenews.A,nomanbutwhoB,nomanbutC,nomanD,notanymanB.上句的but是关系代词，相当于thatnot,whonot.在从句中充当主语。这种从句除but外不会再有其它主语。又如：Theresnoonebutknowsthat.没有人不知道这件事。Theresnooneofusbutwishestohelpyou.我们中没有一个人不愿意帮助你。Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.很少有人不敬佩他的才华。Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.没有无例外的规则。/凡规则都有例外。Itisoneofthosetruesayingsthatthereisnoone_errs.A,thatB,whoC,whatD,butTherewasnotasinglepersontherebutwhothoughtyouwereintheright.？Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,therearenocomplicatedproblems_canbesolved.A,thatB,asC,butD,which,1),Hewasanythingbutahero.2),Thereisanythingbuteasy.基本用法和意义相同，都强调“某人或某事绝非”，但1)后跟名词或代词时可有两种译法：”除外什么都是/行/可以;绝不,根本不，一点儿也不”。2)后跟形容词时则只译“绝不，根本不”。例：Mydoctorwontletmedrinkanythingbutchampagne.只让我喝“除外，不让”Thelittlebridgeisanythingbutsafe.一点也不安全。Heisanythingbutpolite.他没有一点礼貌。Heisanythingbutafool.他绝不是傻瓜。(比较：Heisnothingbutafool.他只不过是/仅仅是个傻瓜。/除.外什么也没有。Heisallbutafool.几乎是)Itisnot“terrible”atall.Itis_“terrible”A,butforB,allbutC,nothingbutD,anythingbutButfor引出的介词短语相当一个非真实条件句，谓语词要用虚拟：ButforJohntheywouldallhavedied.Butfor表例外(除之外)意义与用法近似exceptfor,但不及它普通。一,Quasi-coordination准并列1.连接主语alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,aswellas,and:Ann,asmuchasherbrothers,wastoblame.Theocean,aswellasthegulf,providesgoodfishing.Theambassador,andperhapshiswifetoo,islikelytobepresent.Catty,andnobodyelse,isabletodothejob.2.连接主语以外的成份：Aswellas(并列连词或介词)Aswellasbreakinghisleg,hehurthisarm.(介)Sheiscleveraswellasbeautiful.AaswellasB侧重点常在A(notonlyAbutalsoB侧重点在B)。A往往当作新信息加以强调。一般译为“不仅B,而且A;既B又A;A和B一样也;除B外还有A”:ImaChinese,butIhaveforeignfriendsaswellasChinesefriends.(如对调则强调不对),Noticethataforcehasdirectionaswellasmagnitude.要注意,力不但有大小,而且有方向。Electricenergycanbechangedintolightenergyaswellasintosoundenergy.电能既可变为声能,又可变为光能。HooverwantedmenwhocouldhandleateacupaswellasaTommy-gun.胡佛需要既会使用自动步枪又懂社交礼仪的人。跟and,or一样,连接的成分要对等：Thomaswasarealfriend,forheadvisedmeaswellashelp(ing)mewithmyArabic.？,在现代英语里,aswellas有时也表达A和B同等重要，相当于and,andalso:Youhelpedhimaswellasme.=both可见,这个结构究竟在语意上强调A还是表示A,B同等重要,需对上下文进行具体分析才能确定。Aswellas还可作比较结构,意为“跟.一样好”：HespeaksEnglishaswellashisteacher.IlikeJoeaswellasJack.可有三解：1)我跟Jack一样地喜欢Joe.关联从属连词,asJack(likes).2)我喜欢Joe,同样喜欢Jack.从属连词,as从句省略Ilike.3)我不仅喜欢Jack,也喜欢Joe.准并列连词。,Ratherthan(从属连词、介词、或并列连词),相当于andnot或insteadof:Shetelephonedratherthanwrite从属/writing介词/wrote并列.用作从属连词或介词时，如果强调，其前可带逗号:Weoughttocheckup,ratherthanjustaccept/acceptingwhathesays.Ifnot和nottosay(=ifonemaynotsay)与只能引导名词词组的nottomention/nottospeakof/tosaynothingof意义不同:Itwouldbefoolish,ifnot/nottosaymad,tosellyourcar.Hehasexperience,tosaynothingof/nottomentionscholarship.HecanspeakGermanandFrench,nottospeakof/tosaynothingofEnglish.,Stillless(=muchless),stillmore(=muchmore)：Idontlikehim,stilllessrespecthim.Hecandoitwell,stillmoreyou.Morexthany=xratherthany:Iwasmoreangrythanfrightened.Heismoredeadthanalive.(=Heisdeadratherthanalive.),NotsomuchXasY=moreYthanX=YratherthanX:Idontmuchdislikehimashatehim.Heisnotsomuchunintelligentasuneducated.ItsnotsomuchthatIdontwanttocomeas(that)/but(that)Ijusthaventgotthetime.,插入并列和追加并列Margaret,andDorothy,too,dancesverybeautifully.Margaretdancesverybeautifully,andDorothy,too.Johnwritesextremelywell,andSally,too.JohnandSally,toowritesextremely.Heis,orwasatanyrate,amajorcomposer.Heisamajorcomposer,orwasatanyrate.Shecan,andproba