第 18单元 谓语的47种类型1.doc

第18单元 谓语的47种类型（1） I概述 A英语句子结构相对简单 15种类型的谓语 1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。 第一类包含一个不及物动词（）： He came My wife cried 第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TVO）： John likes me His uncle wrote letters 第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）： They teach me English I bought Mary sugar 第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LVC）： He is a teacher She looks sad 第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FVOC）： We made him king She left the house dirty 2动词的短语形式 1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词： He lost heart（他灰心了。） This habit has struck root（这种习惯已根深蒂固） 下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词： I looked for my lost dictionary（我在找我弄失的字典。） He paid attention to his lesson（他很注意他的功课。） He gave up drinking（他戒酒了。） He is afraid of blood（他怕血。） He cant get along with anyone（他和谁都处不好。） 下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词： I waited for him to come（我等他来。） 详见 11821206节。 3宾语的9种形式 1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（NounEquivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语： I know John（名词） She kept the floor dirty I will teach John Chinese I know him（代词） She kept it clean That depends upon them He threw out an apple of discord（名词短语） I have just visited the Board of Trade I am not fond of wild goose chase This matter interests the rich and the poor（the +形容词或分词） The general visited the dying and the woundedI know the long and（the） short of this case He wants to go to college（不定式） She refuses to marry me I asked to see a friend in prison He is fond of swimming in the morning（动名词） He avoids meeting any of his friends I postponed going to the doctor I know that she loves me（that引起的从句） I am sure that you will succeed Is he afraid that he will be defeated？ I wonder what he wants（疑问词引起的从句） I asked where he had been I dont know which way I should go I dont know what to do（疑问词引起的不定式） I am doubtful how to settle this problem I do not care where to eat dinner 4补语的15种形式 1329 不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（AdjectiveEquivalent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。 名词及名词等同体作补语： He is a king（名词） We chose him chairman It is me（代词） He became a fish out of water（名词短语） I find it a moot point The victims are always the poor（the +形容词） To respect others is to be respected（不定式） Seeing is believing（动名词） His purpose is that all children should be educated（that引起的从句） The problem is who is to blame（疑问词引起的从句） My problem is how to learn（疑问词引起的不定式） 形容词及形容词等同体作补语： He seems happy（形容词） You look young He makes me angry He is out（地点副词） The show is over Time is up He is at home（介词短语） We are on good terms He leaves his desk out of order It seems interesting（现在分词） The situation grows encouraging I saw Mary smoking I am astonished（过去分词） He looked frightened I had my clothes washed He is to blame（不定式） It is to be thrown away He wants his daughter to marry a rich man 5再复杂的句子也可简化 1330 因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country中的10个斜体词和I know John中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把He begged to see a friend in prison中的 6个斜体词和He begged pardon中的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。 同样，我们也可把He is to come to the office at eight中的7个斜体词和He is punctual中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组： He likes chocolate（他喜欢巧克力。） He is fond of teaching（他爱教书。） John pays attention to his business（约翰关心他的买卖。） I am sure that he will be a good husband（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。） 此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。 B何种谓语类型用何种动词 147种谓语类型 1331 我们一方面有不同形式的动词，另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。把它们结合起来，再加上一些其他因素，我们可以得出47种基本的谓语类型，这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓语。我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语，几乎都可以（而且应当）纳入这些类型。这47种类型可列举如下： IV 有3种类型 TVO 有15种类型 DVIODO 有5种类型 LVC 有13种类型 FVOC 有11种类型 5类谓语 共有47种类型 2一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中 1332 为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子： aI know him to work hard bWe want him to come cShe let us to use her car dThey suppose all of us to obey eJohn saw Mary to walk with a boy 所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b句的谓语是正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子： aI tried advising her bI asked seeing the boss cHe thinks going with you dWe wish moving to another place eThey refused helping us 上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a句是正确的，因为动词tried可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。 从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。 1333 从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中： I know John（及物动词+名词）（正确） I know John to come tomorrow（宾补动词+名词+不定式）（错误） I know that John comes tomorrow（及物动词+that引起的从句）（正确） I know to answer this question（及物动词+不定式）（错误） I know the work easy（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误） I know how to answer this question（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）（正确） I know the work to be easy（宾补动词+名词+to be+形容词）（正确） I know John coming（宾补动词+名词+现在分词）（错误） I know organizing a political party（及物动词+动名词）（错误） 从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。 3一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词 1334 有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词，在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中，约可用50个动词，而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中，约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些谓语类型中可用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。 C谓语类型与句型 1335 关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意： 1动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用“STVN”，“S+DVNN”，“SFVNA”这类形式，里面包含了主语（S），因此也就代表了句型。 2一个句型可以包含一个简单句： John knows how to play football He avoided meeting her at some party 3它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句： He knows what you are doing I asked where he got it 4但并列句中至少需有两个句型： I have decided to go（一个句型）and he will go too（一个句型），but she decides to remain at home（一个句型）（共包含三个句型） D修饰语与独立成分 1336 句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+及物动词+名词”，但却可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4个词的句子同属一个句型： I saw a house I saw a big house I saw a big house on the opposite side I saw a big house on the opposite side，which was said to be haunted by a ghost Yesterday I saw a big house Yesterday when I sailed down the river I saw a big house 修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。 所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+系动词+补语”： That man is crazy Oh！that man is crazy Oh！that man is crazy，I am sure Oh！that man is crazy，you may be sure，Mary E句型的用法 1337 在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。 1338 偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型： I have a good mind（=intend）to punish you（have a good mind可能换为intend，则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。） He will have it（=insists） that I have cheated him（主语+及物动词+that引起的从句） “Who has taken my pen？”“John（has taken your pen）” （I）Beg（your）pardon （It was）No sooner said than（it was） done （You） Live and let（others）live （I wish you）Good luck！ 1339 确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个： 1I hear about that John has arrived（主语+不及物动词+介词+that引起的从句） 2I paid attention what he was doing（主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句） 3He is afraid of that he will be assassinated（主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句） 4He is afraid being assassinated（主语+系动词+形容词+动名词） 5I know that who has broken the window（主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句） 6We want peaceful（主语+及物动词+形容词） 这些句型应改正如下： 正确句型 正确句子 1主语+及物动词+that引起的从句 I hear that John has arrived 2主语+及物动词+名词+介词+疑问词引起的从句 I paid attention to what he was doing 3主语+系动词+形容词+that引起的从句 He is afraid that he will be assassinated 4主语+系动词+形容词+介词+动名词 He is afraid of being assassinated 5主语+及物动词+疑问词引起的从句 I know who has broken the window 6主语+及物动词+名词 We want peace 其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。 F47种句型的公式 1340 每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“SIV”，“STVN”，“SLVAP”，“S FVN + PaP”，“SDVNthatCl”下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式： S= Subject（主语） PaP Past Participle（过去分词） O= Object（宾语） C= Complement（补语） N= Noun or Pronoun（名词或代词） IO= Indirect Object（间接宾语） R= Reflexive Pronoun（反身代词） DO= Direct Object（直接宾语） A= Adjective（形容词） IV= Intransitive Verb（不及物动词） P= Preposition（介词） APAdverb of Place，orAdverbial Particle，as TVTransitive Verb（及物动词） in，out，up，away DV= Dative Verb（双宾动词） （地点副词或副词性小品词） LVLinking Verb（系动词） WCl = Interrogative- FV= Factitive Verb（宾补从 句，由whether， Clause，（疑问词引起的动词） I= Infinitive（不定式） what，which，who， G= Gerund（动名词） whom，whose，where， PrP = Present Participle（现在分词） when，why，how引起） That-Cl= Noun-Clause inninnumreablehun- （that引起的名词从句） dreds or thousands（无数，成百上千） “”表示它前后的词构成成语，如IVP，LVAP，TVNP，LVPaP，它们包含2个或3个词。 1341 一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词，如： S+IV S+IVAP 2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如： S+TV+N S+IVP+ thatCl S+LVAP+G 或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语： S+LV+A S+LV+ that-Cl S+LV+PN 3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如： S+DV+N+N S+DV+N+W-Cl S+DV+N+ that-Cl 也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语： S+FV+N+A S+FV +N +PaP S+IVP+N+I 这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包含两个成分，多则包含四个成分。 了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。注意：句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。 47种谓语类型（附公式及图解） A各种不及物动词 1S+IV（John laughed） 1342 不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数： They smiledJohn diedMary walked slowlyFire burns I dreamed last nightHe wept bitterlyYou must dress for dinnerThat dependsIt does not pay 1343 通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词： A tractor can cut，push，pull，dig，lift，pump，carry and sprayThe blind do not seeWe must eatI will change （my dress）The knife cuts wellI will considerIf time permitsHe can readDont trouble（yourself）The stain shows（itself）They married（each other） 1344 有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词： The thermometer rose（or fell）two degrees He waited ten minutesThe wedding lasted three days I walked five miles 2S+IVAP（John moved in） 1346 无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle） aDont answer back（=answer rudely）when a superior speaks to youHe backs away（=draws back）from her because he has made her angryDont worry，I will never back out（=fail to fulfil a promise）In order to survive， we must band together（=unite）He barged in（inter rupted rudely） while we were talkingThe storm will soon blow over（=pass away without injurious effect）The dynamite placed beneath the bridge blew up（=exploded）He blows up（=loses his temper）at every small incidentQuick！The soup is boiling over（=overflowing the side of a pan）Brace up（=take courage）if you really want to get marriedMany prisoners broke away（=suddenly escaped）Our car suddenly broke down（=failed to function）on our way homeA fire broke out（started suddenly and violently）on Sixth StreetTears burst forth（=suddenly appeared） bShe colours up（=blushes）if we mention her loveAn accident like this comes about（=happens）every dayMy wife and I come together（are reconciled）after ten years of quarrelThe seeds have come up（=shot up above the ground）When we were talking，a young man came up （=approached）Three days after the quarrel，I cooled down（=became calm）She was shocked at the bill，but she had to cough up（=pay，perhaps unwillingly）Hardly a week had he learned computer science when he cracked up（= suffered a mental breakdown）An error may creep in（=steal in unnoticed）This old empire crumbled away （=disintegrated gradually）because of misruleI should not take much sugar，but I cannot cut down（=lessen） cAll members of my family dine out（=eat away from home）every SundayThey drink liquor every day and can not do without（=dispense with it）We dressed up（= put on formal clothes）for a banquetI will drop by（=call casually）when I am freeThe production of rice dropped off（=decreased）last yearHe dropped out（=left school before finishing his courses）at fifteenThe well has dried up（become dry）The road is rough，we should ease down（=lessen speed）Let us ease down（work less，make less effort）His reputation faded out（=gradually disappeared）after his deathThe country fell apart（= fell to pieces）because of civil warI never fall back（=retreat）before difficultiesOur country falls behind（= drops behind）in science and technologyLet us fall to（= begin to eat or to work） dWe were unable to get by（=pass）because the road was blockedShe got down（=dismounted）from her horseThe train got inWe got off（started a journey）How are you getting on？I get up at six in the morningAt last I have to give in（=yield）Rice is going down（= becoming cheaper）A rumour went forth（became public）The gun went off（=exploded）suddenlyOur work went on（=continued）The candle has gone out（= ceased to burn）I wont hold back（=keep behind）if every one goes forwardSince I have started，I cant leave off（=stop）Look in（=Pay a short visit）as you passWhile all are busy，dont look on（=be a mere spectator）Look out（=Take precaution），here comes a truck！I moved in（=moved into a house）after he moved outAll trouble will pass away（=cease to exist）She passed away（=died）a month ago eThe clock ran down（=stopped running，because the battery had exhausted itself）She ran on（=talked incessantly）Supplies have run out（=become exhausted）Bad weather set in（=began）We set out（=set off）on February 16He settled down（=established himself） at a small village I dont want to listen any more，so shut up！ He stood aside（or apart，aloof） while we were quarrellingSome stood back（retreated），some stood out （refused to yield）The proposal will stand over（=be postponed）till next FridayAt the bad news I stepped back from surpriseThe tyrant should step down（=re-sign）Many volunteers stepped forward（=offered help）My brothers quarrelled，but my father never stepped in（=interfered）He stowed away（=hid in a ship or plane to get a free ride）The band struck up（began to play）He summed up（=summarized）after a debateThe son tagged behind（or along）（followed closely）wherever his mom wentBefore I think ahead（=anticipate），I think back（=recall）Our business is just ticking over（= getting on in a routine way）We touched down（=landed after a flight）at 6 pmMany workers walked out（=re- fused to work） 3S+ IVp（This cloth wore well） 1348 约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连用： aThis play acts excellentlyThe figures will not add upThe bread bakes wellThe door blew openThe candle blew outThis bottle does not breakThe dust wont brush off the hatThe luggage carries easilyDavids raincoat caught on the nailSome of the documents dont seem to check with the factsThis cannot compare （favourably）with thatSome of the sentences wont construePotatoes will cook slowlyEvery minute countsThese people mostly count for nothingThe potatoes cropped well last year，but I think will crop badly this yearThis light wood cuts like butterThe pineapple doesnt cut easilyThis piece of cloth will cut up into two suitsInstinct derives from ancestorsMilk digests easilyThie wine drinks wellThe tooth draws easilyThe frog eats like chicken bThis dress fastens down the backThe toilet does not flushThe eggs hatch out easilyThis rice wont grind fineWater heats readilyThis cloth irons easilyThis house lets wellThe door will not lockThese books pack easilyMy watch pawns for two dollarsThese potatoes peel easilyShe photographs（takes） wellThe land ploughs hardThe film does not print wellThis story reads ill（or well）The photo reproduces well cHis house rents at800 a monthThis poem does not rhymeA shame doesnot rub offThis plastic scratches easilyThe play screen badly（=is unfit for filming）The book sells wellThis door wont shutThis cigarette smokes better than othersThis wood split straightThis material stains easilyThe ship steers with easeThe match will not strikeThis paper will not tearHis de scent traced back to a kingThis poem translates easilyThe TV set wont turn onThis board will never warpThis material washes easilySuch shoes wear badlyThe plan worked out wellThe photo washes out a little dDrums are beating（=are being beaten）The book is binding（=is being bound）Some trouble is brewingYoung people are always brimming with new ideasThe house is buildingThe bridge is completing nowThe meal is digesting wellWhat is doing now？The task is finishingGuns are firingFriendship is formingThe theatre is rapidly filling up wi