大学英语四级阅读理解讲座归纳版doc.doc

大学英语四级阅读理解讲座第一节 阅读理解简介大学英语教学大纲（修订本）阅读能力基本要求大学英语教学大纲是对本科英语教学的指导，大纲对阅读能力的基本要求是：能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度，阅读速度达到每分钟70词。在阅读篇幅较长、难度略低、生词不超过总词数3 %的材料时，能掌握中心大意，捉住主要事实和有关细节，阅读速度达到每分钟100词。 阅读理解选材的原则 a. 题材广泛，可以包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，但是所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解；b. 体裁多样，可以包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等；c. 文章的语言难度中等，无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词，如超出大纲词汇表四级的范围，用汉语注明词义。阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力 a. 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；b. 了解和说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；c. 既理解字面的意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；d. 既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。阅读理解部分的目的是测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定的速度。阅读理解题型：1 主旨题2 细节题3 态度题4 推断题5 词汇题第二节 阅读理解命题原则及题型分析一、 阅读的路标-文章十大命题原则任何事物都有一定规定性，四级阅读试题也不例外，它体现了一些最基本的命题规则。兹将这些规律归纳成以下十条原则，即十大考试要点：（一） 列举处常考列举指的是由First, Second, Third,等引导的并列成分，或A、B、C、and D等并列的成分。它们属于“细节性问题”题型，主要有两种：which 题型该题型要求从并列的三选中选一项作为答案，其他选项与题目无关。The technology that they are working on would suggest quite reasonably that, within three to five years, well have some workable sensors ready to use. Such devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination.Q: which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed?A. Monitoring food processingB. Performing physical examinationsC. Locating places which attract terroristD. Detecting drugs and water contamination解题思路： 文章从警察和食品检验员的角度列举了人工的几项功能， A）意为“检测食品加工”， 文不对题，因为文章中讲了食品污染。B）的内容完全不相干。C）意为“确定能吸引恐怖分子的地方”，命题者在这里偷梁换柱，因为文中说的是“用于吸引恐怖分子的地方”。D）正确，选取了列举中的两点。Except 题型该题型要求考生通过核对文章内容，排队满足文章内容的三个选项，而留下“不”符合文章的“错误”选项作为答案，通常成为“三缺一”题型或Except题型。如：Ancient fossil beds, Revolutionary War battle fields, magnificent mountain ranges, and monuments to heroic men and women who molded this country are all a part of our National Park System (NPS). The care and preservation for future generations of these special places is entrusted to the NPS. Uniformed Ragers, the most visible Representatives of the Service, not only offer park visitors a friendly wave, a helpful answer, or a thought provoking history lesson, but also are skilled rescuers, firefighters, and dedicated resource protection professionals. The National Park Service ranks also include architects, historians, archaeologists, biologists, and a host of other experts who preserve and protect everything from George Washingtons teeth to Thomas Edisons wax recordings.Q: The National Park Service does all of the following EXEPT_.A. offering help to visitorsB. molding the NationC. Keeping people better informed of the National Park SystemD. Helping preserve the cultural heritage解题思路：选项A）、C）、D）都是文章中提到过的服务内容，B）虽然也在文中出现，但是仔细看就会发现molded this country 是由heroic men and women发出的动作，而非National Park System 提供的服务，所以B）是正确答案。（二） 转折处与强对比处常考 转折一般指由however, but, yet, in fact等词引导的短语或句子，这些词前面往往是铺垫、介绍等信息，后面常常是语义的重点，是作者真正感兴趣的焦点信息，是重要的命题点。Many people believe the glare from snow cause snow-blindness。Yet, dark glasses or not, they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes, and even snow-blindness, when exposed to several hours of “snow light”.Q: To prevent headaches, watering eyes and blindness caused by the glare from snow, dark glasses are_ . A) indispensable B)useful C) ineffective D)available解题思路：转折词后面的信息非常重要,往往就是答案所在。Yet后面谈到不管用不用墨镜，人们都会头疼，流泪等，说明墨镜没什么效果，因此C)是正确选项。强对比常由unlike， until， however， but 等引导。命题模式如下：文章中说A具有X属性，B 与A不同。问题是B有何属性？答案为非X属性。参见常规命题思路节“反着考”。（三）例举常考由as，such as，for example，for instance 等引导的短语或句子通常是举例，例子一般是和文章或段落中心思想紧密相关，体现了“中心思想是解”这一原则。参见解的特征节“中心思想是解”。 “Womans language” shows up in all level of English. For example, women are encouraged and allowed to make far more precise discriminations in naming colors than men do. Words like mauve, beige, and so on, are unremarkable in a womans active vocabulary, but largely absent from that of most men. Q: Women can make far more precise discriminations in naming colors than men do because_. A) women are more intelligent than men B) women see a wider range of colors than men do C) women are encouraged and supposed to pay more attention to fine discriminations of names than men doD) women intentionally learn more of this kind of knowledge to show they are equal to men in intelligence解题思路:选择项A)、B)、D)都是对文章意思的胡诌，尤其B）把原文中谈论的色彩的词汇偷换成了色彩本身，只有C）符合文义，其内容就是For example后面内容的改写。(四)数字与年代常考文中的数字，年代，日期等常常是命题者的命题点。参见数字题形。（五）最高级及绝对性词汇常考must， all， only ，anyone， always， never 等意义绝对的词或first， most beautiful 等最高级往往是考题要点，一般出现在“细节性问题”中。为什么可能是考点呢？因为她们都有一个共同特点：概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，不会产生歧义和疑问，因此容易命题，答案不会摸棱两可。相反，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇，就难有唯一的答案。请大家琢磨这个例题：Some of the people chose red hats, some chose green hats, and others blue ones. 问题:What color hats did some people prefer? 因为其中some为相对概念,所以就难有唯一正确的答案，答案就可能为red, green或blue, 这样评卷也难免没有困难。大家体会一下，其实命题也受诸多限制，要按照一个固定套路进行。When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturers claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单),or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. Q: When a consumer finds that his purchase has fault in it, the first thing he should do is to_.A） complain personally to the manager B） threaten to take the matter to court C） write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchaseD） show some written proof of the purchase to the store Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly， and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statement. Q: The most effective complaint can be made by_.A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturerB) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality D) asking politely to change the item Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasoline powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find less polluting driving systems. The last of these-in particular the introduction of vehicles powered by electricity- is ultimately the only sustainable option. Q：Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in passage？ A） the designing of highly efficient car engines B） a reduction of vehicle use in cities C） the development of electric cars D） the use of less polluting fuels 解题思路：以上三例中原文都出现了最高级或概念绝对的词语，如例6中the first step, 例7中the most effective，例8中ultimately the only sustainable option。 命题者根据这些词语稍做改变，如在题干中将例6改为the first thing；将例8改为the best solution。对照问题和原文中出现这些词语的句子，就可以肯定地找出三个答案分别是D）、B）和C）。（六）专有名词常考包括人名、地名、或其他的专有名词。阅读文章前，先扫视以下文章后面问题中是否有专有名词，这样在阅读时才能有的放矢。No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with our career?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”Q: Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _.A its raising the corporate stock price.B its self-examination of soulC its neglect of social responsibilityD its emphasis on creative freedom解题思路：根据题干中的专有名词，我们很快可能在文中搜索到相关信息。C）符合题义，原文中的corrupt our nation and threaten our children 就是neglect of social responsibility 的同义语。（七）隐蔽处常考隐蔽处顾名思义，即是指句子中隐蔽之处、容易忽视之处，包括：同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句、从句、副词、不定式A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly.Q: Government is believed to differ strikingly from business in that government is characterized by_.A. its role in protecting basic American valuesB. its absolute control of powerC. its democratic way of exercising leadershipD. its function in preserving personal freedom解题思路： 此题就在隐蔽的定语从句which is a monopoly 中，正确答案B）就是它的改写。But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Spring and the Oprah Winfrey shows.Q: Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are _.A. more family-oriented B. unusually popularC. more profound D .relatively formal解题思路：While 引导的插入语，修饰two shows,符合题干中的both, standing out above the rest 则等同于选项B）的unusually popular，故B）是正确答案。（八）因果句常考句中含有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：表示因果的连词：because, since, for , as, therefore, so ,consequently 等。表示因果的动词：cause, result in, originate from等。表示因果的名词：base, basis, result , consequence等。这些都可指明因果关系，尤为命题者所青睐，因为可以命题考查文中的两件事情的因果关系，一般属于“推断性问题”。Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewers attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because_.A. pop songs attract viewers attentionB. it can increase their loudnessC. advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programsD. advertisers want to merge music with commercial解题思路： A）意为“流行歌曲吸引观众的注意力”，这是干扰项，因为原文中根本没提流行音乐。B）意为“它能增加它们的音量”， 这显然荒谬：愉快的歌怎能增加广告的音量？D）意为“广告商想让音乐同广告相结合”，这听起来也许有道理，但文章中根本没这样说。C）意为“广告商想让它们听起来跟普通节目不一样”， 我们只要仔细分析原文就可知道：For example前后存在因果关系，而且a dramatic change in sound quality 同sound different from regular programs 的意思相同，故为正确答案。 Over the past fifteen years, information technology has become an essential part of the managerial vocabulary for great many businesses. Today, however, telecommunications are rapidly becoming as important as the computer industry. This can be attributed to the liberalization of world market.Q: Rapid development in advance communications has resulted from _.A. liberalization of world marketB implementation of new strategiesC. identification of potential marketsD. connection of business operations解题思路：文中的attribute to意为“归因于”， 多用被动式，其前为结果，其后为原因；题干中的result from 意为“由产生”， 多用主动式，也是结果置于其前，原因置于其后。故A）是正确答案。（九）段落主题句常考段落的第一句和最后一句均是十分重要的地方，二者往往是表达中心思想的主题句。有时前者是主题句，后者是主题总结句，因此常出主题性问题、细节性问题和结构性问题。Crime has its own cycles, a magazine reported some years ago. Police records that were studied for five years from over 2,400 cities and towns show a surprising link between changes in the reason and time patternsQ: A good title for this passage would be_.A. A Time for MurderB. Summer CrimesC. Crime Cycles Throughout the YearD. Intellectual Seasonal Cycles解题思路： 这是一道主旨题。段落的首句就概括了全文的主题，所以C）正确，其余选项都不全面。（十）特殊标点常考一些标点符号同篇章结构或句间关系有密切关系，常是考点。破折号：表示解释，考细节性问题；括号：表示解释，考细节性问题；冒号：表示解释，考细节性问题；引号：表示引用，考细节性问题。Scientist have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged, and the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage-a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren.Q: We know from the passage that_.A. exposure to even tiny amounts of radiation is fatalB. the effect of exposure to radiation is slow in comingC. radiation is avoidable in space explorationD. people neednt worry about any radiation damage解题思路： A）和D）过于绝对，走两个极端；C）是胡乱推理。根据破折号后面的内容，B） 是正确答案。All languages use the same channel for sending and receiving: the vibration of the atmosphere. All set the vibrations going in the same way, by the activity of the speech organs and all organize the vibrations in essentially the same way, into small units of sound that can be combined and recombined in distinctive ways.Q: Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Some languages use the speech organs for sending and receiving.B. Some languages use small distinctive units of sound for sending and receiving.C. All languages use the vibrations of the atmosphere for sending and receiving.D. Each languages has a unique medium for sending and receiving.解题思路： 抓住冒号后的内容就能找到正确答案C）。During the discussion of rock singing verse at last months stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of societys ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.Q: Levin cited his son to show that_.A. his son was a good music teacherB. rap is very good communication toolC. rap music may do good to people if properly treatedD. many teachers and students are fascinated with rap music.解题思路：Levin 引证儿子的例子是为了说明引号中的assertion,选项C）符合引号的内容，故是正确答案。由此可见， 如果利用上面所介绍的考点为“路标”，就可望迅速的找到正确答案。有些同学做题很快，根本原因之一在于他对考点非常敏感，见到“路标”就能预见考题，甚至未见考题 已知答案。说读完文章后就能预测出后边会考哪些题有言过其实之嫌，但对深谙出题套数的人来说，一篇文章读过后，多数考题尽在预料之中确实是可能的。二、 题型分析问题类型一：主旨题（Subject Matter）v 根据问题内容的不同，这类问题可分为主题型、标题型和目的型 。v 常见的命题方式： v （1） What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ? v （2） What does this passage mainly (primarily) concern ? v （3） The main theme of this passage is _. v （4） The main point of the passage is_.v （5） Which of the following is the best title for the passage ? v （6） The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _.v （7） On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook ? v 8） Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ? v （9） The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _. v （10）The author writes this passage to_. 解题步骤 v 找出主题句 v 概括和归纳出主题思想举例讲解：主题型例文 （2002年6月阅读部分第3篇）It is hard to track the blue whale, the oceans largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior.So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days, monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navys formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption (爆发) for the first time and that they plan similar studies.Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures.The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patients chest to a doctors ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can often travel thousands of miles.31. The passage is chiefly about _.A) an effort to protect an endangered marine speciesB) the civilian use of a military detection systemC) the exposure of a U.S. Navy top-secret weaponD) a new way to look into the behavior of blue whales本文是一篇科普类说明文。第一、二段以追踪蓝鲸引出话题，即军事技术（水下监听）在非军事领域的应用。第三段进一步加以明确，说明tracking whales仅仅是这一技术应用的一个例子。第四段说的是水下监听技术在monitoring deep-sea volcanic eruption方面的应用。第四段说的是水下监听技术在tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures方面的应用。最后一段是作了原理性的说明。综上所述，本文的话题是水下监听技术，主题则是这一技术的非军事领域的广泛应用。因此31题的正确答案应为B）。此外，这一题也可用排除法解题或加以验证。C）的错误之处在于与文章内容完全不符，文中只提到了水下监听技术曾是绝密的（formerly top-secret），况且这项技术也并不是weapon。A）、D）两项涉及到蓝鲸，而追踪蓝鲸只是这一技术应用的一个例子，属细枝末节。如果A）或D）是文章的主题的话，那么后面的三段与主题有多大关系呢？标题型例文（2000年6月阅读部分第三篇）Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) Clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.65. The best title for this passage would be _.A) Uniforms and SocietyB) The Importance of Wearing a UniformC) Practical Benefits of Wearing a UniformD) Advantages and