理论基础

活学活用451-480,我完全不知道那个事情。I am in the dark about it.真理终究会赢的。Truth will win in the long run.他讲的大体上是有道理的。In the main/in principle/by and large what he says is reasonable.我以正义的名义向你请求。I ask you in the name of justice.说正经的，你打算干什么？Joking apart, what do you wish to be?,活学活用451-480,不用说，他是一个好学生。It goes without saying that he is a good student.勿踏草地。Keep off the grass.我们必须跟上时代。We should keep pace with the times.他是一个能见机行事的人。He is a man who knows the time of day.他们一家人总是早睡早起。The members of his family all keep early hours.,第二章 汉译英的理论基础,Introductory Words,Language is the carrier of a culture. It contains rich cultural information. Therefore translation is not merely to convert one language into another, it is also a communication activity which involves converting one type of culture into another. In the practical translation, the translator should apply effective translation strategies according to the differences between Chinese and Western cultures so as to achieve functional equivalence between the target language and the source language.,主要内容,1. 汉英心理文化对比2. 汉英思维方式对语言形态的影响3. 段落翻译练习,语言和思维相互依存，相互作用，互为表征。语言是思维的外壳，是思维的直接现实。它是表达、储存和传递思维成果的工具。思维是语言的物质内容和表达对象。语言和思维方式具有一致性。,语言与思维的关系,中,西,科学文化,人文文化,伦理、道德；悟性、直觉、意象；好静、内向、守旧；求同、求稳、重和谐等。,自然、科学、技术；理性、逻辑、实证；好动、外向、开放；求异、求变，重竞争等。,1.1 中国人重直觉与具象而西方人重理性与逻辑,人雨伞日月从,manrainumbrellasun moonfollow,娃娃头硬币百褶裙连衣裙短袜回形针,pageboy style coinpleated skirtoverall skirt sockspaper clip,汉语重形象英语重功能,脚踏实地have a down-to-earth manner;do solid work调虎离山lure the tiger out of the mountains;lure the enemy away from the base,势如破竹like splitting a bamboo; like a knife cutting through butter; with irresistible force如日中天like the sun at the high noonat the apex of ones power/career,汉语以具体比喻抽象；英译时可直可意,一张报纸一把椅子一面镜子一根棍子一盏灯一件外套一位客人一双筷子,a newspapera chaira mirrora sticka lampa coata guesta pair of chopsticks,汉语量词丰富生动形象 英语突出客体和数量,你有笔吗？Have you got a pen?Have you got pens?Have you got any pens?Have you got some pens?Have you got the pen?Have you got the pens?,汉语表意较模糊英语表意较准确,单复数、虚词、 词类、句子成分,1.2 中国人重整体，西方人重个体,善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。A good deed is no good deed if it is done for show.An evil deed is all the worse if it is covered up.,汉语重意合英语重形合,天造地设天涯海角缩头缩脑四通八达十拿九稳年富力强德高望重,created by nature, idealthe ends of the earthbe timidextend in all directionspractically certainin the prime of lifebe of noble character and high prestige,汉语多用四字格,2.1 谱系,世界七大语系：印欧语系、汉藏语系、阿尔泰语系、闪含语系、德拉维达语系、高加索语系、乌拉尔语系,汉语：汉藏语系英语：印欧语系,2.2 类型,分析型,汉语,英语,无屈折变化：名词无单复数，动词无时态，词无阴阳变化，无词缀，词语组合成句依靠词序和虚词。,综合型,有丰富的屈折变化,Synthetic vs. Analytic,A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.,They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.他们告诉我，到年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。,2.3 意合与形合,从语言学角度来说，汉英语言间最重要的区别特征莫过于意合与形合的区分。(Nida)意合(parataxis)指词语或句子间的连接主要凭借语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现；形合(hypotaxis)则是指词语或语句间的连接主要依赖连接词或语言形态手段来实现。,我常见许多青年的朋友，聪明用功，成绩优异，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。（梁实秋学问与趣味）译文1：I have come across a great many young friends, bright and diligent, do exceedingly well in studies, but they are rather weak in Chinese, even cant write a smooth Chinese letter. When asked why, theyll say they are not interested in Chinese.,译文2：I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. （张培基译）,欣赏,孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。”Mencius said, “ I like fish and I also like bears paws. If I cannot have the two together, I will let the fish go and take the bears paws. In a similar way, I like life, and I also like righteousness. If I cannot have the two together, I will give up my life to preserve righteousness.”,水能载舟，亦能覆舟。As water can float a ship, so can it swallow the ship.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.,车未停稳，请勿上下。Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.没有调查就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.好好学习，天天向上。Study hard, and make progress everyday.,2.4 主观与客观,我突然想到了一个主意。An idea suddenly struck me.我从来没有想过他这么不诚实。It never occurred to me that he was so dishonest.我们必须改进高校的教学方法。Teaching methods in colleges and universities should be improved.,2.5 动态与静态,我倒了一杯茶给他喝。I offered him a cup of tea.他能吃能睡, 就是不做事。He is a good eater and a good sleeper, but a bad doer.他既偷东西，又骗人。我要是你，就不跟他来往了。He is a thief and a liar. I would have nothing to do with him, if I were you.,2.6 具体与抽象,他通晓多种不常使用的外语，这使我们大家感到惊讶。His familiarity with many rarely used foreign languages surprised us all.他们的生活远不止政治、社会和经济问题，也远不止一些柴米油盐问题。There is more to their life than political, social and economic problems; more than daily necessities.,2.7 螺旋与直入,巴菲特11岁时就开始炒股。Buffet began to speculate in stocks when he was only 11.全世界的科学家都在寻找净化空气、防治空气受到各种有害工业废气污染的有效方法。The scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the efficient methods to make the air clean and protect it from the pollution by all kinds of harmful industrial waste gases.,2.8 重复与替换,人与人之间、国与国之间离心离德，便产生了这些问题，人与人之间、国与国之间齐心协力，定能解决这些问题。Men and nations working apart create these problems; men and nations working together must solve them.,2.9 礼貌原则和合作原则,贵国尊府令堂高见高足敝校拙见,your countryyour residenceyour motheryour opinionyour studentmy schoolmy opinion,语用失效,2.10 篇章主题突出与主语突出,凭窗站了一会儿，微微的觉得凉意侵人。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱，屋子里的别的东西，都隐在光云里。（冰心 笑）Standing at the window for a while, I felt a bit chilly. As I turned round, my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly. Every thing in the room was blurred by a haze of light.（张培基译）,欣赏,We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less common senses; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more questions; more medicine, but less wellness.,欣赏,房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利的设施越来越多，自由的时间却越来越少；学位越来越高，生活常识却越来越薄；获得的知识越来越丰富，对事物的判断却越来越缺少；所谓的专家一个接一个，问题却层出不穷；发明的药物一种赛一种，健康却每况愈下。,NewsTranslation,According to a recent statistics, Chinas male population now outnumbers the female population by 36 million.The unbalanced gender population ratio nowadays is the accumulative result of Ch