经济专业毕业设计完全竞争市场形成条件极其缺陷--文献翻译

完全竞争市场形成条件极其缺陷 完全竞争市场是指竞争充分而不受任何阻碍和干扰的一种市场结构。在这种市场类型中，买卖人数众多，买者和卖者是价格的接受者，资源可自由流动，信息具有完全性。 条件 大量买者和卖者 市场上有众多的生产者和消费者，任何一个生产者或消费者都不能影响市场价格。由于存在着大量的生产者和消费者，与整个市场的生产量 (即销售量 )和购买量相比较，任何一个生产者的生产量 (即销售量）和任何一个消费者的购买量所占的比例都很小，因而，他们都无能力影响市场的产量 (即销售量 )和价格，所以，任何生产者和消费者的单独 市场行为都不会引起市场产量 (即销售量 )和价格的变化。正如美国经济学家乔治 斯蒂格勒所说的那样： “任何单独的购买者和销售者都不能依凭其购买和销售来影响价格。用另一种方式来表达，就是：任何购买者面对的供给弹性是无穷大，而销售者面临的需求弹性也是无穷大的。 这也就是说，他们都只能是市场既定价格的接受者，而不是市场价格的决定者。 产品同质性 市场上有许多企业，每个企业在生产某种产品时不仅是同质的产品，而且在产品的质量、性能、外形、包装等等方面也是无差别的，以致于任何一个企业都无法通过自己的产品具有与他人产品的特异之 处来影响价格而形成垄断，从而享受垄断利益。对于消费者来说，无论购买哪一个企业的产品都是同质无差别产品，以致于众多消费者无法根据产品的差别而形成偏好，从而使生产这些产品的生产者形成一定的垄断性而影响市场价格 也就是说，只要生产同质产品，各种商品互相之间就具有完全的替代性，这很容易接近完全竞争市场。 资源流动性 这意味着厂商进入或退出一个行业是完全自由和毫无困难的。任何一个生产者，既可以自由进入某个市场，也可以自由退出某个市场，即进入市场或退出市场完全由生产者自己自由决定，不受任何社会法令和其他社会力量的限制 由于无任何进出市场的社会障碍，生产者能自由进入或退出市场，因此，当某个行业市场上有净利润时，就会吸引许多新的生产者进入这个行业市场，从而引起利润的下降，以致于利润逐渐消失。而当行业市场出现亏损时，许多生产者又会退出这个市场，从而又会引起行业市场利润的出现和增长。这样，在一个较长的时期内，生产者只能获得正常的利润，而不能获得垄断利益。 信息完全性 即市场上的每一个买者和卖者都掌握着与自己的经济决策有关的一切信息。这样每一个消费者和每一个厂商都可以根据自己掌握的完全的信息，做出自己的最优的经济决策，从而获得最大 的经济效益。而且，由于每一个买者和卖者都知道既定的市场价格，都按照这一既定的市场价格进行交易，这也就排除了由于信息不通畅而可能导致的一个市场同时按照不同的价格进行交易的情况。所以，任何市场主体都不能通过权力、关税、补贴、配给或其他任何人为的手段来控制市场供需和市场价格。 促使微观经济运行保持高效率 完全竞争市场全面排除了任何垄断性质和任何限制，完全依据市场的调节进行运行，因而可以促使微观经济运行保持高效率。因为在完全竞争市场条件下，生产效率低和无效率的生产者会在众多生产者的相互竞争中被迫退出市场，生产效率高 的生产者则得以继续存在，同时，又有生产效率更高的生产者随时进入市场参与市场竞争，生产效率更高的生产者则在新一轮的市场竞争中取胜，因而，完全竞争市场可促使生产者充分发挥自己的积极性和主动性，进行高效率的生产。 促进生产效率的提高 完全竞争市场可以促使生产者以最低成本进行生产，从而提高生产效率。 因为在完全竞争市场类型条件下，每个生产者都只能是市场价格的接受者，因而他们要想使自己的利润最大化，就必须以最低的成本进行生产。也即必须按照其产品平均成本处于最低点时的产量进行生产。生产者以最低的生产成本生产出最高产量的 产品，这是一种最佳规模的生产，这样的生产也就投有浪费任何资源和生产能力，因而，这样的生产过程也就是一种促进生产效率和效益不断提高的过程。 增进社会利益 完全竞争市场中的竞争，在引导生产者追求自己利益的过程中，也有效地促进了社会的利益。这是亚当 斯密的重大发现及著名论断。他认为，市场竞争引导每个生产者都不断地努力追求自己的利益，他们所考虑的并不是社会利益，但是，由于受着 “一只看不见的手的指导，去尽力达到一个并非他本意想要达到的目的。他追求自己的利益，往往使他能比在真正出于本意的情况下更能有效地促进社会的利益。 例如，假若每个生产者都努力使其生产的产品价值达到最高程度，其结果必然使社会的年收额有很大的增长，从而也就促进了社会公共利益的增加。 提高资源的配置效率 在完全竞争市场条件下，资源能不断地自由流向最能满足消费者需要的商品生产部门，在资源的不断流动过程中实现了资源在不同用途间、不同效益间和在生产过程中的不同组合间的有效选择，使资源发挥出更大的效用，从而也就会太大提高资源的配置效率与配置效益。 消费者及消费需求满足的最大化 在完全竞争市场条件下，价格趋向等于生产成本。因而， “在许多情况下，它可以形成对消费者来说 最低的价格 ”， 而且完全竞争市场条件下的利润比其他非完全竞争市场条件下的利润要小，所以 “在纯粹竞争的情况下，获利最大的是消费者 ”。同时，完全竞争市场还 “可以使消费需求的满足趋向最大化 ”。 尽管完全竞争市场在现实经济生活中几乎是不存在的，但是，研究完全竞争市场类型仍有其积极的意义。分析研究完全竞争市场形式，有利于建立完全竞争市场类型的一般理论，当人们熟悉掌握了完全竞争市场类型的理论及其特征以后，就可以用其指导自己的市场决策。例如，生产者就可以在出现类似情况时 (如作为价格的接受者时等 )作出正确的产量和价格决策。 更重要的是分析研究完全竞争市场类型理论，可以为分析研究其他市场类型提供借鉴。例如，在对有关垄断市场、垄断竞争市场和寡头垄断市场中竞争与效率问题进行比较研究的过程中完全竞争市场类型理论可以作为一个衡量标准起到借鉴作用。 缺陷 （一）完全竞争市场在现实生活前提条件的情况下，很难成立，因而，完全竞争市场的效率也必须在具备了严格前提条件的情况下才会出现。而在现实经济实践中，难以全面具备完全竞争市场的所有前提条件，因此，实际上完全竞争市场在现实经济实践中很难出现。完全竞争市场只是西方经济学家在研究市场经济理论过程中的 一种理论假设，是他们进行经济分折的一种手段和方法。这样，没有实践意义就成了完全竞争市场形式的最根本的缺陷。在这种根本缺陷的条件下，完全竞争市场还具有其他许多与前提条件相对应的具体缺陷。 （二）完全竞争市场所必须的有大量小企业存在这个条件既不可能也不适用。在现实经济实践中，即使进入市场非常自由，由于其他各个方面条件的限制和影响，进入市场中的企业也不可能无限多。即使市场中已存在有大量的企业，这些企业也只能是小企业。在有着大量小企业的情况下，市场中的商品价格就可能相对较高。因为，其一，小企业的生产规模较小，不能进 行规模生产，存在着规模不经济，生产成本高。因而小企业生产的产品价格高。其二，小企业的生产成本下降潜力小，这是因为小企业无力引进先进的生产技术和设备，生产的效率难以有较大的提高，这样其产品的生产成本也就难降低。即使能够引进先进的生产技术和设备，也无法达到规模生产，这时其生产成本不仅不能下降反而还会上升。 （三）完全竞争市场也会造成资源的浪费。在完全竞争市场条件下，自由进入使效率更高、产品更能适合消费者需要的企业不断涌进市场，而那些效率低、产品已不能适应消费者需要的企业则不断地被淘汰退出市场。小企业在进步和外来 干扰的冲击下很容易在竞争中失败，成为完全竞争市场条件下正常的和经常的现象。那些因在竞争中失败而退出市场的企业，其整个企业的设备与劳动力在仍然可以发挥作用的情况下被迫停止使用，这样，不能不造成宝贵的物质资源和劳动力资源的浪费。 （四）完全竞争市场中完整知识的假设是不现实的。一般情况下，无论是生产者还是消费者，都只能具有不完整的知识。生产者对其在现实市场中的地位、将来发展的动向及影响市场的各种因素的信息等等知识，都不可能完整地掌握。只能经常在不确定的世界中进行活动。消费者，不可能全面掌握特定市场上全部产品的价格 、品质等方面的情况。同时，市场信息也不可能畅通无阻而且非常准确。所以，市场参与者都不可能具有完整、全面、准确的市场信息和市场知识，完整的市场知识只能是不现实的理论假设。 一般来说，在现实经济生活中，只有农业生产等极少数行业比较接近完全竞争市场。因为在农业生产中农户的数量多而且每个农户的生产规模一般都不大，同时，每个农户生产的农产品产量及其在整个农产品总产量中所占的比例都极小，因而，每个农户的生产和销售行为都无法影响农产品的市场价格，只能接受农产品的市场价格。如果有的农户要提高其农产品的出售价格，农产品的市场 价格不会因此而提高，其最 结果只能是自己的产品卖不出去。如果农户要降低自己农产品的出售价格，农产品的市场价格也不会因此而下降，虽然该农户的农产品能以比市场价格更低的价格较快的销售出去。但是，不可避免地要遭受很大的经济损失。这样，农户降低其农产品价格的行为就显得毫无实际意义了。 Defect forming condition is extremely perfect competition market Refers to the completely competitive market competition fully and not subject to any obstacles and interference of a kind of market structure. Numbers in this kind of market type, buying and selling, buyers and sellers is the price of the recipient, resources can be free flow of information is complete. conditions A large number of buyers and sellers There are many on the market of producers and consumers, any producer or consumer can affect the market price. Because there are a large number of producers and consumers, and the whole market of production (i.e., sales) compared with buying, any one of producers of production (i.e., sales) and any consumer purchases of the proportion is very small, thus, they have no ability to affect the market of production (i.e., sales) and prices, so that all producers and consumers of market behavior alone wont cause market yields (i.e., sales) and changes in prices. As the American economist George stigler, puts it: any individual buyers and sellers are not relying on the buying and selling to influence prices. In another way to express, is that any buyers in the face of the elasticity of supply is infinite, and the seller are faced with the elasticity of demand is infinite. This means that they are only given market price of the recipient, rather than the market price of the decision. Product homogeneity There are many companies on the market, every enterprise in the production of some products is not only a homogeneous product, and in the product quality, performance, appearance, packaging, etc is also there, so that any a enterprise can through their own product is product specific place to influence prices with others to form a monopoly, so as to enjoy monopoly profits. For consumers, no matter where they buy the product of an enterprise are homogenous undifferentiated products, so that many consumers cannot according to the product difference and form preferences, so that the production of these products manufacturers to form a certain monopoly and affect the market price that is to say, as long as the production of homogeneous products, all kinds of goods will have a complete alternative between each other, this is easy to close to perfect competition market. Resources of liquidity This means that manufacturers to enter or exit a industry is completely free and without any difficulty. Any producer, can free access to a market, are also free to exit certain market, namely the entry or exit the market completely decided by the producers themselves free, not subject to any restriction of social law and other social forces due to the social barriers no in and out of the market, producers are free to enter or exit the market, therefore, when an industry there are net profit on the market, will attract many new producers to enter the industry market, leading to a fall in profits, so that profits gradually disappear. When industry market losses, many producers will exit the market, which will cause the emergence of industry market profits and growth. Thus, in a longer period of time, producers can only normal profits, and cannot obtain monopoly profits. Information is complete Namely the every buyers and sellers on the market holds all the information associated with their economic decisions. So that each consumer and each vendor can according to their mastery of the information completely, make their own optimal economic decisions, so as to achieve maximum economic benefits. Also, because each buyers and sellers know the established market prices, all in accordance with the established market prices, it also ruled out because of the information not unobstructed and could lead to a market at the same time according to the different price to trade. So, any market main body cannot through power, tariffs, subsidies, distribution, or any other artificial means to control the market supply and demand and market price. Prompted the micro economic operation to keep high efficiency Fully ruled out any perfectly competitive markets monopoly nature and any restrictions, completely according to the operation of market regulation, thus it can be contributed to microeconomic maintain efficient operation. Because in perfect competition conditions, the production efficiency is low and inefficient producers will be forced to exit the market in many producers compete, high production efficiency of the producers will continue to exist, and at the same time, and the production efficiency higher producers enter the market at any time to participate in market competition, production more efficient producers in a new round of market competition, as a result, perfect competition market can induce producers to give full play to their enthusiasm and initiative, with efficient production. Promote the improvement of production efficiency Perfect competition can encourage producers with the lowest cost of production, improve production efficiency. Because in perfect competition market type condition, every producer can only is the market price of the recipient, so they want to maximize their profits, it must be at the lowest cost for production. That must be in accordance with its product at a low average cost of production. Producers with the lowest cost of production to produce the maximum yield of product, it is a kind of optimal scale of production, the production there is cast to waste any resources and production capacity, as a result, the production process is also a kind of promote production efficiency and improve the process of performance. Increase the interest of the society Perfect competition in the market competition, in the process of lead producers to ones own interests, also effectively promote the interests of society. This is a major discovery and Adam Smiths famous claim that. Competition in the market guide every producer, he argues, constantly striving for their own interests, it is not what they consider social interests, however, due to the the guidance of an invisible hand, try to achieve a not his intent to achieve purpose. He pursue their own interests, often enable him to better than under the condition of the real part of can effectively promote the interests of the society. For example, if each producers are trying to make their products value reached the highest level, the result will make social income has a great growth, thus promoted the increase of social public interests. Improve the efficiency of resource configuration Under the condition of perfect competition market, resources can constantly free flow to the most to meet the need of the consumer goods production department, in the process of resources flow to achieve the resources between the different USES, different combinations of different benefits between and in the production process between the effective choice, make the resources to play a greater effectiveness, thus it will be too big improve the efficiency of the resource configuration efficiency and the configuration. The maximization of consumers and satisfy consumer demand Under the condition of perfect competition, price trend is equal to the cost of production. Thus, in many cases, it can form the lowest price for customers, and under the conditions of perfect competition market profits than other non profit under the condition of completely competitive market, so in the case of pure competition, the profit of the biggest is consumer. At the same time, perfect competition also can maximize the satisfaction of consumer demand trend . Although perfect competition in real economic life is almost non-existent, but the type of perfect competition market still has its positive significance. Analysis form completely competitive market, set up perfect competition market type of general theory, when people familiar with the mastery of the type of perfect competition market theory and its characteristics, can use the guide to their market decisions. Producers, for example, can be in similar situations (e.g., is regarded as the recipient of the price, etc.) to make the right production and price decisions. More important is to study type completely competitive market theory, can provide reference for analysis and study other market types. , for example, in the monopoly market, monopoly and oligopoly competition market, market competition and efficiency issues in a comparative study in the process of completely competitive market type theory can be used for reference in as a standard measure. defects (a) perfect competition in real life conditions, it is difficult to set up, therefore, the efficiency of the perfect competition market is also must have the strict premise condition will appear. Practice in the real economy, fully has all the prerequisites of a perfectly competitive market, so, in fact in real economic practice, it is difficult to completely competitive market. Perfect competition market is just western economists in the research theory is a theory assumes that in the process of market economy, is one of the types of their economic cent fold means and methods. So, no practical significance, has become the most fundamental flaws in the form of completely competitive market. Under the condition of the fundamental flaws, perfect competition also has many other concrete defects and corresponding prerequisites. (2) perfect competition must be the presence of a large number of small businesses is neither possible nor the conditions applicable. In the practice of the real economy, even to enter the market is very free, because other aspects conditions restriction and influence of enterprise could not have an infinite number of entering the market. Even if existing a large number of enterprises in the market, these companies also can be to small businesses. With a large number of small businesses, products in the market price may be relatively high. Because, first, the small production scale is small, cant make mass production, there is a scale economy, production costs are high. Thus the products of the small business price is high. Second, the small enterprises production cost reduction potential is small, this is because small businesses unable to introduce advanced production technology and equipment, production efficiency is difficult to have larger, so its products are difficult to reduce the production cost. Even to the introduction of advanced production technology and equipment, also cannot achieve scale production, then its not only cant drop in production costs will rise instead. (3) perfect competition also causes waste of resources. Under the condition of perfect competition market, free access to make the efficiency higher, more suitable for consumer products need to be constantly poured into the market of enterprise, and the efficiency is low, the product has not been able to satisfy the needs of the consumer companies are constantly eliminated out of business. Under the impact of the progress and the interference from outside the small business is easy to fail in the competition, become a perfect competition market under the condition of normal and frequent phenomenon. Who defeated in the competition out of the market the enterprise, the equipment in the whole enterprise and labor in the case of could still work was forced to stop using, so, not a waste of valuable material resources and labor resources. (4) perfect competition in the market of complete knowledge assumption is not realistic. In general, both producers and consumers, can only have in