初高中衔接之音标复习.ppt

International Phonetic Symbols 国际音标 aieii i u auu i: i u:u : : : e l r h w j m n dzts trdr bp dt gk vf z s 20元音32320辅辅音 国际际音标标教学法图图示 Practice I /i:/ e ea ee ei i ie eo ey a eat key grief breeze feature immediate convenient a team leader the Chinese people a real secret a piece of lean meat Jean is as busy as a bee? A friend in need is a friend indeed. Seeing is believing. Practice I /i/ i y e a u ey ay ie ai it, pig, sink pretty delay remain begin coffee explain Sunday a big clinic a bit chilly sixty women A little learning is a dangerous thing. His six-year old sister is as fit as a fiddle. Why is Sister Lily sitting there knitting in silence? Practice I /Z/ /e/ a e ea eo ei ie debt friend heaven metal section attend connect wet with sweat the next sentence terrible weather press the bell fresh and energetic All is well that ends well. East or west, home is the best. Good, better, best, / Never let it rest; / Till good is better, / And better best. Practice I and bag catch happen thank fancy absent anxious avenue salary practical A happy family hand in hand caps and hats What daddy said made me sad. A rat is running along a narrow track. Dont let the cat out of the bag. Practice II /a:/ a ar au al ear er fast glance market demand remark heart clerk a large parcel a basket of bananas master of arts after the bath Farmer Barnes is a hard man for a bargain, but he isnt hard-hearted. Far from eye, far from heart. Practice II o a ou ow watch block honour college knowledge swallow occupy policy cough wash quality and quantity cotton socks borrow a clock a pocket watch The coffee is top quality. When the shop was robbed, everbody was shocked. Lost time is never found again. PracticeII /:/ /r/ ar oar oor ore our al au aw oa ou ough all awe always oar author board force daughter portrait forward quarter All in all more and more a short story Pauls four and can walk and talk. The storm is drawing near lets go indoors Pride goes before a fall. PracticeII /u/ / o oo ou (oo常在t,d,k前读 /u/ ） classroom look good food woman wood could pudding understood should full butcher bullet woolen Push and pull good books by hook or by crook So I took a broom and left the room. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? Hed chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck wood. PracticeII /u:/ o oo ou u ue oe ui ew youth fruit pupil blue flew shoe do too grew chew bamboo canoe glue tomb improve A blue balloon, an afternoon in June Dont lose the opportunity. The news is too good to be true. The rule is useful once in a blue moon. Practice III /Q/ u o oo ou up under young rough enough flood stomach does tough cousin just for fun lucky in love much honey a funny couple blood for blood Well begun is half done Practice III : ear er ir or ur earn early earth earnest urban earning earthly work hurt bird world person dirty purse term her sir stir refer prefer incur occur fur were church the German expert a nervous nurse perfect service First come, first served. Its the early bird that catches the worm. Practice III a o u e ea io er or ar abroad approve attack advance soldier labour together distance ocean seldom doctor sugar Bread and butter salt and pepper again and again The teacher will get together tomorrow. Do you prefer the cinema or the theater? Attention! 发以上12个单元音时要注意以下几点： (a)发音之前要按照发音方法和位置的要求先将口型和发音 器官的位置摆好，然后再发音，不可边发音、边摆口型 ； (b)发音过程中, 口型及各发音器官的位置一定不要改变； (c) 发 / i: /, / i /, / e /, / / 4个前元音时, 唇 的扁平度依次缩小, 牙床的开合度依次加大；发 / i: / 音时前舌抬得最高, 发/ / 音时, 前舌最低； (d) 发 / /, / :/, / u /, / u:/ 4 个圆唇音时, 唇 形依次缩小； (e) 带“:”与不带“:”的同一符号的音素之间绝不单纯是 音的长短不同的关系，而是两个不同的音素。 双元音是作为一个音节、用一次呼气发出来 的两个元音的连缀。这个连缀是以滑流音的 形式读出来的，即舌从第一个元音的位置向 第二个元音方向以最直接的途径滑过去而成 为一个音。双元音既然是滑流音，自然与一 般元音连缀不同，如：( a-i ) “阿姨”； ( a-u ) “阿五”。双元音的两个成分中只 有第一个读得比较重、长和清晰，第二个则 要读得比较轻、短和含糊。 Diphthongs PracticeIV /ei/ a a+e ai ay ea ei age ate aim eighty ail ache aid April weight main break steak great save say today gray weigh pay day make way May Day great changes No pains, no gains. Haste makes waste. The great Greek grape growers grow great Greek grapes Practice IV /u/ o o+e ow oa uo oe ough old own open over ocean odor wrote quote loaf moan polar float phone bold motion moment hotel toe row flow echo sow dough bow tomato window gold to hold ones breath a cold drink No smoking! The old man lives alone but he doesnt feel lonely. A rolling stone gathers no moss(滚石不生苔 ） Practice IV /ai/ i i+e y ei igh ie uy idle wine icon ice mighty island spy tie buy try high dry cry iron tire highlight describe sky supply Out of sight, out of mind. Strike while the iron is hot. Great minds think alike. Time and tide wait for no man. PracticeIV /au/ ou ow doubt amount account tower crown downtown cow around mouse look outside read aloud how about go to the south fall on the ground Open your mouth and round your lips She found out how to pronounce the sound. Practice IV i oi oy soil boil coin join toilet poison voyage choice Joyce spoil loyal royal joy toy enjoy annoy coy employ A noise annoys an oyster, but a noisy noise annoys an oyster more Spare the rod, spoil the child. b. 集中双元音 ( Rising diphthongs ) / i /，/ /，/ u / 集中双元音的特点是：发音时口 也是从开到合（ 但发/ i / 时, 口从 合到开)。与合口双元音最大的不同 点是：虽然也是从开到合, 但最后不 能滑动成为一个音, 而只是从前面的 元音向后面的元音集中。 Practice V / i / ea eir ear eer ere eu io iou ear earring realize weird curious experience museum idiot clearly here hear mere pier beer clear appear carrier Cheerful tears from ear to ear a mysterious idea. I fear I cant hear him clearly You are serious but sincere, my dear. PracticeV / / a air ar ae are ear ere air aeroplane area fair wary rarely parent chairman careful vary care fare where share compare pair chair square prepare rare bear tear a hole wear a new dress share a pear John likes to wear his hair long. Where there is will, there is a way PracticeV / u / u oor our ue ure ewe poor tour mature endure a sure cure fuel duel tourist jewel Europe curious Surely the poor patient will be cured The jury were sure the poor man was innocent of stealing the jewels. Contrast practice ship-sheep list-least live-leave pitch-peach slip-sleep chick-cheek pet-pit fell-fill when-win hell-hill bad-bed gas-guess sad-said land-lend edge- age fell- fail wet- wait let-late truck-track mud-mad bun-ban lock-luck gone-gun fund-fond cart-cut heart-hut calm-come march-much chose-choose blow-blew soap-soup fair-fire-fear hare-hire-here/hear wear-wire-wier Consonants 辅音的特点： 辅音是气流从肺中压出后受唇、齿、舌、咽 喉等发音器官阻碍的结果。辅音有清浊之分, 发 音时声带震动的是浊音，不震动的是清音。 辅音的分类： 清辅音: / p /, / t /, / k /, / f /, /, / s /, / 浊辅音: / b /, / d /, / g /, / v /, / /, / z /, / / 鼻音: / m / , / n /, / / 似拼音: / r /, / h /, / l / 半元音: / w / ; / j / Plosive Consonants 爆破音：/p/b/ /t/d/ /k/g/ /p/b/对比: park-bark tap-tab mop-mob Better beat a bit of butter to make better batter. A big black bug bit a big black bear. Wheres the big black bear the big black bug bit? PracticeVI /t/d/对比： heart-hard sight-side feet-feed The cart got stuck in the mud. Too many teenagers tend to waste their time watching television. /k/g/对比: pig-pick log-lock dug-duck Mr. Cook said to a cook, “Look at this cook- book. Its very good.“ So the cook took the advice of Mr. Cook and bought the cook- book A good beginning makes a good ending. Fricative Consonants 摩擦音/f/v/ /s/z/ /f/v/ 对比: leaf - leave proof-prove calf-carve fast- vast fail-veil cover the leaves a lovely figure save the safe A Finnish fisher named Fisher failed to fish any fish one Friday afternoon and finally he found out a big fissure in his fishing-net. PracticeVI /s/z/对比: cease - seize loose - lose race-raise The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. How many saws could a see-saw saw if a see- saw could saw saws? /W / / T/ 对比: breath-breathe worth-worthy bath- bathe Father and mother went through thick and thin. The sixth sheiks sixth sheeps sick. PracticeVI 对比: pressure - pleasure gosh garage social- usual shell sharp harsh crush She sells seashells by the seashore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, Im sure she sells seashore shells. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I wont wish the wish you wish to wish. PracticeVI h huge hold it high a high hill behide the house He is holding a hat in his hand Helen hit the nail on the head with a hammer. r rare rude prince crazy broken fresh through brown bread a red ribbon a press conference Those red roses are really very pretty 3. 破擦音： cheap chest choice each touch coach Hatches, catches, matches and dispatches. Which watch did which witch wear and which witch wore which watch? judge join jam edge danger bridge Jane had chicken and French fries for lunch. John urged Judy to buy a digital watch. Fricative Consonants Fricative Consonants /tr/tree trick true treat try the train The drummers drummed and the strummers strummed. /dr/ dry drink drop drown drain Mr. Trench treated me to some strong drinks. /ts/ lots gets boots cats sheets bits of sheets /dz/ reads lids beds birds hides odds and ends I saw lots and lots of birds and kites. Nasal consonants 4. 鼻音 / m /, / n /, / / / m /, memory mouth dim firm harm Sam makes many mistakes in his homework. Tom is coming with some ham and marmalade. / n /, nasty noun nail learn coin pain a nice tune There is no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight; for a night lights just a slight light. / / wing king bring sing a song a long string Lateral consonant 5. 舌边音 /l/ (有两种发音) A. 如果在元音字母前面, 发音“clear l ”（“清晰的 l ”）。舌端抵上齿槽, 舌前部向硬颚抬起, 让气 流从舌两旁的空隙处流过, 所以叫舌侧音, 也叫 旁流音或边音。 long leave lion lock color follow Like father, like son Let sleeping dogs lie He who laughs last laughs best. B. 如果 / l / 在辅音前面或词尾, 发 “dark l ”（“模 糊的 l ”）音. apple girl ball meal bell sail rule No mill, no meal Semi-vowels 6. 半元音/w/ /j/ / w / 与 / j / 是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关 元音的发音位置有关系。/ w / 是个双唇音。它的发音位置 与发单元音 / u :/ 的相同, 但是没有长度,它只能向元音过渡, 起辅音作用, 相当于汉语拼音字母 ( w ) 在“窝”中所起的声 母作用。/ w / 是个浊辅音。 week whether wire wound language persuade Will Wall Streets rewards wane if workers wield power ? / j / 是个舌面音。它的发音位置与发单元音 / i / 的相同, 也 是没有长度而只向元音过渡, 相当于汉语拼音字母 ( y ) 在“ 衣”中所起的声母作用。/ j / 也是个浊辅音。 /j/ yes youth use union Europe new few Contrast Practice /l/n/ lock-knock loan-known slow-snow slip-snip /l/r/ lent-rent long-wrong light-right loyal-royal /w/v/wet-vet wire-via wine-vine very well /j/jyet-jet your-jaw year-jeer /tr/treat-cheat trees-cheese trip- chip train-chain trace-chase /dr/ dressed-jest drug-jug drudge- judge / singing bringing ringing /g/ longer finger angry hunger angle England singular /kw/ queen question quiet quarrel quality and quantity Rules of reading 读音规则 (Rules of reading)： 字母的名称音和它的发音是两回事。至于某 个字母在某个单词中究竟发什么音，则取决 于这个字母在这个词中前后和什么字母结合, 根据这个字母在词中所处的不同位置而发出 不同的音来。究竟应该如何发音是有一些规 律可循的, 将这些规律归纳起来, 就成为读音 规则。 Syllables 音节 (Syllables): 音节是包含一个元音或一个元 音跟别的辅音结合而成的发音单位。在英语中 元音特别响亮, 一个元音可以构成一个音节, 一 般来说,元音可以构成音节, 辅音不响亮, 不能构 成音节。 但英语辅音字母中有 4 个辅音m，n，ng， l是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音 节。它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是 非重读音节。 英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音 节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节 ，三个音节以上叫多音节。 确定音节时, 一不能只看字母的数, 二不能只看 有没有元音字母, 而是要看有没有元音。 Types of syllables (A) 开音节(Open syllables): 分绝对开音节 和相对开音节两种。 a. 绝对开音节：就是在元音字母后面没有 辅音字母的音节, 如: no, she, me等 （无 声的e 除外）。 b. 相对开音节：就是在元音字母后面有辅 音字母（r 除外）, 还有一个无声的字母 e, 如: take, bike, note, mute等 (have 例外 )。 不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节, 读音 的规则就是发其中元音字母的名称音。 Types of syllables (B) 闭音节(Close syllables): 元音字母后面有辅音字母（r除外）时, 这个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节。 它的读音规则是: 元音字母a读作/ /; e 读作/ e /; i 读作/ i /; o读作/ /; u读作 /, 如: at, cat, shall; desk, best; sit, pig, pick; hot, knock; up, cut, duck等。 Types of syllables (C) -r 音节：元音字母与辅音字母 r 结合，构成ar, er, ir, or, ur音节。 在-r音节中, ar读作/:/, 如：car, far, park, star, large, farmer, target, carpet, carpenter, carbon ( 例外：war, warm, warp, Mary) ; or读作/ : /, 如:short, horse, north, sport, normal, forward (例外:word, work, worm, world); er, ir, ur都读作/ : /, 如：her, verb, term, serve, stern, certain girl, bird, first, shirt, skirt, firm; fur, hurt, burn, turn, nurse, further, curtain( 例 外：clerk, very, Derby) ; 有一点要注意：在双音节或多音节的词中, r 如果 是双写, r 前的元音字母在重读音节中按闭音节的 读音规则发音,例如：marry / /, merry / e /, mirror / i /, sorry/ /, hurry / /。 Types of syllables (D) -re音节：元音字母与辅音字母组合-re 结合，构成are, ere, ire, ore, ure音节。 在-re音节中, are 读作/ /, 如：care, dare,hare, rare stare, square; ere读作/ i / 或 / /, 如：mere, here; there, where (例外：were)； ire读作/ ai /, 如：fire,tire, hire; ore读作/ : /, 如：more, sore, wore, store; ure读作/ ju / 或 / u /, 如：pure, cure, manure; sure。 1、重读音节 任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中 ，有重读音节和非重读音节 ，哪一个音节重读 ，该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重 读符号“”。 2、浊化音 以sp_, st_, sk_开头的单词清辅 音/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/。 3、定冠词the的读音 在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作/ /，如： the day, the key), the house 在以元音音素开头的单词前要发/ i:/ 的音， 如：the end, the hour, the inside Attention ! 5、不完全爆破(Incomplete explosion) 爆破音p b t d k g 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时，前 面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍，而不能完全读出 。 baske(t)ball a(c)tor, bla(ck)board Si(t) down. I can(t) come. I don(t) believe he is a ba(d) boy. The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the f