高产油茶林种植项目可行性研究报告.doc

trouble with the hero jordan, yet he is a main character as his wife pilar is. minor characters are those in remote and static relation with the hero. it is wrong to think that minor characters are all unimportant. in some novels, one or some of the minor characters may serve a critical role, structurally or interpretationally.foil characters are ones that help enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting. they may be main characters or minor characters. in a word, they serve as foils to the hero or heroine. cohn in the sun also rises is a good example. he is one of the main characters. like jake, he is also “lost,” trying vainly to escape the past by courting women and drinking. but during their stay in spain, cohn displays qualities in contrast to those cherished by jake, which makes jake realize his own problems and finally find a solution, though temporarily. cohn works mainly by contrast. wilson in the great gatsby works by presenting. gatsby lost his lover to tom and wilson lost his wife to tom. by presenting wilsons case the novelist intends to point out the profound cause of gatsbys tragedy. dr. watson in the stories of sherlock holmes serves as a foil to the hero, rendering the detective smarter than he would otherwise appear to the reader.by the degree of their development, characters can be grouped as round characters and flat characters. this division is proposed by e.m forster. round characters are fully developed while flat characters are not. or we can say that round characters grow while flat characters do not. usually the reader is allowed access to the inner life of the round character and permitted to learn about many sides of the round character. the flat character is a “closed” character to whose inner thoughts the reader is denied access. usually one side of the flat character is shown in the novel. most heroes are round characters who grow emotionally or spiritually.chapter three themearistotle in poetics lists six basic elements of tragedy. melody (song) and diction (language) fall in the general category of style, and spectacle is relevant to setting in our discussion of fiction. the other three aspects are mythos or plot, ethos or character, and dianoia, which we generally translate into “thought” in english. according to aristotle, plot is the “soul” or shaping principle or fiction, and characters exist primarily as functions of the plot. in most of the stories, plot plays the role of principal structure of the story. but, as northrop frye points out, besides the internal fiction of the character and his/her society, there is an external fiction consisting of a relation between the writer and the writers society. we indeed have literary works by the likes of shakespeare and homer in which artistry is completely absorbed in their internal characters and we can hardly perceive the existence of the author. however, as soon as the authors personality appears on the horizon, a relation with the reader is established, and sometimes there seems no story at all apart from what the author is conveying to his/her reader. in this case, the primary interest in dianoia, the idea or thought that reader gets from the writer, which in modern criticism we generally call “theme”.i. what is theme?one of the safest comments to make about novels is on the theme. everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because its definition is the least restrictive. the theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight. being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. so the theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. ii. clarification about themecommon as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. one misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to all novels. in fact, some novels, interesting ones though, do not provide any insight into life. for example, many novels of ratiocination and novels of horror. these novels are aimed at entertaining the reader, not at improving his understanding of life. they may sometimes touch upon the human nature or social problems, but these issues are only used to push the plot forward and they are not mentioned for their own value. theme exists only in the novel that seriously attempts to reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life, or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of life. (for example, novels of ideas).another misconception about theme is that the theme is largely what the novel is. some people discard the novel when they think that they have got the theme. it should be made clear that the novel is not written to convey an idea but to convey an idea artistically. the novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an abstract idea. an analogy from daily life may help clarify this question. people all need vitamins and get them from various kinds of vegetables and fruits. only those with deficiency of one kind or another have to take vitamin pills to get the required amount. the difference between the theme and the novel is much like that between the vitamins and the vegetables. the reader sometimes finds that the theme of a novel is similar to or even the same as what he has already known about life and that he is still fascinated by the novel. theme appeals solely to the intellectual level of reading while the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional level.another pitfall concerning the theme is to confuse a theme with moral or lesson. usually, a moral or a lesson is the advice stated or implied in a parable or fable. it is something of a rule by which one can regulate his behavior. for example, “be kind to your neighbors,” or “honesty is the best policy.” but a theme is more complicated than this as a novel is to enhance ones awareness of life rather than simply to tell him how to behave.a novel is a complicated matter and different readers may have different interpretations of the same novel, so it is incorrect to presume that one novel has only one theme. in some cases, there are several subthemes to the main theme. in reality, some novels are appreciated for their thematic ambiguity. for example, moby dick can be interpreted in more ways than one.finally, the theme is not to be confused with the subject. the theme is an idea while the subject is a matter or an affair. “love is invincible” may be a theme, but “love” is only a subject. a subject may be universal. the subjects of the scarlet letter, the great gatsby, and women in love are all “love.” but these novels have different themes. a theme is particular to its novel, though there are many similar themes to be found in other novels.iii. five requirements for stating a themethe statement of a theme may be brief or long. and there are different ways to express oneand the same theme. but it should meet the following requirements.a theme must be expressed in the form of a statement with a subject and a predicate. for example, “love of ones country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice.” if a theme is expressed in the form of a phrase, then the phrase must be convertible to sentence form. one can say that the theme of a novel is “futility of envy.” the phrase can be changed to “envy is futile.” when one chooses to state a theme in the phrase form, he must be very careful about its convertibility to sentence form. for instance ,the phrase “selfless maternal love” does not always mean that “maternal love is selfless.”the theme is generalization about life based on the novel, and the statement of theme should be true also of other people or life situations. therefore, names of characters and places should not be mentioned, for they suggest specific things and invite limitations. so in thematic discussion of wuthering heights, one may mention “peoples psychology of revenge,” but not “heathcliffs.”though a theme is a generalization, over-generalization should be avoided. since a theme is extracted from a particular novel (a particular event), it may not be applicable to all situations. so words like “always,” “never,” “all,” and “every” should be avoided. instead, one should use words like “some,” “sometimes,” and “may.” when making a generalization, one should strictly keep to what is actually in the novel and not smuggle into it assumptions supplied from his past experience.since theme is the central and unifying idea of the novel, it must account for all the major details and must not be contradicted by an details in the novel.since a theme is different from a moral or a lesson, one should avoid reducing a theme to a clich or platitude like “beauty is only skin-deep.” if one crams every new experience into an old formula, he loses the opportunity of new perception provided by reading novels.iv. where to look for the themethe novelist may state or imply the theme. he uses every possible method to convey the theme. though the theme is based upon the whole novel, practically, we can specify some important areas in which to look for the theme.how the novel is entitled. the title is the name of the novel and in many cases (almost all cases) the novelist intends it to tell something important about the novel. sometimes the central theme of the novel is present in the title. for example, pride and prejudice is about darcys pride and elizabeth bennets prejudice. main street is about the life of middle-class people in a midwestern town. think what the title of for whom the bell tolls tells about its theme, and as i lay dying.how the novelist shows his interest. if the novelist is interested in something, he would allow more space to it, describing or narrating in great detail. yet, sometimes he emphasizes it by leaving it out, as in the case of ernest hemingway. the point concerned here is that why the novelist gives more attention to this particular character, since or event but not others.how the novelist deals with a common subject. often the novelist has to include in his work some common subjects, but if he treats the common subjects in an uncommon way, it shows that he is trying to convey something new or important in the novel. maybe it is the theme that demands him to do so.important symbols. symbols are loaded with important meanings. so if a symbol appears repeatedly or at important moments, it may point to the theme of the novel. a good example is the letter “a” in the scarlet letter.important speeches. characters talk and in their talk are revealed their judgments of the other characters or event. the characters judgments may give important clues to the theme.v. obvious and unobvious themeobvious theme:the theme of a story, since we know, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. in some stories, the theme is rather obvious. for example, in aesops fable about the council of the mice that cannot decide who will bell the cat, the theme is stated in the moral at the end: “it is easier to propose a thing than to carry it out.” in some novels, the title may offer a suggestion about the main theme. for example, jane austens pride and prejudice is named after its theme, and the whole story unfolds itself around that theme. in some novels, the title is not so named but the plot exists primarily to illustrate the theme and it is not very difficult for us to infer what it is. for example, uncle toms cabin by h.b.stowe and the grapes of wrath by john steinbeck voice the themes of slavery and migratory labor respectively. the title of the grapes of wrath comes from a line in an extremely famous civil war song, “the battle hymn of the republic.” the line is, “he is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored,” which means “an unjust or oppressive situation, action or policy that may inflame desire for vengeance: an explosive condition.” the song was written by a famous and influential social activist, julia ward howe. unobvious theme: but in most literary works of fiction, the theme is seldom so obvious. that is, generally a theme is not a moral nor a message, neither is it clearly conveyed in the title. when we finish reading a finely wrought story, it is easier to sum up the plotto say what happensthan to describe the main idea. to say of james joyces “araby” that it is about a boy who goes to a bazaar to buy a gift for a young woman but arrives too late is to summarize plot, not theme. in many fine short stories, theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. clearly, such a theme is something more than the characters and events of the story. most of the short stories challenge an easy-come theme. in hemingways “a clean, well-lighted place,” as observed by kennedy and gioia, the events are rather simplea young waiter manages to get rid of the old man from the caf and the older waiter stops at a coffee bar on his way homebut while the events themselves seem relatively slight, the story as a whole is full of meaning. for a deep understanding of the meaning, we have to look to other elements of the story besides what happens in it: narrative, symbols, tone, the dialogue between the two waiters, the monologue of the older waiter, etc. evidently the author intends us to pay more attention to the thoughts and feelings of the older waiter, the character whose words echo the authors voice. one try on the theme may be: “the older waiter understands the old man and sympathizes with his need for a clean, well-lighted place.” but here we are still talking about what happens in the story, though we are not宁乡县菁华铺乡陈家桥村高产油茶林种植项目可行性研究报告宁乡县锦程农业发展有限公司二0一一年五月目 录第一章 总论第二章、项目建设背景及重要性第三章、项目市场定位与投资回报分析第四章、项目目标与建设方案第五章、技术方案及技术要点第六章、菁华铺种植油茶风险性分析第七章、可行性研究结论第一章 总 论项目名称及建设地点1、项目名称：油茶林品改及高产技术示范与推广2、项目建设地点：宁乡县菁华铺乡陈家桥村（二）项目建设单位及负责人1、项目建设单位： 宁乡县锦程农业发展有限公司2、项目建设负责人：虢志刚（三）项目组织单位：宁乡县林业局、宁乡县科技局、宁乡县菁华铺乡镇人民政府。（四）项目建设规模：本项目计划新开发种植优质高效油茶林800亩，老油茶林品种改良200亩，新造林全部使用2年生优良无性繁殖苗，品种改良采取高接换头，达到最佳效果。（五）项目依托单位：湖南省林业科学研究所、宁乡县林业局。（六）项目建设工期：项目建设工期计划为两年，即从2011 年1 月开始至2012年12月建成完工。（七）项目投资概算及资金来源：本项目种植面积800亩，改良面积200亩，经测算，包括租赁土地费、土地开垦平整费、配套排灌设施费及苗种购置费等，共计需投入资金500万元。资金来源：公司自筹。第二章、项目建设背景及必要性（一）项目建设背景油茶（camellia oleifera abel.）是我国南方特有的重要木本食用油料植物。中国是油茶的原产地和分布中心。油茶在我国栽培和利用长达2000多年，目前世界上把油茶作为食用油料植物栽培的只有我国，国外没有类似研究报道。油茶林分布于北纬1828-3434，东经1000-1220的中低纬度，中、低海拔、土层深厚的低山丘陵地区。遍布我国湖南、广西、江西、等17个省区的1100 多个县 (区)。油茶的适生土壤为酸性，在年平均气温14-21，极端低温-17，10积温4250-7000，年降雨量800-2000mm，无霜期200- 360天的条件范围内，一般都能生长、开花、结果，具有适应性强、耐旱、耐寒、耐瘠的特点。油茶树一年种植百年受益，有“绿色油库” 之称。全国现有油茶林总面积约400万公顷。其中湖南、江西、广西三省（区）占总面积的75.8%。全国茶油常年产量约1亿公斤，约有2亿人口食用茶油。油茶的主要产品茶油中，不饱和脂肪酸高达85-97，山茶油是一种富含不饱和亚油酸的木本油脂，优质茶油以油酸、亚油酸为主的不饱和脂肪酸含量占90%以上，比国际公认的最好的橄榄油还多1%，食后易消化，有效促进脂溶性维生素的吸收，具有降低油脂，降低胆固醇，预防心脑血管疾病的功能，并具有较好的护发养颜功效，是一种集食用、养生保健、美容于一身的安全营养健康食品，为各种食用油之冠。茶油是目前世界上最富营养与健康价值的食用油，被誉为“食油之王”，是21世纪人们普遍追求的高级食用油。油茶全身是宝，油茶皮壳水解可生产糠醛和木糖醇，经热解可生产用途广泛的活性炭，同时还可生产栲胶、甲醇、丙酮等化学产品：油茶果壳是一种良好的食用菌培养基；油茶树干木质坚韧，纹理细密、美观，足制作家具和农具的理想材料：油茶林还是巨大的蜜蜂库，对发展养蜂业、生产蜂产品十分有利。据联合国粮棉油组织统计，茶油市场日益呈现出供不应求的状况。为此，我国政府于近年来研究制定了一系列加快油茶产业发展的政策措施，特别是党的十七大更是把加快我国农业发展作为全党当前和今后一个时期的一项重要中心任务，号召全党致力于农业和农村工作，并把加快油茶产业发展列为我国当前十大产业发展规划，制定和推出了具体的扶植政策，在全国启动跨世纪油茶先导工程和国家油茶低效改造工程。国务院总理温家宝今年初又进一步批示要加大我国油茶建设工程的发展力度，在全国建设一批优质高效油茶林种植推广示范基地，以此带动全国油茶产业的快速发展，从而为我国的油茶产业发展带来了广阔的空间和商机。（二）项目建设的必要性宁乡高品质油茶良种基地建设是我县将生态资源优势转化为经济优势的重要举措。第一，宁乡是全国的生态农业大县，又是全国的旅游强县，更是长株潭城市群的金三角区域，是大城市的后花园，发展油茶无论是经济、社会、生态等诸多方面效益都非常明显。第二，宁乡生态环境十分优越，生态资源十分丰富，是生产无公害食品和绿色食品的天然场所，油茶林比较适宜粗放管理，可不施用化肥和喷洒农药，在未被污染的环境中生产的山茶油是一种有机绿色食品，发展山茶油产业是充分利用生态优势转化为经济优势的必然选择。第三，宁乡现有油茶林面积发展比较好，与湖南林业科技大学、省林业研究所有诸多的项目合作，宁乡油茶无论在产量还是在面积、良种选育技术方面都位列全国的前列。第四，宁乡旅游资源非常丰富，山茶油产业与宁乡的旅游业相互渗透，山茶油可丰富我县的旅游食品市场，冬季连片的山茶花盛开的美景能吸引大量游人驻足观光。油茶林品改和高产示范建设是提高我县油茶产量和效益的有效途径。目前，我省茶油产量从20 世纪80年代5.6万吨，90年代5.8万吨发展到现在的年产油均在7万吨以上，约占总产量的二分之一，其中2002年产油7.6万吨，2003年达到8.9万吨。但是，按2003年产量计算，全省亩平产油50.3kg。油茶总体产量仍处于很低的水平。就油茶的产值来说，按每公斤50元销售价计算，全省茶油年产值35.6亿元。加上35万吨茶枯，60多万吨茶壳的用，我省油茶产业产值为45亿元左右。项目市场预测及发展前景1、市场预测。当今世界，开发木本食用油已成为解决食用油的主渠道和发展趋势，不少国家已基本实现了食用油“木本化”。意大利、西班牙等国家年人均木本食用油达到20kg目前我国木本食用油人均年占用量只有lkg；在我国油茶重点产区的湖南、江西，人均茶油年占用量也不到1kg。与西方国家应用水平相差20多倍，可见，大力发展油茶产业，既是国际发展的趋势，又为除农田生产食用油之外开辟了一条新途径、新门路。2、发展前景一是农村劳动就业提供机会。从种植业来说，发展油茶产业，在荒山、荒地种植油茶林。可明显增加农村劳动力就业；若再结合发展油茶加工业考虑，则更可进一步扩大广大农民就业的门路。从这一意义来说，大力发展油茶林种植业及其加工业，不失为解决当前及今后全省农村劳动力就业的一种好途径、好路子。二是促进农民增收。昔日荒山、荒坡”，可谓“一无所有”，今日种上油茶林，经济收益倍增。据调查，有的油茶林农，农户油茶收入占农业总收入的30%40%，高的可达70%80%。三是改善生态环境。油茶林分具有显著的生态功能，对改善生态、优化环境具有重要作用。根据国家林业局中南林业调查规划设计院对油茶林分生态功能效益的研究和评估，认为油茶林具有以下多方面的生态功能：（1）油茶林及油茶林下枯落物的涵养水源的功能；（2）油茶林保土功能；（3）油茶林制养功能；（4）油茶林具有滞尘效益： （5）油茶抗化学物质和细菌污染；（6）油茶林可改善地下水质；（7）油茶林具有降温增湿作用。种植油茶林对改善荒山、荒坡生态环境的作用和效益是非常明显的。 四是提供优质生态肥料。茶饼（又叫茶枯、枯饼），是油茶籽加工后的残渣，数量约相当于茶油的3倍。这是优质的有机肥料，对发展农业生产、促进农业的可持续发展具有重要作用。五是生态绿色食品。油茶是天然木本油料之一，它生长在野外山地，不受农药、化肥的污染，不含菜油中的芥酸，不含豆油、花生油中黄曲霉素，不含动物油中的高胆固醇。属纯天然绿色食品。可以说，茶油是世界上唯一无污染的植物油，其含不饱和脂肪酸比世界上公认优质橄榄油还高1%。实践证明，长期食用茶油有提高人体保健、延年益寿等功效。故茶油有“油之之王”的美誉。第三章、项目市场定位与投资回报分析（一）项目市场定位1、油茶产品市场分析（1）国内市场分析1）我国油料生产分析我国地域广大，地理和气候条件多样，适合多种油料作物生长，随着科技技术的发展，可料作物范围越来越大，因而国内食用油产品极为丰富，划本作物如菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、芝麻油、葵花籽油、棉籽油，还有新开发出来的米糠油和玉米胚油等，等：木本植物有油棕、桃油等。我国国内油料年生产量约40005000万吨，主要以油菜籽与大豆为主，两者约占80%，但大豆绝大部分是作为粮食，用于榨取食用油的不足一半，所以表中数据大豆榨油约150万吨左右。从表中也可 内生产的木本油料以油茶为主，但所占的比重还很低（见表1）。表1：国内主要油料生产结构品种油品播种面积（万亩）总产量（万吨）折油（万吨）占当年比例（%）菜籽油10715105340240.6大豆油13183161538238.6花生油7517149570.37.1棉籽油627633743.84.4芝麻油11989036.03.6茶油55009018.01.82）我国油料消费分析我国年人均食用植物油“八五”期间的约4.9公斤（未包括进口数量）提高到了目前的lo公斤低于世界平均水平15公斤，更远低于发达国家的20-30公斤。国内食用油年消耗量为1400万吨，量从1995-2001六年共17490万吨，年平均折合油600万吨。消费缺口从“八五”的28%到如今的油料生产主要是油菜籽和花生，2001年油菜籽和花生的产量分别是1132和1447万吨。大豆油在年代起逐步成为新的食用油品种，1998年产量150多万吨。棉籽油在“八五”期间曾占16.5%，大幅度减少。国内植物油类消费量每年都大幅度增加，从1998年的1