国际结算双语-总复习资料(附流程图).doc

票据：Credit instruments = a written/printed paper against which to pay, including Financial Instruments，Securities，Commercial documents.Features of instruments1. 无因性（Non-causative nature） 2. 要式性（Requisite in form） 3. 流通性（Negotiability）4. 提示性（Presentment） 5. 返还性（Returnability）6. 设权性（Establishment of rights and responsibilities）Functions (票据的功能)As a means of payment; 付款方式 As a credit instrument; 信用票据As a means of finance. 金融工具 As a transferable instrument;可转让的票据Credit Instruments for four四种常用于国际结算的信用票据:Negotiable instrument可转让的票据Negotiable instrument, also known as credit instrument, is an unconditional order or promise to pay a certain amount of money. It can easily be transferable.Bill of Exchange汇票A bill of exchange is defined officially as an unconditional order in writing , addressed by one person to another, signed by the first person, requiring the second person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a certain amount of money, to, or to the order of, a specified person or to the bearer.无条件的书面命令汇票是由一个人(drawer)向另一个人(drawee)签发的，要求受票人见票时或在未来某一规定的或可以确定的时间(tenor)将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或其指定人，或持票人(payee)。Essentials of a bill of exchange绝对必要事项：uSuch words as “bill of exchange”exchange; draft or so 书面写有汇票字样uAn unconditional order in writing 无条件的支付命令uname and address of the drawee (addressee payer) 付款人名字和地址usignature or stamp of the drawer 出票人的签名和盖章udate of the issue 开立的日期uAbout some dollars 确定的金额uname or business entity of the payee 收款人的名字或商务实体Acts of a bill of exchange 汇票的票据行为1. Issue/draw（出票）1、draw and sign a draft 出票人写汇票并且签字2、deliver it to the payee出票人将汇票交付给收款人2. Endorsement（背书）When the holder of a draft wants to transfer or pass its title to another person, he should sign on the back of the draft and deliver it to the endorsee. Its an act of negotiation.（1）背书人不再是票据的持票人，需向其后手承担担保承兑和付款的责任。（2）被背书人成为持票人，享有票据权利Endorser Endorser Endorser A B C D. Endorsee Endorsee Endorsee (1) Special endorsement Pay to the order of P. LAMB only P.LAMB can endorse itFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELY(2)Blank endorsement= bearer bill, can be transferred without endorsementThe person who is transferred can transfer it without endorsement or with endorsement, special or blank at his option.(3) Restrictive endorsementPay to P.LAMB ONLY Only P.LAMB can have the payments and the draftcan not be transferredFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELY(4) Conditional endorsementPay to P.LAMB Upon his delivery of warehouse receipt 100 cases of cornFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELYAlthough draft is drawn unconditional, it can be conditional when being endorsed(5) Endorsement for collectionFor collection pay to Bank of China, Tianjin BranchFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELYPay to the order of B Bank for collection only Prior endorsement guaranteedFor Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELYCollection/depositmeans that the money does not belong to the bankPay to the order of B Bank by procuration以代理人身份For Dafeng Company, Tianjin WILSON LELY3. Presentation（提示）Present for acceptance提示承兑 我国见票给付1个月期限Present for payment 提示付款 日内瓦规定到期日前后两个营业日4. Acceptance（承兑）Acceptance of a draft is a signification by the drawee of his assent to the order given by the drawer. He engages, by signing his name across the face of the bill that he will pay when it falls due（到期）.5. Payment（付款）债务人完成债券的偿还6. Dishonor （拒付或退票）Act of dishonor is a failure or refusal to make acceptance on or payment of a draft when presented.拒绝承兑；拒绝付款；避而不见；死亡；破产，被责令7. Recourse（追索）object to recourse: drawer, endorser, acceptor, other debtor order: in order or not in order; normally directly to the drawer持有合格的票据； 持票人尽责（提示）；发生拒付8. Guarantee （保证）guarantor ：a third party 保证人是第三方warrantee：drawer, acceptor, endorser 被保证人是出票人，承兑人，背书人21Sum in money recoursed: 追索需要的费包括21. uPar amount (interest included);2. uLost interest ;3. uCharges result from notice ofdishonor and protestPromissory Note本票A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person (the maker) to another (the payee or the holder), signed by the maker engaging to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer.出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。我国的票据法中实际只规定了即期银行本票。Categories of a promissory note 本票的种类Bankers notes and traders notes(银行本票和商业本票an enterprise or a person)Special notes(记名本票) and note payable to order(指示性本票)Sight notes and time notes(即期本票和远期本票)Bankers notes are all sight notes.Three kinds of time notes: on the 20th June 2008; At 90 days after date; At 90 days after sight我国票据制度中的本票，必须是“记名式银行即期本票”Check支票A check is an unconditional order in writing addressed by the customer to a bank signed by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a specified sum of money to or to the order of a named person or to bearer.支票(Cheque or Check)是以银行为付款人的即期汇票。Categories of a check支票的种类Check payable to order(记名支票)eg. Pay to A Co. only; Pay to A Co. or order.取款时须由收款人签章，方可支取。Check payable to bearer(不记名支票)It can be payable without the signature of the bearer and it can be transferred by delivery.支票上不记载收款人姓名无须在支票背后签章，只写“付来人”，此项支票仅凭交付而转让。Crossed cheque (划线支票)A crossing is in effect an instruction to the paying bank from the drawer or holder to pay the fund to a bank only.普通划线是在平行线中不注明收款银行名称的支票，收款人可以通过任何一家银行代收票款入账。Chapter 5：International Bank Remittance(国际银行汇兑)银行间转换货币清偿债务。Remittance refers to the transfer of funds from one party to another among different countries through banks. 汇款，也称汇付。它是指银行或其他金融机构（汇出行Remitting Bank）应汇款人（付款人Remitter）的要求，通过一定的方式将一定的金额交给其国外的代理机构（汇入行Paying Bank），并由汇入行将款项解付给收款人（Payee or Beneficiary）的一种结算方式。Telegraphic Transfer, T/T (电汇汇款)Remittance by cable/telex/SWIFT is often referred to as cable transfer or telegraphic transfer, namely T/T. 电汇是汇出行应收款人的申请，用加押电报、电传或SWIFT形式指示汇入行（国外联行或代理行）付款给收款人的一种汇款方式。Characteristics电汇的特性:It is a kind of remittance(顺汇).It is the fastest type but the charges are also higher.速度最快但是费用最高In bank remittance, the T/T is in preference to others. It is dealt on the same day and the bank cant use the funds under way.在银行汇款中，电汇是最好的。It is safe and creditable.安全可靠Telegraphic Transfer Procedure电汇汇款的流程Mail Transfer, M/T (信汇汇款)Remittance by airmail transfers funds by means of a payment order, a mail transfer advice, or sometimes an advice issued by a remitting bank, at the request of the remitter. Characteristics特点:It is a kind of remittance(顺汇).The charges is low.It is the slower type and because of mail, it will spend more time to receive the money.Bank can occupy the funds under way for a short time.银行可以在短时间内占用。Demand Draft D/D (票汇) A bankers demand draft(D/D票汇) is a negotiable instrument drawn by a bank on its overseas branch or its correspondent abroad ordering the latter to pay on demand the stated amount to the holder of the draft. 汇票是银行开具的可自由转让的单据，委托付款人在见票时或者在制定日期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的票据。Characteristics of D/D: （Aurthorized signature有权签字人签字）The paying bank is flexible.支付行可以灵活地支付The draft can replace the cash to be negotiated.汇票可以代替现金转让The draft is carried by the remitter himself or is posted by the remitter to the payee.汇票可以让汇款人直接拿给收款人，也可以寄给收款人The paying bank neednt notifies the beneficiary and the latter will come to receive the money.支付行需要不通知受益人，而后他将会来收钱。三者比较：T/TM/TD/DformCable/tax/swiftMail/Bankers demand draftauthanticationTest keysignatureSignature on the draftsafeMost safeNot as safe as T/TNot as safe as T/TcosthighestlowerlowerapplicationThe fastest most prevalentSlower reduceLower/usefulCan be negotiated cancellation of remittance (汇款的退汇)1、cancellation of mail transfer or telegraphic transfer. 电汇、信汇的退汇Mail transfer or telegraphic transfer can be cancelled before its payment is made. Once the payment has been made, the remittance cannot be cancelled.若收款人提出退汇，汇入行可用电报或电话或航邮通知汇出行将汇款收回，退给汇款人即可。若是汇款人提出退汇，汇出行在接受汇款人的退汇要求后，应立即用电报或电传、航邮通知汇入行停止解付，撤销汇款。如果汇款已经解付，汇款人则不能要求退回，只能直接向收款人交涉退回。 2. Cancellation of a bank draft already issued. 票汇的退汇If the remitter requests the remitting bank to cancel a bank draft already issued by reason of its being lost or stolen, the latter is generally reluctant to do so. However, the remitting bank may issue a duplicate of draft against a letter of indemnity from the remitter, if the paying bank confirms that the original one has not yet been paid.票汇项下办理退汇，汇款人在未寄出汇票之前可以持汇票到汇出行退汇，汇出行发函通知汇入行将有关汇款通知书注销退回。但是，如汇款人将汇票寄出后，则不能办理退汇。The Function of Remittance汇款的功能payment in advance(预付货款) 前TT Payment in advance signifies that the importer pays the exporter before delivery of the goods.The Function of Remittance汇款的功能open account transaction(赊帐交易) 后TT Open account business is also called Payment after Arrival of the Goods(货到付款) or Deferred Payment(延期付款).The Function of Remittance汇款的功能（Remittance against Document凭单付款）比较 1.100%前TT 出口商收款零风险 2.100%后TT 出口商存在钱货两空的风险，资金负担重 3.30%前TT(作定金), 最常见 70%后TT,见提单副本付款Collection is an arrangement whereby the goods are shipped and a relevant bill of exchange is drawn by the seller on the buyer, and/or shipping documents are forwarded to the sellers bank with clear instructions for collection through one of its correspondent bank located in the domicile of the buyer.托收，就是委托收款。出口商开立金融票据或商业单据，委托托收行通过联行或代理行向债务人收取货款的结算方式。Financial documents金融单据: draft汇票、promissory note本票、check支票、and other warrant for payment付款收据或付款或款项的凭证;Commercial documents商业票据: commercial invoice发票、transport documents运输单据、title documents物权单据 or other similar documents, or documents other than financial documents或除金融单据以外的其他单据.托收流程图：1、 Principal(seller/exporter/drawer/ Consignor) (委托人) （1）deliver the goods on time； 按时交货；（2）submit documents to the remitting bank； 向托收行提交必要的单据；（3）make out letter of instruction for outward collection 出口托收申请书；（4）give instructions on time； 及时指示；（5）bear the charges. 负担费用。2、 remitting bank (principals/sellers/exporters)（托收行）（1）make out collection order（托收委托书） and forward them to the overseas branch or correspondent bank; 托收委托书的内容（2）verify the documents检验单据即托收行只是核验单据，而非审核单据。3、collecting bank（代收行）（1）verify the documents核对单据的名称和份数；（2）keeping the documents；release the documents according to the instruction保管好单据；代收行在进口商按规定付款或承兑前不可以将单据发给进口商。付款人拒付，代收行应当通知托收行，通知后90日仍未收到指示，将单据退回托收行。（3）deal with the goods carefully 谨慎处理货物。代收行原则上无义务处理货物，只有在付款人拒付时，才会根据委托人指示办理存仓、保险手续。 (4) give the remitting bank information on time及时向托收行反馈4、 Drawee (buyer/importer)（付款人）Carry out the obligation of payment or acceptance承担付款承兑的义务（dishonor有权拒付）5、 presenting bank （提示行） present the documents for payment or acceptance提示单据要求付款6、Representative in case of need (需要时的代理) It is the representative appointed by the principal to act as case of need in the event of non-acceptance and/or non payment. In this case, he will arrange storage、resale、shipping back the goods. His power should be clearly and fully stated in the collection.进口商拒付时办理货物存仓、转售、运回等 Types of collection(托收的种类) 1、clean collection 光票托收 clean collection means collection of financial documents not accompanied by commercial documents.2、documentary collection 跟单托收 (1) financial documents accompanied by commercial documents, 金融票据随商业单据的托收(2) commercial documents not accompanied by financial documents. 商业单据不附金融单据的托收。documents against payment, D/P付款交单The collecting bank may release the documents only against full payment. D/P at sight即期付款交单 D/P at xx days after date or sight,etc.远期付款交单documents against acceptance, D/A承兑交单The presenting bank may release the documents to the buyer against the buyers acceptance of a draft, drawn payable 30-180 days after sight or due on a definite date.Characteristics of collection托收的特点 It is based on commercial credit. 托收建立在商业信用基础之上 It is safer than the remittance. 和汇款方式相比，托收有较强的安全性 It can afford financing to the seller or buyer. 一定的融资作用 The capital burden is not balance. 买卖双方利益不均衡(风险、资金负担两方面分析) The procedure is simple, fast and the charges are not high. 结算手续较为简单、迅速，费用较低。跟单托收对进出口双方的风险及规避：一、Risks for exporter under documentary collection 出口商在跟单托收下的风险1. Refuse to pay or accept time draft on some small inadvertent infraction of the sales contract.因为出口上的小错误而拒付2. Demand deep cut down of price, or refuse to accept the goods.要求大幅降价否则不付款3. A heavy storage charge, fire insurance, demurrage and great expenses and time delay if court action is taken.大笔费用Summary of possible reasons for dishonor： Market risks 市场的风险 Country risks 国家的风险 Risks from the importer 进口商的风险 Risks from the rules of some country 一些国家的准入原则二、the seller should takes the following measures to guard against risks卖方应该采取下列的措施防止危险:u Making market research. 市场调查u Setting proper terms on releasing terms and trade terms.使用适当的贸易的次数和数量u Appointing representative in case of need in the foreign country.指定需要的外国代理人u Buy export credit insurance at government agency 出口信贷保险u 注意事项：u Select the collecting bank carefully; 谨慎选择代收行;u Shouldnt accept D/A; 不宜接受 D/A付款;u Should carefully make the document; 制单环节应谨慎;u Specially pay attention to D/P after sight. 特别注意远期付款交单3、 Risks and measures of the import 进口商在跟单托收下的风险1. Might be fraudulent documents 假单据2. Might be defective or dummy or not the model ordered by importer3. Late shipment,and miss the optimal selling seasons.迟到4. In advance payment , can not inspect goods beforehand.不能验货5. Dishonor would ruin importers reputation.4、 protection for importer 进口方的保护措施1. Investigate exporters reputation and deal only with creditworthy exporters.信用检查2. payment time can be XX days/months after Bill of Lading date, which means that earlier delivery,earlier payment.规定早交货3. Choose the most the favorable procedure of documents delivery basing on the credit standing, financial capability, market trend.最有利的4. Use D/P at tenor as possible as you can to confirm if goods arrive at the harbor of your country.二、financing （一）Financing by banks for exporters对出口方融资: Loan secured by documentary bills (托收出口押汇) means that the remitting bank purchases the documentary bill drawn by the exporter on the importer. 出口商办理跟单托收时，可将汇票和货运单据作为质押品，向当地托收银行申请贷款；托收行根据出口商的资信、经营作风，可以酌情给一定比例的、甚至全部的票款，扣去利息将净款付给出口商，然后把跟单汇票寄给进口地的代收行，委托其代收票款，待收妥票款后收回货款。即银行有追索权地向出口商购买跟单汇票或全套单据的行为。特点： 出口地银行托收货款后，即成为出口商的债权人，取得了托收项下跟单汇票的质权（lien）;如果托收遭到进口商的拒付，可向出口商索回货款，银行有权根据跟单汇票处理货物。（二）Financing by banks for importers对进口方融资: Trust receipt (T/R信托收据) is given by the importer to the collecting bank when he asks the bank to release documents of title to the goods which have pledged to the banks as security for credit facilities. （Collecting bank代收行承担风险） D/P远期方式中，当货物、单据到达目的地而付款期限未到时，进口商为尽早提货而向代收行借出单据而出具的书面凭证。是立据人（即进口商）承认收到了质押权属于开证行的单击，同意以受托人（Trustee）身份提取、储藏和出售有关货物，并保证出售货物所得价款全部无条件地交与开证行。 A letter of credit is a written undertaking by a bank(issuing bank)given to the seller (beneficiary) at the request ,and on the instruction,of the buyer(applicant)to pay at sight or at a determinable future date up to a stated sum of money,within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents which complied with the terms and conditions of the credit. (A Documentary Credit is a conditional bank written undertaking of payment.)信用证是开证行根据申请人的要求和指示，向受益人开立的，一种有条件的承诺付款的书面文件跟单信用证是银行有条件的付款承诺。二、Characteristics of letter of credit 信用证的特点1. It is a kind of bankers credit. The issuing bank undertakes primary liabilities for payment；信用证是由开证行承担第一性付款责任的书面文件；2. The obligation of payment born by the bank is limited and conditional. 开证银行履行付款责任是有限度和条件的；3. A letter of credit is self-sufficient documents and is independent of the sales contract；信用证是独立于其所基于的销售合同或其他合同以外的交易；4. Letter of credit is a pure documentary business, that is, banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or other performances to which the documents relate. 在信用证业务中，各有关当事人处理的是单据，而不是与单据有关的货物、服务及/或其他行为。三、Parties involves in a documentary creditApplicant (Buyer/importer): He fills out and signs an application form,requesting the bank to issue a credit in favor of the beneficiary (seller/exporter) abroad. As for the importer, he is only requested to pay a certain proportion of deposit instead of the total amount of the credit at the time of application.作为进口方，他只能请求赔付他货款的一部分。Issuing Bank (Opening Bank): The bank who issues the letter of credit at the request of the applicant. By issuing a credit the issuing bank undertakes full responsibility for payment against proper documents presented by the beneficiary.Question: What factors should the issuing bank consider before granting DC facilities to his customer?开证行应考虑那些因素向出口方确定赔付金额。Credit standing of customer 是由进口方确立的Cash cover as security 足够偿还其损失Exchange risk 外汇风险Nature of goods货物的性质Type of credit 信用的类型Advising bank (notifying bank通知行): Communicates with the seller about the letter of credit. Verifies that the L/C is genuine, but gives no payment undertaking of its own. It can also be confirming bank. Beneficiary (Exporter/Seller): The party to whom payment will be made. The letter of credit gives the beneficiary the assurance of payment by the issuing bank provide