托福题型及测试要点.ppt

托福题型及测试要点,Test of English as a Foreign Language,Educational Testing Service (ETS),美国教育考试服务中心（Educational Testing Service，简称ETS）成立于1947年，是目前世界上最大的私营非营利教育考试评估机构，也是教育研究领域的领导者。该组织致力于为180多个国家的个人、教育机构和政府部门提供服务，并在全球范围内开展、管理着每年1200多万人次的考试，其中包括我们所熟悉的TOEFL 、GRE 、GMAT考试等。 ETS的对应产品：SAT SAT（Scholastic Assessment Test），与GRE一样是由ETS（即美国教育考试服务处）主持的考试，是绝大多数美国大学录取本国高中生学术水平的评判标准，相当于美国的高考，也是世界各国高中生申请进入美国名校学习能否被录取及能否得到奖学金的重要参考。在美国，ETS最出名的是美国大学入学考试，像SAT（本科），GRE和GMAT。 ,Graduate Record Exam (GRE),1. GRE考试是研究生的入学考试，它适用于除了法律（需参加LSAT考试）与商业（需参加GMAT考）以外的各种学科与专业的研究生考试。 2. GRE考试分为两种，一种是普通GRE考试（GRE General），也就是大部分中国学生参加的GRE考试。另一种是专项GRE考试(GRE Subject)。参加GRE专项考试的中国考生并非很多，因为大多数美国院校不要求提供专项GRE成绩，只要求普通GRE成绩。 3. GRE考试分两种：其一是一般能力或称倾向性测验（General test或Aptitude Test），其二是专业测验或称高级测验（Subject Test 或Advanced Test）。一般能力测验是测验考生的基本英语能力以及对英文方面知识所涉及的广度和深度，其中数学部分（Quantitative）是测验考生基本数学的潜在能力和对数理方面问题的理解与判断；分析逻辑（Ana1ytica1 and Logical Diagram）是测验考生对问题的分析或逻辑推理等方面的能力。,Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT),1. GMAT是研究生管理科学入学考试的简称。美国、英国、澳大利亚等国家的高校都采用GMAT考试的成绩来评估申请入学者是否适合于在商业、经济和管理等专业的研究生阶段学习，以决定是否; 2. GMAT考试不仅考查申请人的语言能力和数学能力，还要测试其头脑反应、逻辑思维和解决实际问题的能力。一般来说，GMAT考试可以比较真实地反映应试者的英语水平，因而受到越来越多的专业和学校的重视和好评。目前，全世界的近千所大学采用GMAT考试; 3. 考试包括语文（Verbal）、数学（Quantitative）和分析性写作（Analytical Writing Questions）三部分试题。,Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL),1. TOEFL是由美国教育考试服务处（Educational Testing Service）举办的，为申请去美国或加拿大等国家上大学或入研究生院学习的非英语国家的学生提供的英语水平考试。 2. 至今为止，美国和加拿大共有2300多所院校规定，凡是外国学生申请到该校入学学习的，必须提供TOEFL，GRE，GMAT或TSE的某一项或两项标准化考试证明，只有达到学校所要求成绩的报考者，才能取得入学和申请奖学金的资格。 3. 除了美国、加拿大等大部分国家的高等院校外，欧洲（如英国）、大洋洲（如澳大利亚、新西兰）以及东南亚一些国家和地区也都已承认TOEFL考试成绩。近几年来，国内的联合国驻华机构和外企及合资企业在招聘录用职员时，或国际基金组织在测试职员的英语水平时，也都采用TOEFL考试成绩。,考试结构,1. 托福考试分读、听、说、写四个部分, 对学生的阅读、听力、口语、写作四项英语语言能力进行综合测试。 2. IBT采用的语言内容和语言场景来自北美大学校园中的诸多学习场景，语言真实，主题涉及教育、人文、商业、工程技术、自然科学和社会研究等六大类。,1. 阅读: IBT考试阅读部分约为60到100分钟，包括3到5篇文章，每篇大约700个单词，每篇对应12至14道试题。增加了图表题、篇章总结题等。考生在考试过程中可使用复查功能。 2. 听力: 包含两个对话(conversation)和四段课堂讲解(lecture)。每个对话涉及2个或2个以上的说话者，每个对话对应5道试题； 每段演讲对应6道试题。听力部分共包括34道试题。听力部分的时间大约是50分钟。每个对话是23分钟，每段演讲是46分钟。考生可以在听录音的过程 中做笔记帮助答题。,3. 口语: 总时间约为20分钟。共有6题，其中两道为独立回答题。 另外两道要求考生先阅读一段文字然后再听一段与其内容相关的听力材料，最后考生按照要求回答相关问题。阅读材料是70-100单词的自然段，共45秒钟的阅读时间。听力材料可能是对话，也可能是演讲，其长度大约为1分半钟，150-180 个单词。 第5题和第6题以考试中的听力材料为基础，要求考生回答相关问题。考生可以在听录音的过程中做笔记来帮助答题。 每个回答的得分是04分。考查综 合语言技能的题目的评分以回答的质量、完整性和准确性为依据。,Speaking,Speaking: Key points for Q3,The man is thinking of registering for an online course. The advisors opinion about online course is that they are not right for all students. One reason she gives is that online courses require students to be self-motivated and able to learn on their own, mainly by reading. Another reason is that online courses have a fairly dropout rate. Another reason is that some students prefer going to class and interacting face-to-face with the professor and other students.,Speaking: Key points for Q4,Corporations are similar to any other culture because they have values, norms, rituals, symbols and texts. Corporate culture gives meaning to the daily activities of the company. Corporations have norms that regulate behavior, maintain order, and establish conventions such as clothing style and business hours. Well-established companies have traditional corporate cultures. Many new technology firms have very informal cultures with no fixed traditions to follow.,Speaking: Key points for Q5,The mans problem is that he is concerned about his grade for his geology course, but he does not have enough time to study because he has to work more hours at his job, The woman suggests that he get a tutor. The women suggests that he quit his job or look for a different job. The woman suggest that he drop the geology course and take it again next quarter.,Speaking: Key points for Q6,Ocean water is clear when there are no particles suspended in it, so light is able to pass though. Some water is green because of a mixture of blue light from scattered sunlight and yellow pigment from phytoplankton, the floating plant life. Some water is brown or brownish-red because of the presence of large quantities of brown algae, which contain brown pigments. Some water is blue because of the scattering sunlight by tiny particles in the water; blue light is distributed easily because it has a short wavelength.,4. 写作: 包括两道试题，需在大约50分钟的时间内完成。 1. 综合性写作：考生首先需要阅读一篇学术演讲，然后需要听一段大约为2分钟的课堂讲解。考生在听录音的过程中可以做笔记来帮助答题。考生有20分钟的时间来总结听力材料中的要点，并解释这些要点与阅读材料中的要点有何不同。 2. 独立性写作：独立写作试题部分需30分钟的时间，需要 考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对某一问题的某种看法。 每个写作任务的分数是05分。考查综合语言技能的作文题目的评分以回答的质量、完整性和准确性为依据。,综合性写作的标准和说明 (150-225),A response at 5 Score Level A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well-organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.,综合性写作基本方法,基本结构 Paragraph 1: 听力材料的主旨 阅读材料的主旨 两种材料的关系 Paragraph 2: 听力材料第一支持性细节/例证，以及其与阅读材料相关细节/例证之间的逻辑关系 听力材料第二支持性细节/例证，以及其与阅读材料相关细节/例证之间的逻辑关系 Paragraph 3: 补充并总结全文 (optional),综合性写作语言模板,第一段： In this set of materials, the listening passage discusses _(听力材料的主旨), which gives further details of _ (听力材料主旨的展开) and supports (用于支持型材料) / opposites (用于反驳型材料) the reading passage that _ (阅读材料的观点总结).,第二段 First, the listening passage tells us _ (第一个支撑细节，并说明其与阅读材料的关系). Second, it also illustrates that _ (第二个支撑细节，并说明其与阅读材料的关系). As a result, _. (得出的结论) 第三段 In addition, _. (补充细节或结论) Consequently, _. (全文总结),Sample: Reading material,Wilson College is a small private institution of higher education. One of its former students donated an enormous bequest to his mother school, and he lodged a stipulation only that his incredible bequest must be utilized to make his mother school an even more pleasant place to study in. to meet his demand, college administrators and faculty structured a committee to find out how to spend the bequest.,Soon, the first committee meeting was held. On the meeting, the member of the committee rapidly divided into two factions. A delegate of the administration represented the one faction, while the head of the faculty led the other faction. After significant wrangling, they made a decision that one week later the committee meeting would be convoked again to present their own plan for dealing with the bequest. During this week, they could prepare reference to support their plan.,The committee congregated as scheduled. The administrators faction was the first to state their plan for using the bequest. In the statement, they assumed that there were numerous worthy uses for the money. Their proposal could be drawn into three points. First, they maintained that an innovative classroom building should be built to make the campus larger for all the classes. If the campus had adequate space, it could meet the demands of the extra students. Whats more, it could bring about additional tuitions. In addition to the new classroom building, the administrators also wished to consume part of the bequest on a new gymnasium they had which is more than 70 years old. Finally, they intended to raise their salary by the remaining in the bequest, citing the fact that their pay was 10% below the national average.,Professor: The administrators first point that adds a new classroom building was supported by the faculty, because they extremely recognized that the college truthfully needed more classroom space for teaching. However, the faculty powerfully objected more students could be admitted to the college by using the new classroom space. They held that the existing overcrowded classes should be decreased, and desired to utilize the additional classroom space to attain their goal. What they worried was the present high class size would preserve if additional students were admitted after a new classroom building was constructed.,Listening material,As to the administrators second point, the faculty also recognized that the 70-year-old gymnasium was a crisis, but they still didnt wholly agree with the administrators opinion. They believed that renovating the current gymnasium instead of building an utterly new gym was a better way to spend the bequest. Tearing it down was awfully a waste.,What really enraged the faculty was the administrators third point that the administrators wished to spend part of the bequest on pay rises for themselves. This proposal dreadfully shocked the faculty. Indeed, the administrative salaries at the school were 10% below the average standard. However, the faculties were also paid low salaries which were below the national salaries. They powerfully believed that any additional money in the bequest should be spent on scholarships for students, after adding a new classroom building and renovating the old gymnasium.,Listening material,Listen to the passage. On a piece of paper, take notes on the main points of the listening passage. Question: How is the information in the listening passage related to the ideas in the reading passage?,Sample answer,In this set of materials, both passages discuss a problem that Wilson College has been donated a large sum of money by a former student and a committee is established to compromise administrators and facultys disagreement on how the money should be used. In the listening material, the faculty comes up with their own suggestions, though three ways as well, they disagree in a great number of details.,First of all, what both the faculty and the administration suggest is that a new classroom building is badly needed. However, they disagree on how the building should be used. The administrators want a new building so that it can bring them a great deal of extra students, but the faculty wants the new classrooms aiming at that class sizes can be reduced.,In addition, both the faculty and administrators agree that the gymnasium is too old, but they do not agree on how to deal with the problem. The administrators want to tear down the old gymnasium and rebuild an entirely new one while the faculty want to renew the old one.,Finally, the faculty and the administrators have a big divergence over the third way to spend the money. The administrators want to use some of the money to raise their pays, but the faculty holds the opinion that this idea is really terrible. The faculty wants to use this part of the money for student scholarships.,Writing: Key points for Q1,The reasons for traveling have changed. In the past, people traveled for political or economic purposes; in modern times, people travel for personal enrichment and adventure. This is similar to the point in the reading that the earliest tourists traveled in search of resources, while later tourists traveled for cultural, educational, and scientific purposes. Hemingway illustrates the conquest ideal in tourism and was very influential. This is similar to the point in the reading that Hemingway exposed people to the possibilities of journeying to faraway lands for adventure.,Ethnic tourism is a new kind of cultural tourism in which tourists learn about aboriginal cultures. This is similar to the point in the reading that young Europeans took “grand tour” to expand their cultural horizons; it also differs because the European example occurred in the 17th century rather than the present. Environmental tourism is traveling to wilderness areas to observe, photograph, and learn about the nature. This is similar to the point in the reading that people traveled to observe and preserve he natural world; it also differs from the point in the reading that people traveled to hunt.,独立性写作的标准和说明 (250),A response at 5 Score Level # effectively address the task by clearly starting an opinion; # well-organized and -developed with appropriate examples, reasons, or details; # use language effectively, with sentence variety and appropriate word choice and only occasional minor language errors.,Writing,指点迷津,1. 模考题要选机考界面的 2. 突击听力成涨分关键 3. 词汇大回锅做个总复习 托福考试要求考生词汇量要大，这完全是为了阅读服务。因为阅读中有近13的题目都是考的词汇题，每篇文章都会有4道题考查词汇同义词、近义词，比重相当大，考生如果词汇量大，比较吃香。 窍门：词汇的重要性毋庸置疑了，而海量的词汇要表现出来，打字又是个关键。要练好打字，又快又准确，拼写一定不能马虎。,独立性写作举例 1,Situation: People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge, etc.). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Why Do We Attend College?,After the completion of the education in the high school, we join in a college. We enter an environment which looks completely new for us. We have to face new lecturers, new classmates and to make new friends. As far as I am concerned, its compulsory for every one of us to attend a college. The reasons are as follows. Knowledge is divine. We attend college to improve our knowledge and skills. Without knowledge we cant survive in this world. The knowledge gained through hard work will definitely benefit us in the future.,The second reason for us to attend college is, to pursue a degree. With the degree we may continue our further studies or apply for a job. This will become our prerogative. It depends upon our ambition and goal. We can socialize our life by attending a college. The rules and regulations laid down by a college help us to lead our life in a disciplined manner. Also, in a college we meet different kinds of people with different attitudes and ways of thinking. We can learn a lot from them. By communicating with them we can exchange our ideas and views, which help us (to) improve our knowledge. Also, we can get rid of the problem of stage fear by participating in the seminars and group discussions.,The exams in a college are very much useful to us. Exams are conducted in order to test our ability in a particular subject. No one should be absent from the exams. We should not lose heart when we fail in an exam. We have to know the reasons for our failure and take further preventive steps and try to do well in the next exam. By preparing for the exams we are able to judge our strength as well as our weakness. Strict1y speaking, exams make us learn. In conclusion, college days are the best days in a persons life. We wont have the freedom in a job or work as we have in college. So, in order to be successful in life we have to efficiently use the time and freedom in our college.,独立性写作举例 2,Situation: Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.,Some people may believe that going to classes should be optional, but I disagree. I dont understand how university students can expect to learn anything if they dont attend classes. Personal experience can help people learn about themselves and the world outside the classroom, but when it comes to learn about academic subjects, students need to be in class. In class, students receive the benefit of the teachers knowledge. The best teachers do more than just go over the materials in the class textbook. They draw their students into discussion of the material. They present opposing points of view. They schedule guest speakers to come and give the students additional information.,In addition, attending classes on any subject teaches more than just facts. It teaches students how to learn, how to absorb information and then apply what they have learned to other situations. Their teacher is the best one to help them with these skills. Going to class also teaches st