动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种.doc

不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，在句中不能单独做谓语，没有人称和数的变化。不定式具有名词、形容词、副词功能，可以充当除谓语以外的各种成分。同时也保留动词的特征，有时式和语态变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，同它们构成不定式短语。其基本形式是：“to动词原形”，有时也可以不带to。一不定式的时态和语态时式主动语态被动语态 一般式to doto be done 进行式to be doingto have been done 完成式to have done完成进行式to have been doing二不定式的时态用法时态 例句一般式其动作与谓语动词同时发生I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。其动作发生在谓语动词之后I hope to see you again. 我希望再次见到你。进行式其动作与谓语动词同时发生并正在进行He seems to be recovering.他正在复原。完成式其动作发生在谓语动词之前Im sorry to have kept you waiting.我很抱歉让你久等了。表示过去未完成的动作。We planed to have finished the work yesterday.我们本计划昨天完成工作。完成进行式表示过去一直进行的动作。She is said to have been working on this problem for many years据说许多年来她一直在研究这个问题。三不定式的主动语态与被动语态1当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作执行者时，用主动语态We use machines to help us to do most of our work. 我们使用机器帮助我们做大多数的工作。2不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时, 用被动语态I dislike to be flattered. 我不喜欢被人奉承。3若无逻辑主语出现，只要意思是被动的，此不定式仍用被动语态It is a great honor to be awarded Nobel Prize. 很荣幸被授予诺贝尔奖。4在某些结构中，主动形式表示被动意义English is difficult to be learned. 学英语困难。I have a few words to say. 我有一些话要说。5在there be结构中，两种语态表达不同的含义There was nothing to see. 没什么值得看的。There was nothing to be seen. 什么也没看见。6在口语中常可用主动语态代替被动语态There was not a single one to find. 一个人也找不到。7下列句子中的不定式用主动语态表示被动含义This house is to let. 此房出租。You are to blame for this. 这事要怪你。A lot remains to do. 有很多事要做。 四不定式及其短语在句中的作用 用法例句 作主语To help them is our duty.帮助他们是我们的职责。 To play in the streets is dangerous在街道上玩是危险的。作主语，用it做形式主语Its not easy to please everybody让人人都称心是不容易的。作宾语He wants to be a good teacher.他要当一位好教师 They hope to clear the matter up quickly他们希望很快就能把事情弄个水落石出 作宾语，用it做形式宾语We think it right to do so. 我们认为这样做是对的。作定语We have a lot of books to read.我们有许多书要读。 作表语To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。They seemed not to know each anther. 他们看起来像互不认识似的。作状语，可以表示目的、方式、结果等He came to give us a talk yesterday 他昨天来给我们作了个报告。(表目的) The question is difficulty to answer此问题难于回答。(表方式) A man is never too old to learn！学无止境。（表结果） 作宾语补足语please tell her to turn down the radio.请告诉她关掉收音机。He made me do it again.他使我再做一次。作主语补足语Students of the college are expected to live in. 这个学校的大学生按规定应该住校。作同位语Our goal, to train more qualified workers is worthy of praise. 我们的目标是培养更多的合格的工人，这是值得称道的。作插入语To begin with, Id like to introduce myself.首先，我想介绍我自己。 五It作形式主语的不定式结构不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以先行词it作形式主语，而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。 句型 例 句常 用 词1It is +adj.+ to v. It is dangerous to drive in such weather.在如此的天气开车是危险的。It seems impossible to finish this work within three days.不可能的在三天内完成这一个工作。difficult, easy, necessary, unusual, practicable, hard, helpful, important, impossible2It is +adj.+ for sb./sth.to v.It is difficult for me to answer the question.对我来说这个问题是困难的。It is necessary for him to make this experiment.他必需作这实验。3It is + adj. of sb. to v.It is awfully good of you to come to see me off at the station.你太好了，还来车站为我送行。It is foolish of you to say so.你这么说真愚昧。stupid, unwise, right clever, good, silly, wrong, wise, kind, foolish, nice, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite4It is +n.+ (for sb./sth.)to v. It is a mistake to ignore this problem.不理睬这一个问题是一个错误。It is a great pleasure to read this book.很高兴读这一本书。common practice, fact, mistake, idea, pleasure5It takes sb. to vIt took me several hours to do it.我花了好几个小时做这件事。6It requires/ needsto v.It requires a force to start a body moving.使物体移动需要力。7It makes sb./sth. to v. It makes me very angry to hear him talk like that. 他那样说话使我非常生气。8It is/has been + p.p. to v.It has been decided to discuss this problem this afternoon已经决定今天下午讨论这一个问题。六作宾语的不定式短语句 型例 句1S + vt.+ to v.(常要求不定式作宾语的动词有: aim, arrange, ask, offer, beg, ear, determine, expect, claim, hope, continue, demand, promise, fail, manage, want, like, wish, the, prefer, try, forget, mean, pretend, intend, begin, start, decide, learn, desire, care, choose, refuse, wait)Mary learned to swim when she was very young. 玛丽非常小的时候就开始学习游泳。 The President will attempt to reduce the inflation in the next four years.总统将会努力在今后四年降低通货膨胀率。2S + vt. + 疑问词 to v.(疑问词who/whom/whose/what/which/when/ how/ where+不定式常用作以下及物动词的宾语：advise, ask, consider, decide ,discuss, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, show, teach, tell, think)I hope you advise me what to do.我希望你告诉我该做什么。 Im learning how to repair motors.我正在学习该如何修理马达。 3S + vt. + it + 补语 + to v.(常见的谓语动词有：think, make consider, find)TV makes it possible for people to know what is happening in the world.电视可以使人们知道世界上正在发生的事情。4adj.+ to v.(常见的形容词有：able, unable, afraid, anxious, apt, careful, clever, content, considerate, cruel, determined, eager, fit, foolish, free, fortunate, unfortunate, inclined, lucky, naughty, prepare, prompt, quick, ready, reluctant, right, rude, slow, thoughtful, thoughtless, unwise, unwilling, willing, worthy, wrong) He is content to help me with my study.他乐意在学习上帮助我。We are not ready to stop this research at this time.我们还没准备好在这时停止这项研究。七作宾语补足语的不定式短语句 型例 句 1S + vt. + O + to v.(常要求带to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有: advise, ask, allow, bear, cause, compel, command, compel, direct, decide, expect, encourage, enable, entitle, force, forbid, get, hate, help, instruct, inspire, intend, invite, lead, like, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, prefer, press, persuade, remind, require, request, teach, tell, urge, wan, want. warn, wish, would like)They did not allow the ships to leave.他们不允许船离开。 You are forbidden to smoke in class 禁止课堂上抽烟。 2S + vt. + O + v. (常要求不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：（1）在感觉动词see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, listen to, look at；( 2)使役动词 let, make, have 。如果动词本身是被动语态，其复合宾语的不定式应带to。)I did not hear him say so.我没听见他这么说过。She saw him run away.她看见他逃走。He was made to look for underlying relationships between the two problems.他被迫找寻两个问题之间的潜在关系。 3S + vt. + O + to be (宾语补足语) (常要求to be +形容词/ 名词作宾语补足语的动词有: believe, think, consider，declare, hold(认为) claim, know, find, imagine, prove, feel, take, understand 。但在think, consider，find 之后，to be可省略。)We all know this to be the fact.我们都知道这是事实。They found the answer to be satisfactory.他们发现答案令人满意。八作定语的不定式短语1作定语的不定式与其所修饰的名词的关系不定式与其所修饰的名词的关系例句主谓关系At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国在任何时候都不会首先使用核武器。动宾关系I have a paper to write.我有一篇论文要写。This afternoon I have a lot of work to do.今天下午我有许多工作要做。动状关系I want to find a place to park my car.我找一个地方停我的车。不及物动词的不定式作定语应有必要的介词A good way to begin with is to ask a question。好的开始方法是提个问题。He is looking for a apartment to live in他正在找寻一套公寓居住。不定式与所修饰的名词或代词的分隔Hes got something very important to tell us他有非常重要事情点告诉我们。 2常用不定式作定语的结构常用结构例句1被only, last, next 等序数词或形容词最高级修饰语的名词He is always the last one to leave the office.他总是最后一个离开办公室。The best way to finish the work is He is the best man to do the job. 他是做个工作的最好人选。2there be + n,/pron.结构(不定式的语态不影响意义。) There is nothing for us to worry about.没有值得我们发愁的事情。There is no time to lose/ to be lost.时间紧迫不能耽误了。3have + n./ pron.结构（不定式的语态会影响意义。）I have a lot of books to read.我有许多书要看。Do you have anything to send？你有什么东西要寄吗？Do you have anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？4不定式作定语往往表示将来的行为或状态He has been invited to the meeting to be held next week. 已经邀请他参加下个星期举行会议。 The factory to be started may pollute the river.要建的那家工厂可能会污染河流。5某些带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词常用不定式作定语：attempt, arrangement, claim, wish tendency, decision, determination, failure, hope, promise, resolution, need, threatHe succeeded in his attempt to travel around the world.他成功地尝试了周游全世界。 Who made the decision to go there? 谁决定去那里的?6某些带不定式作修饰语的形容词，其同源名词常用不定式作定语：ability, ambition, anxiety, eagerness, inclination, patience, reluctanceHe has the ability to think and write clearly.他思维清晰，写作条理分明。She has no inclination to be a doctor.她不想当医生。九作状语的不定式短语用法结 构 例 句表示目的to v.,in order tov.,so as toHe went to there to get the first-hand information. 为了得到第一手的数据他去那里。In order to study the great panda he has worked there for three years. 为了研究大熊猫他已经在那里工作达三年之久。I turn of the TV so as not to disturb him.我关了电视以免扰乱他。表示结果enough to v., so as to v., such as to, only to v.,tooto v. He is old enough to look after himself.他够大了，能照料他自己了。He was so glad as not to be able to speak.他是高兴得说不出话来。 His love for her was such as to write to her every day.他对她如此的爱，以至于每天给她写信。We dashed to the station only to find the train had gone.我们冲到车站，不料竟发现火车已经开走。He is too old to work.他太老而无法工作。表示原因vi. +to v.I trembled to think of the scene.想到事发现场，我不寒而栗。 Mary is proud to win the prize玛丽因得奖而很骄傲。be + adj. + to v.He is disappointed to fail in the exam. 他因考试不及格而很失望。Im sorry to hear that he is seriously ill.我们听说他病重很难过。作形容词的状语 + adj. + to v.We found the problem easy to solve.我们发现这个问题容易解决。We dont think him difficult to work with?我们认为他不难合作。注：1.tooto v结构并不总是“太而不能”的意思, only too + adj./adv.是 “非常”(very)的意思, 例如： Im only too tired to stay at home. 我太累了，想呆在家里。 Im only too glad to see you. 见你到我太高兴了。 2.在 be + adj. + to v. 的结构中，常见的形容词有：angry , disappointed, pleased, sorry, ashamed, pained, shocked, surprised, grieved, frightened, glad, happy, delighted, proud等。3. 在 adj. + to v. 的结构中, 常见的形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, worthy, fit, unfit, inadequate, adequate等。十作主语补足语的不定式短语不定式作主语补足语主要有三种句型：一类是以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等加不定构成谓语；另一类是以be sure, be likely, be unlikely, certain, be destined, 等加不定构成谓语. 此外，若动词要求带to的不定式作宾语补足语，当该动词是。句型 例句sb./sth.+ be said/ known / reported + to v.He is said to have taught English for 30 years.据说/听说他教英语已经达30年之久。sb./sth.+be sure/ likely/ unlikely/ certain/estined+ to v.The price is likely to go up.价格可能上升。You are sure to win the game.你一定会赢得这场比赛。sb./sth.+ appear/seem/ prove toThe gas proved to be helium. 这气体证明是氮。As it happened, my advice proved to be wrong.就已发生的情况来看, 我的劝告是错误的。 S + be + v-ed + to v.The students are always encouraged to put forward their views in class.在课堂上总是鼓励学生提出他们的见解。He is considered to be a top student. 人们认为他是尖子生。被动语态的主语补足语The answer was found to be satisfactory.看来这个答案令人满意。十一不定式否定式 结 构 例句not + to v.I persuade him not to smoke我劝他不要吸烟 I have decided not to tell her the sad news.我已经决定不要告诉她令人悲伤的消息。never + to v. He swears never to tell a lie.他发誓永不说谎言。We wish never to forget this lesson.我们希望永不忘记这个教训。十二不定式的逻辑主语 不定式的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语，但是也可能以for，of 或者 to 引出的主语。 在it is adj. for sb. to v句型中，其形容词表示事物的特征；