(学生用)2014届高考英语专题讲练测讲义集.doc

名词的种类：1、专有名词：1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the Peoples Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）2、普通名词：1）不可数名词不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。注意：如：have a wonderful time.不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows | | | |各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper.2）可数名词：可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词： The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.名词的复数形式：a）规则变化加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）b）不规则变化child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen), phenomenon(phenomena)c)注意：单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）。如，a sheep, two sheepd）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.f）形单实复：people (人民，人们），the police, cattle等g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如：My family is a big one.My family are music lovers.h）复合名词变复数时，a） 只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。b）如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servantmen servants, a woman doctorwomen doctors冠词冠词是一种虚词，无词义，也没有数和格的变化，不能独立使用，常常放在名词前，帮助说明这个名词的意义。复习冠词须把握好以下三个原则：其一：单数可数名词用不定冠词a/an表示泛指；其二：复数可数名词及不可数名词表示泛指时，其前不加冠词；其三： 无论可数名词还是不可数名词，表示特指其前都要加定冠词the。考点1 不定冠词的用法（a ,an）1指人或事物的某一类，这是不定冠词的基本用法A car runs faster than a truck小汽车比卡车跑得快。2表示数量“一个”，但一般不能与one互换Rome was not built in a day罗马不是一天建起来的。3指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物A Mr Li is waiting for you outside一位李先生在外面等你。(不知道那位李先生是谁)4用于表示次数、速度、价格等意义的名词前，表示“每一”He goes home to see his parents once a month他每月回家一次去看父母。He can galn five yuan an hour in the shop他在这家商店每小时挣五元钱。5表示三餐的名词前有形容词修饰时，用不定冠词I only want a small supper because of cold由于感冒晚饭我只想吃一点东西。People usually have quite a good dinner on festivals人们在过节时通常会吃一顿相当丰盛的大餐。6有时在序数词前加不定冠词，表示“再又”She invited him to come to the party a second time她再次邀请他来参加聚会。Then a third boy came to join US接着又一个孩子加人了我们。7有些物质名词以及抽象名词具体化时，可用不定冠词a paper一份报纸；a tea一杯茶；a beauty一个美人；a surprise一件意想不到的事；a pity一件遗憾的事；an honor一个(件)光荣的人(事)8不定冠词还可以用于“a most+adj+n”结构，注意在此结构中没有表示可比较的范围状语，“most”相当于“very”Xiamen is a most beautiful coastal city and I11 come for a second time厦门是个非常美丽的海滨城市，我还要再来一次。9不定冠词还可以用于“a+比较级+名词”结构，与否定词连用时，表示“从来没有比这更”，具有最高级含义I have never spent a more worrying day我从未有过比这更烦人的一天。10用于 短语搭配中(1)“have/take+a(n)+与动词同形的名词”，表示动作的一次。如：have/take a rest休息一会儿have/take a look看一下have/take a bath洗个澡(2)“go out for a(n)+名词”，表示从事某项活动。如：go out for a picnic去野餐(3)用于习惯搭配中。如：come to an end结束；drop sb a line给某人写信；at a disadvantage处于不利地位；in a way从一方面说；in a word总之；in a sense就某种意义来说；with a view to为了，鉴于.1.(2010高考英语江苏卷）The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_ people from all walks of life are working hard for_ new Jiangsu.A.不填; a B. 不填;the C. the; a D. the; the考点2：定冠词的用法(the)1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物，这是定冠词的基本用法The books on the desk were published last month桌子上的那些书是上个月出版的。The factory I mentioned has installed a new assembly line我提到的那家工厂已经安装了一条新的装配线。We were all lost in the beauty of nature我们都被大自然的美所陶醉。2再次提到前面已出现的人或事物，表示特指He told us a story，but 1 was not interested in the story他给我们讲了一个故事，但我对这个故事不感兴趣。3指谈话双方都知道的人或事物 。We went to the station to see the manager off我们去车站为经理送行。4用在某些可数名词单数前，用来指事物的整体(总称)以将其与其他事物区别开来The telephone was invented by Bell电话是贝尔发明的。The elephant is much stronger than the horse象比马强壮得多。5用在表示某国人的名词前the Chinese中国人；the French法国人；the English英国人；the Spanish西班牙人；the Japanese日本人。6某些形容词或分词前加定冠词the表示一类人(表示复数)the homeless无家可归的人；the rich富人；the poor穷人；the blind盲人；the old老年人；the young年轻人；the strong强者；the weak弱者；the sick病人；the wounded伤者。7在序数词前要加定冠词the(有时在序数词前加不定冠词，表示“再”“又”)She lives on the twelfth floor她住在十二楼。8在形容词最高级及形容词only(唯一的)，very(正是那个)，sanle(同样的)等前加定冠词theThis is the most interesting film I have ever seen这是我看过的最有趣的电影。He must be the only student who has ever been to the city in our class他一定是我们班唯一去过那座城市的学生。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for那正是我要找的东西。9在表示一些独一无二的东西的名词前要用定冠词thethe earth地球；the moon月亮；the sun太阳；the sky天空；the universe宇宙；the world世界；the air空中；the ground地面。It is the east，and Juhet is the sun那是东方，而朱丽叶就是太阳。10用于时间、重量等单位名词之前，表示每一个单位The boat is hired by the hour小船按小时出租。nere are two or three apples to the pound每磅有两三个苹果。11在表示方位、方向的名词前用定冠词thein the east/south/west/north在东/南/西/北方；on the right/left在右/左边。12在表江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠、海峡、海湾等专有名词前，要用定冠词thethe Yellow River黄河；the Rhine莱茵河；the Pacific太平洋；the Red Sea红海；the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉；the British Isles不列颠群岛；the Taiwan Strait台湾海峡；the Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠。13用在逢“十”的数词前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1980s/1980s在20世纪80年代。14乐器名称前用定冠词theShe plays the piano best in her class她钢琴在班上弹得最好。15在姓氏的复数形式前加定冠词the表示“一家”the Browns布朗一家；the Lis姓李的一家。16用在“动词+sb+介词+the+表身体部位的名词”这一固定结构中hit sb in the face打某人的脸；take sb by the arm/hand抓住某人的胳膊/手；pat sb on the shoulder拍某人的肩；hit sb on the head打某人的头。特别提示在该结构中，不能用物主代词替代定冠词，常用于该结构的动词有pat，strike，beat，hit，catch，put，take等。17在短语搭配中in the end最后；come to the point谈到正题；on the contrary相反；in the morning在早晨；in the distance在远处；in the water在水中；on：the subject of关于的主题；on the air在广播。2.（2010高考英语辽宁卷）There are over 58, 000 rocky objects in _ space, about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth.Athe; the B. 不填; the Cthe; 不填 Da; the考点3 不用冠词的情况 (月，季，星期，节假，洲，称呼，头衔，职务 前。三餐，球类，惯用语，学科棋类名词前。)1可数名词复数表示泛指时，以及抽象名词和物质名词表示一Where theres smoke，theres fire谚无风不起浪。Many hands make light work谚人多好做事。2三餐、球类运动、娱乐名称、节日、星期、月份和日期前一般不用冠词，表季节的名词前用不用the意思没有区别play football/basketball/volleyball踢足球/打篮影打排球；play chess/cards下棋/打牌；New Years Day元旦(“the Spring Festival春节”例外)。He had nothing for breakfast this morning他今天早上没有吃早饭。特别提示有时在星期、月份和日期前加不定冠词，表示泛指。如：on a Monday在一个礼拜一；a very wet April一个雨水很多的四月。3在学科、语言、称呼语、大部分疾病名称或表头衔的名词前，不用冠词I think physics is more interesting than maths我认为物理比数学有趣。Whats the matter，Granny?奶奶，出什么事了吗?Cancer is a terrible disease癌症是一种可怕的疾病。4在turn(作“变成”解)后作表语的名词前，不用冠词 He has turned doctor他已是名医生了。5在as，though引导的倒装分句中，名词前不用冠词Child as/though Tom is，you cant fool him虽然汤姆是个孩子，但你不能欺骗他。6在专有名词(洲名、人名、城市名、街道名、港口名、航空站名、火车站名、公园名、机关名及院校名)之前，一般不用冠词Asia亚洲；Mary玛丽；Shanghai上海；Wau Street华尔街；Pearl Harbor珍珠港；Beihai Park北海公园；Beijing University北京大学。7在一些固定短语中，名词前不用冠词at night在夜里；at home在家；day after day 日复一日；bytelephone打电话；in danger在危险中；on purpose故意地。3. some people fear that air pollution may bring about changes in around the worldA/；the Bthe；/ Can；the Dthe；a 考点4 有无冠词，意义不同by day在白天 by the day按天计算in case of以防 in the case of就来说in charge of负责，管理 in the charge of由负责in office执政 in the office在办公室in sight(of)看见 in the sight(of)在看来go to sea去当水手 go to the sea到海边去out of question毫无疑问 out of the question不可能take advice征求意见take the advice听从劝告be of age成年 be of all age同龄go to church去做礼拜 go to the church去教堂in prison坐牢 in the prison在监狱特别提示当地点名词表示地点时，其前用定冠词；表示在这一地点所发生的活动时，其前不加冠词。如：He went to the bed and fetched me a magazine before he went to bed,他睡觉前到床边给我拿了本杂志。4.George couldnt remember when he first met MrAnderson，but Lhe was sure it was Sunday because everybody was at churchA/；the Bthe；/ Ca；/ D/；a。【易错点睛】易错1 名词词组以及普通名词在具体语境中的运用1. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within of little children.A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance2.The face of four famous American presidents on Mount Rushmore can be seen from a of 60 miles.A. length B. distance C. way D. spaceB3. On yesterdays interview, he didn t make a(n) at all ; what s the matter with him?A. apology B. appearance C. difference D. change易错2 冠词常见的习惯搭配用法和部分物质名词、抽象名词具体化之后的冠词用法1The most important thing about cotton in history is _ part that it played in Industrial Revolution.A./;/ B. the;/ C. the;