高一化学必修硅和二氧化硅.ppt

Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 学习重点 掌握硅、二氧化硅的物理、化学性质，以 及硅与二氧化硅等相关反应方程式 学习难点 碳与硅化学性质的联系和区别以及硅酸的 制备。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 美国“硅谷”简介 硅谷位于旧金山东南的圣克拉拉 谷地，是一个由十几所大学和几千家高技 术公司组成的新兴工业区。这里是激光技 术、微处理机、影像游艺机、家用计算机 、无线电话、袖珍计算机等新技术和高科 技产品的诞生地。是世界上最大的计算机 和电脑软件产地。因为制造电子元件的主 要材料是半导体硅，所以人们称这个工业 区为“硅谷”。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 返回 玛瑙 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1、你知道硅元素在地壳中排名第几吗？在自然 界中硅主要以什么形态存在？ 以化合态的形式存在，硅的氧化物及其硅酸盐构成了地 壳的绝大部分（如岩石、沙子和土壤），占地壳质量的 90%以上， “统治了地壳” Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. （1）硅的原子结构 硅和碳一样,其原子既不 易失去又不易得到电子, 主要形成四价的化合物. 2、请同学们比较硅和碳的核外电子 排布？ +14 2 8 4 Si 2 4 +6 C 2、碳是构成有机物的主要元素 硅是构成岩石和许 多矿物的基本元素 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3、请同学们找出硅在元素周期表的位置？ 硅位于金属与非金属的过度位置。晶体硅的导电性介 于导体和绝缘体之间，是良好的半导体材料 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 远古时期，人类就懂 得怎样应用硅的氧化物和 硅酸盐来做玻璃、陶瓷等 。但是硅的单质直到18世 纪上半叶才被化学家制备 出来。为什么硅单质这么 晚才出现在人类生活？ 硅单质的问世 硅是一种亲氧元素，在自然界中它总是与氧化合的 。所以在氧化氛围的地球上，硅以熔点高的氧化物和 硅酸盐的形式存在。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 网状结构，呈正四面体 结构决定性质 金刚石 硅晶体 硅的晶体结构 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅单质 存在形态 晶体 无定形 物理性质 晶体硅灰黑色、有金属光 泽，结构类似于金刚石；熔点 、沸点都很高，硬度大 导电性介于导体和绝缘体之间(半导体） 常温下硅单质的化学性质不活泼 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅的化学性质 常温下，硅的化学性质不活泼，除氟气、氢氟酸 和强碱外，硅不跟其他物质起反应（如氧气、氯 气、硫酸、硝酸等）。在加热条件下能与一些非 金属反应 Si+O2=SiO2 Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2 SiO3+2H2 Si+4HF=SiF4 + 2H2 高温 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅单质的制备 硅单质的制备主要原材料二氧化硅（水晶、石 英以及沙石的主要成分）。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅的工业制法 1、在工业上，用碳在高温下还原二氧化硅 的方法制得粗硅。 SiO2 2C = Si（粗硅）2CO 与氯反应：Si 2Cl2 SiCl4(温度为 400 500) 高温 电炉 2、粗硅制纯硅： 生成的SiCl4液体通过蒸馏，除去其中的杂质。然后用氢气还原 SiCl4 + 2H2 = Si + 4HCl Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 制造集成电路、晶体管、硅整流器等半导体 器件，还可以制成太阳能电池，可制成有良好导 磁性、耐酸性的合金。 半导体晶体管及芯片的 出现,促进了信息技术革命. （4）硅的用途 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 计算机芯片 硅的用途 信息技术材料 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅太阳能电池 单晶硅电池组 硅的用途 新型能源 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 太 阳 能 汽 车 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 天然SiO2 结晶形 无定形硅藻土 石英 水晶 玛瑙 二、二氧化硅（硅是亲氧元素 ） （1）SiO2存在 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 正四面体 （2）晶体结构 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. SiOSiO 2 2 四面体立体网状结构的晶体四面体立体网状结构的晶体 物理性质：物理性质： 化学性质：化学性质： 猜测性质 硬度大，熔点高的固体硬度大，熔点高的固体 不溶于水，纯净的不溶于水，纯净的SiOSiO 2 2 晶体无色透明晶体无色透明 稳定性好，不活泼稳定性好，不活泼 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. SiO2 主要 用途 色态 熔点 沸点 硬度 用途、物理性质比较 无色透明晶体或白色粉末 高（1723） 高（2230） 大 制备光纤、石英钟表、光学 仪器、普通玻璃、装饰品等 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. (1)装NaOH溶液的试剂瓶用橡皮塞不能用磨 砂玻璃塞。为什么? SiO2+2NaOH = Na2SiO3 +H2O 想一想想一想 因为NaOH溶液会跟磨砂玻璃塞中的SiO2反应，生 成的硅酸钠会把试剂瓶和玻璃塞粘连在一起。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 比较项较项 目 二氧化碳CO2二氧化硅SiO2 物质质分类类 与碱性氧 化物反应 与碱反应 与水反应 与酸反应 高温 SiO2+CaO = CaSiO3 高温 CO2+CaO = CaCO3 SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O CO2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+H2O CO2+H2O=H2CO3 不反应 只与HF反应 SiO2 + 4HF = SiF4 + 2H2O 酸性氧化物酸性氧化物 （3）化学性质比较 不反应 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 二氧化硅化学性质 1、化学稳定性：稳定性好，除氢 氟酸外一般不与其它酸反应。 2、属酸性氧化物，可与强碱反应 、 碱性氧化物反应。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 光学纤维胃镜 （4）二氧化硅的用途 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 一、硅酸(H2SiO3) H2SiO3是SiO2的对应水化物（ SiO2 是 H2SiO3的酸酐）。它不溶于水，是一种 白色粉末状的固体。 思考：二氧化硅难溶于水，那么，如何 制得硅酸呢？ Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 实验探究：向饱和Na2SiO3溶 液中滴入酚酞，再滴入稀盐酸 现现 象 结结 论论 方程式 Na2SiO3+2HCl = H2SiO3 (胶体)+2NaCl 滴入酚酞后溶液变为红色，再滴入稀盐 酸，溶液红色变浅至无色，同时有白色 胶状沉淀产生 a、Na2SiO3溶液呈碱性，b、可溶性 硅酸盐与盐酸反应生成不溶于水的硅酸 ，c、先形成硅酸溶胶，后形成硅酸凝胶 。 1. H2SiO3的制法 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 知识拓展： 把稀硫酸加入到Na2SiO3溶液中， 会有什么现象？ 现现 象 结结 论论 方程 式 滴入硫酸有硅酸凝胶产生 硅酸难溶于水 Na2SiO3+H2SO4 = H2SiO3 (胶体) +Na2SO4 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 活动探究： 已知硅酸是一种弱酸，请利用中 学实验室常见的仪器及药品，设计一 个简单实验，探索对比硅酸和碳酸的 酸性强弱。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 方法一: 方法二: 把CO2通入Na2SiO3溶液中， 观察发生的现象 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 小结： 2. 硅酸的性质 (1) 硅酸是一种弱酸，酸性比H2CO3弱， 不能使指示剂变色。 Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2SiO3 SiO32- + 2H+ = H2SiO3 Na2SiO3 + H2O + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2SiO3 SiO32- + H2O + CO2= CO32- + H2SiO3 不溶、不稳定、弱酸 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. （2）酸性太弱，只能与强碱发生中和反应 H2SiO3 + 2NaOH = Na2SiO3 + 2H2O （3）不稳定（比H2CO3稳定），受热易 分解 H2SiO3 = H2O + SiO2 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. CO2通入下例各溶液中，不可能 产生沉淀的是（ ） A、氯化钙溶液 B、石灰水 C、饱和碳酸钠溶液 D、硅酸钠溶液 A 讨论: Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3.硅酸与硅胶阅读P76 硅胶 是H2SiO3浓溶液硅酸凝胶经干 燥脱水后得到多孔的硅酸干凝胶 变色硅胶,是将硅酸凝 胶用CoCl2溶液浸泡， 然后经干燥活化后制 得的。(吸水前为淡蓝色, 吸水后为粉红色) Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅胶干燥剂 硅胶常用作食品、药品的干燥剂，也常 用作催化剂的载体 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硅酸盐是由硅、氧和金属组成的化合物 的总称。硅酸盐是一类结构复杂的物质，一 般不溶于水，化学性质很稳定。 1、硅酸钠（Na2SiO3） 二、硅酸盐 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 物理性质：白色晶体，能溶于水，是少数可溶 性硅酸盐之一, 它的水溶液俗称水玻璃、泡花碱。 Na2SiO3有何 化学特性？ Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 步骤骤放入蒸馏水 放入Na2SiO3饱和溶液 现象 结论 实验4-2 着火 不着火 木材、纸张等易燃物品，用饱 和Na2SiO3溶液浸泡后不易着火。