《高中语法大全》word版.doc

高中语法大全1. 动词不定式是由“to+do”构成，为非谓语动词，在句子不能单独作谓语， Would you like me to come to dinner tonight?2. 动词不定式有名词、动词、形容词和副词的特征。在句子可作主语、表语、定、宾语、补语和状语。同时，不定式还有动词的特征，它又可以带有自己的宾语和状语，可以带有自己的主语而构成不定式短语。To say is one thing, and to do it is quite another.He decided to visit the family on Friday night. For him to draw such a picture isnt easy.For him为不定式to draw的逻辑主语。但不是句子的真正主语。3、不定式作主语 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. To talk to him is to talk to a wall.（和他谈话是对牛弹琴）。 当作主语的不定式短语较长时，常用it作形式主语而将真正的主语（不定式定语）放在谓语之后。 It is hard/easy/important/necessary/difficult/impossible/possible/necessary/ for sb to do sth.It is kind/careful/impolite/polite/right/wrong/wise/cruel/nice/clever/foolish/silly/wise/rude/selfish/thoughtful(深思的)/thoughtless（欠考虑的）/brave/considerate(考虑周到的)/silly/rude of sb to do sth.4、不定式作表语(1)、一般紧跟在系动词如be, seem, remain,appear,get等后面，用来说明主语的内容。 My wish is to be a teacher. What I want to do seems to tell you something. （2）、ones dream, business, wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty以及what one wants to dobe不定式（作表语）：表示主语的具体内容。 主语（人）be不定式（作表语）：表将来时。 He is to clean the room. His plan is to clean the room.5、不定式作宾语。A作动宾(只接to do)：Agree/aim（目的在于）/appear/ask（要求）care （愿意）/arrange/ask/attempt/beg/begin/choose/claim(声称)/continue/dare/decline(谢绝)/deserve（值得）/decide/demand（要求）/desire（渴望）/desire/expect（预料，盼望，认为）/desire(希望)/determine/fail（未能）/happen（碰巧）/hope/manage(设法)/except(期望)/fear(害怕)/forget/intend(打算)/learn(学会)/mean（想要）(意欲)/need/offer(试图) /long/plan/prepare/pretend/promise/prove/refuse/seem/want/ wish/afford/seek(试图)Would you care to visit us this weekend?B.advise/decide/discuss/findout/learn/know/show/teach/learn/forget/remember/teach/tell/consider/understand/wonder/explain(+sb)+wh-+to do.C.sb.consider/believe/feel/make/find/know/regard it +adj+to do sth.D.为了避免重复，作宾语的不定式第二次出现时往往省略，而只保留不定式符号to. want/wish/hope/like/hate/plan/try/love/hate/intend/mean/be going to/would like(love) to.以及 have to/ought to/need/be able toShanghai isnt the city as it used to .I planned to come but I wast able to.E.不定式作介宾。 可作but,except,besides等介词的宾语。 若but, except, besides前面是其他动词时，介词后接带to的不定式；若前面有实义动词do及其各种形式时，介词后面的不定式可以省略。 What do you like to do besides play balls? I had nothing to do except watch TV.F介词instead of前后两个成分必须对等，若前面一个成分为一个不定式，后面的不定式就可以省略to.I want to watch TV instead of do my homework.G. 不定式可以作某些形容词(包括已变成形容词的分词)的宾语。如：ready(准备好), eager（急于）,anxious（急于）,able（能够）,sure（一定）,glad,sorry,afraid,free（随意）, pleased,determined（决心）,willing（愿意）.afraid，careful, likely(可能的), lucky, prepared（愿意的）, foolishHe gave me free access to his library.他让我随意进他的藏书室。Be careful not to fall.The train is likely to be late.Im prepared to be friendly.我愿意和善待人。6、不定式作定语的用法：不定式作定语时它的位置是在它所修饰的词的后面，和其被修饰的名词（代词）在逻辑上有主谓关系和动宾关系。 1）、主谓关系He is always the first one to get up.Please give me some newspapers to read.2）、动宾关系A、不定式动词必须为及物动词；B、若为不及物动词，则该动词后必须和介词连用，以使其成为及物的短语。 There are 10 more trees to plant.Please lend me something to write with.Please give me a piece to paper to write on.但当不定式修饰的词是place,time,way时，不定式后边的介词可以省略。He has no place to live (in).There ia no way to talk. 不应该这样谈话。There is no time to think (about) .C不定式修饰something,anything,nothing时： something/anything/nothing（形容词）不定式 Do you have anything to read? Do you have anything interesting to read? 3)、 不定式作定语时，有时用主动语态表示被动含义。 A. There is something to do 句型。 There is a letter to write. 如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式就要用被动语态来表示。 Im going to the post office, for I have a letter to post.a. liming , Im going to the post office . I know you have an important letter to post.b. Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now.B. 当不定式修饰want.have等动词的宾语，而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义。We have no homework to do.I want a book to read.C. 当不定式修饰buy,get,give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动语态表示被动含义。Please buy me some books to read.Ill give me some novels to read on the journey.7、不定式作状语的用法： 表示目的、原因，有时也表示结果。另外，当副词用的不定式也可以修饰形容词。 1）、表原因 修饰表示感情的形容词和过去分词：angry, anxious, clever, content(满意的),delighted（高兴的）, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate（幸运的）, frightened, glad, happy, lucky, pleased, proud, ready, rude,right,wrong,sorry, surprised, willing, wrothy, unfortunate,willing, worthy(乐意的).以及感情以外的形容词，且这类句子的主语可以是人，也可以是物。如：comfortable,difficult,easy,good,hard,pleasant等。 Be careful not to catch a cold. Jim seemed willing to do that. The house is very comfortable to live in. We found him was easy to get along with. The old couple seem content to sit in front of the television all night.老夫妇俩似乎整夜坐在电视机前就心满意足了。2)、表目的。当要强调不定式所表示的目的时，不定式可变为：in order (not) to do sth.或so as (not) to do sth.形式。in order (not) to do sth.可位于句首或句中，而so as (not) to do sth.只能位于句中。Tom kept quiet about the accident_lose his job.a. so not as to b. so as not to c. so as to not d.not so as to有些用作句子独立成分的习惯语，如：to be frankly,to be exact（确切地说）, to begin with（首先）,to conclude（最后）,to be sure（当然）,to tell you the truth（老实对你说）,to be fair（公平地说）， 3）、动词不定式作结果或程度状语常见的五种搭配。 （1）、soas to do 表结果：you are so kind as to show the way. 表程度：He was so angry as to be unable to speak.（2）、suchas to do I am such a fool as to think that she is a warm-hearted woman.（3）、enough()to do I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have.（4）、too+adj/adv.+(for sb)to do sth.too表示“过分”。 太而不。 The problem is too difficult (for us)to work out. a. 某些形容词在“tooto”结构中没有否定的含义，而是表示肯定，这类形容词有anxious, delighted, eager, easy, glad, kind, pleased, ready, surprised, willing等。 She is too eager to see her sister. b. 在not,never,only,all,but等后的“tooto.”结构中，“too”的含义为“very”，不定式没有否定含义。 We are never too old to learn. Im only too pleased to help you.我非常愿意帮助你。（5）、only to do表示未预料到的结果。 I went to the station hurriedly only to find the train had left. 8、不定式作宾语补足语 1)、下列动词可接不定式作宾补：adivse（劝告）, allow, ask(要求), beg, command（指挥）, cause（促使）, expect（期望）, encourage, force, get（使，让）, hate, intend, invite, instruct, like, order, oblige, observe（观察），prefer（喜欢）, persuade（说服）, permit, promise（答应）, press（迫使）, force（强迫），require，help，teach,request,teach, tell, want, wish, remind（提醒）, warn等。在某些短语后，也可用不定式作宾补，如：wait for, depend on(依靠), call for（号召）, call on（要求） 等。King called for black people not give in.They are waiting fore us to do this.John Smith was called on to speak at the meeting.You cant depend on him to come.a、不定式在某些感觉动词（see, watch, feel,listen to, watch,look at,notice,observe）和使役动词（let,have,make）后省略to。如果是被动语态，to必须加上。b、help后，to可以省，也可以不省。 He will help me (to)learn English.c、let作宾补，用于被动语态的时候，to可省，也可不省。d、get n/pron to do sth：是“使某人作某事”。 Ill get more people to do it. He cant get her to go there.get n/pron doing sth：是“是使某人变成某种状态”。=keep sb/sth doing sth. The lecture got us think(深思).get n/pron done sth: 弄得，使得某事完成（自己也可能参与）。 I cant get the car started. Can you get the work done on time?get n/pron adj. get the shoes clean（把鞋弄干净）. Get supper ready. Get sth in/out（把东西带进来/出去） get sb. Away（把人打发走）e、have sth done/adj./do I had the the machine repaired. We had everything ready for the trip.(2)、to be结构： Think/consider/feel/imagine/prove/find/believe/suppose/know/understand后，不定式作宾补时常用to be结构。Think/consider/find/prove后若不用to be结构，直接用形容词也可以。 I consider him to be an honest man. The teacher thought the answer (to be) quite right.7、 不带to的不定式。（1）、在感官动词和使役动词之后 Feel/hear/see/watch/notice/observe/listen to/look at/let/make/have Have/make只有作使役动词时才省略to，否则，不省略to。 Next month well have lots of meetings to attend.（2）、两个或以上的不定式并列在一起时（尤其用连词and，than或or连接时），第二个不定式的to可以省略。 Edisons mother taught him to read and write. I didnt know whether to laugh or cry. I intended to call on him and discuss this question again. She asked you to telephone or write to her on Sunday . Its easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。 注意：如果这两个并列的带to的不定式有对比关系，则第二个不定式的符号to就不能省略。I havent decided to go home or to stay at school this summer.Its better to laugh than to cry.（3）、当介词but.except,besides前面有实意动词do时，不定式在介词之后可以省略to. He can do nothing but/except to cry. =He has nothing to choose but/except to cry. What does he like to do besides read novels? =What does he like besides to read novels?（4）、在下列固定词组和句型中 A. Had better/best do sth. Would/had rather(sooner) do sth than do sth. 以及rather than。 I would rather go than stay. B. Would/had as soon do sth as do sth. 宁愿而不愿作。 C. Cant but do sth Cannot choose but do sth Cannot help but do sth 不得不做 He could not choose but obey.他别无选择只得服从。 D. Doing nothing（not do anything）but/except to do sth. 只能做（5）、作宾语的不定式重复时，只保留to。 A. 在want，wish，like，hate，hope,try,plan,love等。 Did ou get the new stamps? No, I tried to, but there wasnt any left in the post office. B. 在have,ought,need等后。 I didnt mean to call you at late night, but I had to as I did have something important to tell you. C. 在be able、used和be going (to)之后。 Im going to the south next week.What about you? Im going to,too.（6）、在以why引导的疑问句中不带to. Why spend such a lot of money/ Why not wait for him to go with us?（7）、在某些习语中：make believe(假装),let go（放开， 释放， 发射）, hear say（听说，据说）,hear tell（听说）,go hang（被忘却）（8）、在go,come后面作目的状语的不定式。尤其常见于祈使句中，也可以用于陈述句，但go和come只能是现在式而不是过去式。 Please come sit here. Go ask your father. You should go say “thank you”.（9）、在系动词be后作表语时，如果主语部分带有实义动词do，不定式就可以省略to。 The only thing I can do is lie in bed. What I want to do is have a good res. (10)、几个词组和句型 a. prefer和would prefer的用法 prefer和like，love一样，后可接不定式或动名词。 b. prefer+A to B “喜欢而不喜欢.”; “宁愿而不愿.”. A/B同为adj./pron/n/doing. c. prefer to do sth. rather than (to) do sth. “宁愿而不愿.”. d. would rather (not)do sth. “宁愿（不）做某事” e. would rather do sth. than （do） sth. else I would rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema. f. would rather+句子（过去时）（虚拟语气） 要做。 A: Shall I stay here? B: Id rather you came with us.(你还是和我们一起来吧)。 Id rather you didnt tell anyone what I said.(你最好别告诉任何人我所说的话)。 g. advise/allow/permit/forbid sb. To do sth. h. want/wish/promise/hope (sb.)to do sth. hope to do8、 不定式的否定&连接（副）词不定式1）、 not/never+to do（never代替not，加强语气）。 My father told me not to skate on the lake. My father told me:“Dont skate on the lake.” 2)、下列动词后接连接代词或副词，行当于一个名词短语，可作主语、表语、宾语、状语。 Forget/remember/show/teach/findout/tell/know/wonder/discuss/choose/decide/learn等。 How to solve the problem is very important. He didnt know what to say. The problem is where to find clean water.9、 不定式的时态不定式的时态可以用一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。主动形式被动形式一般式To do To be done进行式To be doing完成式To have doneTo have been done（1）、不定式的一般式：表示的动作通常和主要谓语所表示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生。或是在它之后发生。 Im glad to see you.（同时） He has decided to give her some money.(之后)（2）、不定式的进行式表示的动作常和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。 They seemed to be getting along well. The teacher didnt expect me to be working the whole night. He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him.但当不定式进行时和always连用时，表示说话人一种不满或厌恶的情绪。If you want yourself to be in good health you must _always_so much.a. Not, to be somking b. not,have smokedc. not,to smoke d,be not,somking（3）、不定式的完成式 表示发生在主要动作之前的动作，也可以表示过去没有实现的期待或计划等。A. 表示发生在主要动词之前的动作。 动词appear, seem, happen, be said, be reported, be believed, be known,be thought, be likely等常接不定式的完成式。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting . =Im sorry that I have kept you waiting B. 表示过去没有实现的期待或计划 Hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/planned/intended/meaned to have done以及was/were to have done。 I hoped to have finished the work earlier. I intended to have come to see you. We were to have met at eight. C. 在should/would like的后面，表示未能实现的愿望。 I should/would like to have given her the gift.D. should/ought to have done表示应该做而没有做的事。 You should/ought to have finished your homework.E. neednt have done 表示不必要的过去的动作。 We neednt have worried about him.F. may,might+have done用于肯定句中，表示对过去动作的一种没有把握的推测。 Nobody opened the door.She may/might have left.G. must have done表示对过去动作的一种有把握的肯定的推测（用于肯定句中）。 The door is all wet. It must have rained yesterday.H. cant,couldnt have done 表示对过去动作的一种推测（用于否定句中）。 I saw her yesterday in Shanghai.She cant have arrived in New York now.11、不定式的语态不定式的主动语态：to+do.不定式的被动语态：to be done（表被动）。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的对象时（或是动作的承受者），不定式一般要用被动式。它可以在句中作主语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语。 Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（作主语）。No harm seems to have been done.(表语)I wish to be sent to work in the country.（作宾语）。I had to shout to be heard. （作状语）。He didnt like his plan to be laughed at.(宾补)。He was the first to be elected monitor in his class.(定语)第一章 代词1. 定义：代词是代替名词的词。2. 分类：英语的代词分9大类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词和连接代词。3. 人称代词主要是指人的代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。4. 人称代词常作主语，宾格代词常作动词或介词的宾语。Was_that I saw last night at the concert?A it you B not you C you D that yourselfNeither _nor_liked the idea of going on foot.A him me B her we C I them D she I 5. 在比较状语从句中，在不引起误解的前提下，有时用宾格代词代替主格代词（尤其是其后跟有同位语all时）。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than us all.若可能引起误解，就不能用宾格代替主格。He loves you more than I . （他爱你胜过我爱你） He loves you more than me. （他爱你胜过爱我）6. 人称代词作表语时，口语中常用宾格。Who is it? Its me.注意：若在强调句中，则常保持原来的形式（尤其是可能引起误解时）It is he that teaches us.7. 三个人称代词同时出现时，其单数人称排列顺序一般为“2，3，1”。复数人称排列顺序一般为“1，2，3”。_all enjoy music. A I, you,and she B She,you and I C You, she and I D I,you and she8. 常用she代替country,ship,car,nature,moon等。有时用she/he代替it指动物。The moon is shining brightly tonight. _is like a round silvery plate.A It B He C This D SheThe elephant is proud of himself, for _has a big and strong body.A she B he C it D that9. it可作人称代词或起指示代词的作用；也可作形式主语或形式宾语，还可用于构成强调句型。(1)、可作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。I was disappointed with the film I have expected _to be much better.A. that B. this C. one D. it(2)、作形式宾语。 I dont think _possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A. that B. this C. one D. it(3)、作形式主语。Is_possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?A. now B. man C. that D. it(4)、it用于强调句，其结构为：“it is/was +被强调部分that.”。 it was not until 1920_regular broadcasts began.(5)、起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。 Who is there? Its me. _else could _be? a. Who it b. who I c. what I d. whose it （6）、打电话时用于指人。 Hi, its Mary.10. 物主代词分形容词性和名词性物主代词两种。多数名词性物主代词由“形容词性物主代词s”构成。11. 形容词性物主代词作定语；名词性物主代词（形容词性物主代词名词）作主语、表语和宾语。Is her hair shorter than_?A . me b. I c. my d. mine12. 名词性物主代词在双重所有格中用于介词of后。(1)、用于“a(an,some,few)名词性物主代词”结构，表示“部分、其中之一。” Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of _. (2)、用于“this,thatof名词性物主代词”结构，表示“一种感情色彩”。 This is a friend of Jims.13. 反身代词有人称和数的变化。第一、二人称同“形容词性物主代词selves”构 成；第三人称由“宾格代词self/selves”构成。 14. 反身代词常作宾语，同位语，和表语。Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it_.a. themselves b. oneself c. itself d. himself Speak for_I can say: it was the most important single lesson of my life. A. myself b. ourselves c. themselves d. himself 15. “介词by/for/of/to +oneself” 结构的区别：by oneself:独自、单独 for oneself:亲自of oneself: 自动 to oneself：独享、独有we did the experiment all_.You are free to decide_who are going out with.The lamp went out_.I can tell you that,but you must keep it _.16. 指示代词是表示空间上和时间上的远近关系的词。有单数的this和that，复数 的these和those，单复数都可用的是such和same(1)、this/these指离说话者较近的空间或时间；而that/those指离说话者较远的时间和空间。(2)、such作为指示代词，和名词连用表示“这样一个人或物”，“suchas ”表示“像这样的.”。作定语或主语。(3)、same作为指示代词，之前须有定冠词“the”；可用作定语、主语、表语、宾语等。(4)、that/those除了表示“哪一个/那些个”外，还表示“那一类”。 Few pleasures can equal _of a cool drink on a hot day. a. some b. any c. that d. thoseShe told us _story that we all forgot the time.A. such an interesting b. such interestingc. so an interesting d. a so an interestingThe word “write”has the same pronunciation_the word “right”.A. of b. as c. to d. from17. 在电话用语中，表述第一、二人称宜用指示代词this、that,而不用人 称 代词“I 或you”。18. 相互代词each other和one another都表示“相互”。常可互换。One another表示三个或更多个之间的相互关系（不能用于两者），常用于正式文；each other则可用于表两个或多个之间的相互关系。19. 不定代词是那些用来指明代替任何特定名词（或形容词）的代词。 不 定代词有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分。 SomeSomeoneSomebodySomethingAnyAnyoneanybodyanythingEveryEveryoneEverybodyeverybodyNoneNo oneNobodyNothingEachOneBothEitherneitherOtherAnotherohtersAllManyFewMuchlittle20. 不定代词all,both,each在句子中可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。 作 同位语时，位于单个实义动词之前、单个be动词之后或第一个助动词或或情态动词之后；each还可位于句末。They each have a dictionary.Each has a dictionary.I dont know which book is the better,I shall read_.A. all b. both c. each d. either在“all/both/each of the +n”结构中，of后的the不可省略；若省去of时，all和both后面的the可有可无。All/both/each of the students both/all (the)students21. all/each/both/everyone/everything等词和否定词not连用时，表示部分否定。Not all birds can fly.22. all/each/both/everyone/everything的全部否定应改为否定代词none,no one,nobody,ne