中考阅读专项突破教师.doc

中考阅读理解归纳概括性题目解题方法及练习1归纳概括性题目要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。比如涉及文章的标题（title）、主题（main idea）、结论（conclusion）、结局（end）等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、科学专业知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断，从而获取文章中内隐的信息。 归纳概括性阅读理解题常见的题干: 1. The passage mainly shows us _. 2. The passage is mainly about _. 3. The best title of the story is _. 4. The main idea of the passage is that _. 5. The story tell us “_ ” 6. The writer is mainly talking about _. 7.Which of the following is the best title? 8. From the text we can conclude( 得出结论) that_. Passage 1学科王Henry was an office worker in a big city. He worked very hard and enjoyed traveling in his holidays.He usually went to the seaside, but one year he saw an advertisement in a newspaper. “Enjoy country life. Spend a few weeks at West Hill Farm. Good food. Fresh air. Horse riding. Walking. Fishing. Cheap and interesting.”“This sounds a good idea,” he thought. “Ill spend a month at West Hill Farm. I think I can enjoy horse riding, walking and fishing. Theyll make a change from sitting by the seaside and swimming.”He wrote to the farmer. In the letter he said that he would like to spend all of July there. Then on the first of July, he left for West Hill Farm.But four days later, he returned home.“What was wrong with West Hill Farm?” his best friend, Ed, asked him. “Didnt you enjoy country life?”“Country life was very good,” Henry said. “But there was another problem.”学科王“Oh. What?”“Well,” he said, “the first day I was there a sheep died, and we had roast mutton for dinner.”“Whats wrong with that?” Ed asked. “Fresh meat is the best.”“I know, but on the second day a cow died, and we had roast beef for dinner.”“Lucky you!”“You dont understand,” Henry said. “On the third day a pig died and we had roast pork for dinner.”“A different meat every day,” Ed said loudly, “ and you are complaining!”“Let me finish,” Henry said. “On the fourth day the farmer died, and I didnt dare (敢)stay for dinner!”1.Which is the best title for the passage? A. What a beautiful farm! B. Have a good time.C.A short holiday D. Henry and the farmer.学科王【答案与解析】假日里，亨利喜欢到海边去旅游。有一次，他想去西山农场享受一下田园风光，并计划在那儿度过一个月的时间。可是令人惊奇的是，才去四天之后他就回来了。当朋友问起其中的缘由时，亨利说道：第一天，农场里死了一只羊，晚餐时美美地吃了一顿烤羊肉；第二天农场死了一头牛，又吃了一顿烧牛肉；第三天农场死了一头猪，结果又吃了一顿烤猪肉。可是，到了第四天，农场主死了，我不敢再留下来吃饭了。1. C。本来打算要在乡村农场过一个暑假，结果四天之后就回来了。这能不是个短暂的假期吗？用此作标题既切合题意，又具有幽默的味道。Passage 2It seems to be strange to you there is a blind spot (盲点)on the eyes. Here is an interesting experiment (实验) that can make something disappear, when one eye is open.Make a card about the size of a postcard and write two English letters L and R on it, L on the left and R on the right. First, hold the card about 80 cm away and you see both the letters. Then close your right eye and look at the letter R only with your left eye. And now, as you move the card slowly towards you, youll find the letter L disappearing. But if you move the card nearer to your face, the letter will be seen again. Now do the same experiment with your left eye closed, youll find the letter R disappearing.Why does the letter disappear? It is because there is a blind spot on the eye. When the image (影像) of the letter falls on the blind spot, it wont be seen. That is why either of the letters disappears. 5. The passage mainly (主要) tells us _.A. how to find the blind spot B. an interesting experiment C. where the blind spot is D. there is blind spot on the eye 学科王Passage 2【答案与解析】这篇科普说明文通过一个简易的小实验，证实了人的眼睛里有一个盲点。当外界物体的影像落在盲点上时，人就看不见该物体了。 学科王 5.D。通篇考虑短文，可知D为最佳答案。这由文首一句及“It is because there is a blind spot on the eye.”也可得出。 归纳概括性题目一般都是阅读理解的最后那道题，一般只要能看懂文章的主要意思就能判断出来，每次考试中都会有一到三道这样的题目，下面给大家提供两个练习，希望你做过之后能够掌握方法，每次考试都能将这类题目的分得到。 I have loved my mothers desk since I was just tall enough to see above the top of it as Mother sat doing letters. Standing by her chair, looking at the ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of wring must be the most wonderful thing in the world Years later, during her final illness, Mother kept different things for my sister and brother. “But the desk,” shed said again, “ is for Elizabeth.” I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. But as a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter. They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was “too emotional.” But she lived “ on the surface”. As years passed and I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family. I wrote in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive me. I posted the letter and waited for her answer. None came.My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace, it seemed that nothing happened. I couldnt be sure that the letter had even got to Mother. I only knew that I had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not. Now the present of her desk told me, as she had never been able to, that she was pleased that writing was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside a photo of my father and a one-page letter, folded and refolded many times. Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always chose the act that speaks louder than words.( C ) What s the best title of the passage? A. My letter to mother B. Mother and Children C. My mothers desk D. Talks between Mother and me Passage 2In 1998, World Cup Football Match held in France took up a new rule. Instead of the usual black and white ball, a colorful ball was used in the game. The new ball was made up of 32 pieces of three colors: red, blue and white. Interestingly enough, the French national flag happened to be in three colors, too. Besides, 32 teams took part in the coming World Cup. But early football was made up of eight pieces of leather. As time went by, more pieces of leather were used, from 12 pieces to 18 to 26 and then to 32 now.About three million such new footballs were made. And then some players were playing the new ball in their training. The makers have warned the goalkeeper that the new ball flies in a direct line at a fast speed.After trying the ball for some time, a footballer said that the ball was quite different from the traditional (传统的) black and white one, and that the goalkeeper would find it harder to catch them. Another footballer said that there would be more goals. “For the player on the ground, the new ball is easier to control as it flies. A good player can shoot in more goals,” he said.1.Whats the best title for this passage?A. Football of New Kind B. 98 World Cup Football MatchC. Goalkeepers and Players D. Three-color Flag of France【答案与解析】这篇短文的大意是：1998年在法国举行的世界杯足球赛实行了新的规则。比赛中使用红、白、黄三色相间的球。这种球由32块皮革缝制而成，十分凑巧的是，当时正好有32支球队参赛。足球制造商在此之前提醒守门员，说这种球沿直线飞行，速度极快。试用一段时间之后，球员发现这种球与传统的黑白相间的二色球有很大不同。这种球更容易控制，但守门员很难抓到，在一场球赛中有可能进更多的球。1.A。全文围绕这种由32块皮制成的红、白、蓝相间的新式足球作了详细的介绍，故答案非A莫属。中考阅读理解直接理解性题目解题方法及练习2同学们好，我们今天要一起研究的是直接理解性阅读理解题应该怎样解答，这类题的解题要点是找到问题中的关键词，根据所划的关键词到原文中找对应词：指出文章中与题中所划关键词的意思相反或相近对应词。该对应词可能与关键词相同也可能不同。对应词所在的句子或句子部分极可能包含解题信息的信息句。将该句认真阅读后，再将四个答案与此句内容对照后，就会发现有一答案的信息与信息句的信息大致相同，则该答案即为正确答案。 Passage 1If you look at the sky one night and see something moving and shining that you have never seen before, it might be a comet (彗星).A comet sometimes looks like a star. Like a planet, a comet has no light of its own. It shines from the sunlight it reflects (反射). Like the earth, a comet goes round the sun, but on a much longer path (轨道) than the earth travels. If a comet isnt a star, what is it then? Some scientists think that a large part of a comet is water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock. When sunshine melts (融化) the ice in the comet, great clouds of gas go trailing after it. These clouds, together with the dust, form a long tail.Many people perhaps have seen a comet. However no one knows how many comets there are. There may be millions of comets, but only a few come close enough for us to see.学科王An Englishman named Edmund Halley, who lived from 1656 to 1742, found out a lot about the paths that comets take through the sky. Some comets move out of our sight and never come back. Others keep coming back at regular times. A big comet that keeps coming back was named after Halley because he was the one who worked out when it would come back again. Maybe you have ever seen Halleys Comets because the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986. Then people all over the world were outside at night to look at it. You will probably be able to see Halleys Comets when it comes near the earth again.1.A comet is like _.A. sun B. moon C. sunlight D. the earth2.A large part of a comet is _.A.water and rock B. water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron学科王C. ice, iron and rock dust D. only a few big pieces of rock3.Maybe many people _.A. havent seen any comets B. have seen all cometsC. have seen a comet at daytime D. have seen a comet4.Some comets keep coming back _.A. at any time B. at noon C. at regular times D. at daytime5.Halleys Comets came back _. A. in 1990 B. in 1980 C. in 1986 D. in 1989Passage 1【答案与解析】本文向我们介绍了有关彗星方面的知识。与地球一样，彗星也是绕太阳旋转的，它本身不发光，靠反射太阳的光而发亮。短文中还介绍了彗星的成因，它拖着的长尾巴是如何形成的以及著名的哈雷彗星名字的由来。1.D。“Like the earth, a comet goes round the sun, but”是判断本题的根据。2.C。根据“is water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock.”这句话即能得出答案。3.D。由第五段的首句“Many people perhaps have seen a comet.”可知。4.C。“Some comets move out of our sight and never come back. Others keep coming back at regular times.”一句是答案的出处。 5.C。哈雷彗星每七十六年才能看到一次。再结合“the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986.”这句话的意思，即可得到答案。 上面的五个问题我们都可以很容易的在原文找到对应的部分，这种题实际上是最不容易出错误的，因为只要你找到了对应句，即使有个别的单词不能理解，也能够答对，下面再来试一文章，看看你的准确率哦。Passage 2 A farmer had a cow. He took very good care of this cow and one day when it was ill, he was very worried. He telephoned the vet.“Whats the problem?” The vet asked him when he arrived.“My cows ill,” the farmer said. “I dont know whats the matter with her. Shes lying down and wont eat. Shes making a strange noise.”The vet looked over the cow. Shes certainly ill, he said, and she needs to take some very strong medicine.He took a bottle out of his box, put two pills into his hand and said, Give her these. The pills should make her better. “How should I give them to her?” the farmer asked.The vet gave him a tube (管子)and said, Put this tube in her mouth, then put the pills in the tube and blow. Thatll make it.The next day the vet came to the farm again. The farmer was sitting outside his house and looked more worried.“Hows your cow?” the vet asked.“No change,” the farmer said, “and Im feeling very strange myself.”“Oh?” the vet said, Why?“I did what you said,” the farmer answered. “I put the tube in the cows mouth and then put two pills down it.”“And?” the vet asked.“The cow blew first,” the farmer said.1.In the story, the vet must be _.A. the farmers friend B. a milk factory C. a hospital for cows D. a doctor for animals2.The farmer asked the vet for help when his cow _A. couldnt lie down B. didnt eat the pills C. couldnt make any noise D. was ill3.What medicine did the vet give the farmer?A. Bottle of pills. B. A long tube.C. Two pills. D. A small box. 4.The vet taught the farmer how _.A. to blow the tube B. to make the cow take the pillsC. to take the medicine D. to put the tube in his mouth5.Which of the following is true?A. The farmer ate the pills himself.B. The cow got better after taking the medicine.C. The vet came to help farmer change the cow the next day.D. The farmer waited for the vet outside his house the next day. Passage 2【答案与解析】这篇令人忍俊不禁的幽默的主要内容是：一个农夫的牛病倒了。兽医给了他一些药和一根管子，并告诉他怎么样用这根管子给牛喂药。第二天，兽医再次到农场时发现那位农夫坐在家门口，一脸的焦虑不安。原来他的牛病情并没有好转。他说自己按照兽医的嘱咐做了，可当他将管子插入牛的嘴里，并放进两粒药丸，正想吹气时，牛却先吹了一口气。1.D。根据短文内容，很容易推测出该词的汉语意思是“兽医”。答案当然是D。2.D。由“Shes lying down and wont eat. Shes making a strange noise.”可以排除A和B。C显然不对。3.C。“He took a bottle out of his box, put two pills into his hand”一句是答案的出处。学科王4.B。 由“How should I give them to her?”这句话可知。5.A.根据短文最后一句话，不难想象，没等农夫吹气，牛先吹了一口气，将药丸吹到了农夫的嘴里。做这样类型的题有一种小技巧，你可以在回答问题的时候同时把答案的相应部分用笔标出来，这样的好处有两个，一是提高准确率，二是当你觉得哪个答案有可能有误差的时候可以只针对那句话和它的上下文来判断，不必阅读整篇文章。 下面是两篇练习，看看你今天是否掌握了方法，一定要先做完再看答案和讲解哦。Passage 3On November 18th, 1908, three men went up in a balloon. They started early in London. The headman was Auguste Gaudron, and the other two men were Tannar and Maitland. They had a big balloon, and they were ready for a long way.Soon they heard the sea below them. They were carrying the usual rope , and it was hanging down from the basket of the balloon. At the end of the rope they had tied a metal box. This could hold water. Or it could be empty. So they were able to change its weight. They were also carrying some bags of sand.After the sun rose, the balloon went higher. It went up to 3,000 meters, and the air was very cold. The water in the balloon became ice. Snow fell past the mens basket, and they could see more snow on the ground. There was also some snow on the balloon, and that made it very heavy. It began to go down towards the ground. The men tried to throw out some more sand; but it was hard. They tried to break the icy sand with their knives, but it was not easy. The work was slow and they were still falling; so they had to drop some whole bags of sand. One of them fell on an icy lake below and made a black hole in the ice.At last they pulled the box into the basket. It was still snowing; so they climbed to get away from the snow. They rose to 5,100 meters! Everything became icy. They were so cold that they decided to land. They came down in Poland heavily but safely. They had traveled 1,797 kilometers from London!1.Three men flew in a balloon _.A. more than a century ago B. to visit PolandC. for nearly 1,800 kilometers D. to another city2.The metal box was used for _.A. changing weight B. carrying ropes of the basketC. keeping drinking water D. carrying the bags of sand3.When the balloon went up higher, _.A.they saw the sun go down B. the temperature of the balloon began to fallC. they could see a black hole on the ground D. they made a hole in the basket with their knives4.The balloon landed _.A. in a foreign country B. on a lake C. in London D. on the sea5.The three men had to land because _.A.they were very hungry B. they had not enough sandC. they pulled the box into the basket D. they felt too coldPassage 3【答案与解析】这是发生在历史上的一则历险小故事。1908年12月，三个人乘坐气球从伦敦出发，进行了一次长途旅行。为了能有效地控制气球的重量，他们在气球下方挂了一个能盛水的金属盒子，还事先携带了沙子。随着气球的升高，气球上面结满了冰，于是引起了一系列的麻烦。历尽千难万险，总算化险为夷。可当气球升至五千多米的高空时，他们实在无法忍受严寒，结果在波兰安全降落。1.C。由首句的1908年可知A项有误。另外，这三个人打算从伦敦出发乘气球作长距离旅行，由于天气状况不好，只好在波兰(Poland)着陆。行程达1,797公里，将近1,800公里。2.A. 根据“This could hold water. Or it could be empty. So they were able to change its weight.”可知，金属盒里盛的水是并非是饮用水，而是用来改变气球重量的。文中还说他们同时也带了几袋沙子来调节气球的重量。3.B.根据“It went up to 3,000 meters, and the air was very cold.”或地理常识可断定B为最佳答案。4.A.如果气球降落在湖上或海上，那将是很危险的，联系“They came down in Poland heavily but safely”，可知A是最佳答案。5.D.答案源自最后一段中的“They were so cold that they decided to land.”一句。学科王Passage 4If you get into the forest with your friends, stay with them always. If you dont, you may get lost. If you really get lost, this is what you should do. Sit down and stay where you are. Dont try to find your friendslet them find you by staying in one place.There is another way to help your friends or other nearby people to find you. Give them a signal (信号) by shouting or whistling (吹口哨) three times. Any signal given three times is a call for help.Keep up shouting or whistling always three times together. When people hear you, they will know that you are not just making noise for fun. They will let you know that they have heard your signal. They give you two shouts, two whistles, or two gun-shots (枪声). When someone gives you a signal, it is an answer to a call for help.学科王If you dont think that you will get help before night comes, try to make a little house-cover up to the holes with branches (树枝) with lots of leaves. Make yourself a soft bed with leaves and grass.What should you do if you get hungry or need drinking water? You would have to leave your little house to look for a river. Dont just walk away. Pick off small branches and drop them as you walk so that you can find your way back. The most important thing to do when you are lost isstay in one place.1.If you lost in the forest, you should _.A.stay where you are and give signals three timesB.walk around the forest and shout so that your friends could hear youC.try to find your friends as soon as possibleD.try to get out of the forest and shout for help2.If you want to let people believe that you are not just making noise for fun, you should _.A. tell people that you are lost B. keep up shouting or whistlingC. shout at the top of your voice D. shout or whistle three times3.When you hear two shouts, or whistles, or gunshots, _.A. you should shout more loudly B. you can