Learning II - Operant Lear.ppt

1、Learning II - Operant Learning,How Do Operants and Respondents Differ?,Operants are Emitted Respondents Elicited Operants Occur Because of Their Consequences Respondents by Antecedents 3) Operants Include a Wider Range of Behaviors Respondents are/were Reflexes 4) Operant Learning Produces New Behav

2、ior Respondent - existing behavior to a new stimulus,The Four Term Contingency,The First Term - R: The Response R The Second Term - The Consequence R-Sr+orSr- The Third Term - The Discriminative Stimulus (Sd) SdRS+rSdRS-r The Fourth Term - The Setting Event (SE),The Four Term Contingency,SD -R-S +r

3、( -r) Setting Event,1st Term - The Response,Behavior Response Classes Topographic Functional Geographic,Topographic Response Class,Based on its form or appearance Examples running talking head-banging,Functional Response Class,Different topographies have same effect on environment Examples Waving ha

4、nds Yelling “Stop” Writing the word “stop”,Geographic Response Class,Outside of our skin - Public Behavior Inside our skin - Private Behavior,Response Classes meansResponse Variability,Variability means selection Selection by Consequences Consequences means response has an effect on stimuli,Term - T

5、he Consequence,Consequence means an event follows the response Consequence is defined functionally - by its effect on the response Response - Consequence relationship is a Contingency - an if-then relationship Consequence determines if a response will probably occur,Consequence is Defined by its Fun

6、ction,What happens as a result of R- S Contingency? Strengthen Weaken No Effect,Five Consequences,R-S Response adds (+) Stim. Response increases R -removes- S Response subtracts(-) Stim. Response increases R -S Response adds (+) Stim. Response decreases R -removes-S Response removes S. Response decr

7、eases R -/- Response has no effect. Stimulus is withheld,Positive Reinforcement,R-S Response adds (+) Stim. Response increases Name of Operation: Positive Reinforcement Name of Stimulus: Positive Reinforcer Examples:,Negative Reinforcement,R -removes- S Response subtracts(-) Stim. Response increases

8、 Name of Operation: Negative Reinforcement Name of Stimulus: Negative Reinforcer Examples:,Punishment by “Hurt”(Positive Punishment),R -S Response adds (+) Stim. Response decreases Name of Operation: Punishment by “hurt” Positive Punishment Name of Stimulus: Negative Reinforcer Examples:,Punishment

9、by “Loss”(Negative Punishment),R -removes-S Response removes S. Response decreases Name of Operation: Punishment by “loss” Negative Punishment Name of Stimulus: Positive Reinforcer Responses which lose negative reinforcers decrease Examples:,Extinction,R -/- Response has no effect. Stimulus is withh

10、eld Usually immediate effect - Extinction Burst Gradual decrease to Operant Level Difference with Negative Punishment Neg. Punishment: Stimulus is removed Extinction: Stimulus is withheld,Reinforcing Consequence,Always a strengthening of behavior Increase in probability of occurrence Increase in mag

11、nitude, etc. Positive Reinforcement - Response Adds Stimulus Negative Reinforcement - Response Removes Stimulus,What Changes?-The Development of Reinforcing Stimuli,Primary Reinforcer Present at Birth Universal Acquired (Secondary) Reinforcers Associated with other reinforcers Learned Non-universal

12、and Generalized,Primary Reinforcers,Present at Birth Universal Examples: Food Liquid Touch Smell Air,Shaping,Reinforcement of Successive Approximations Important for the Development of New Behaviors,Term - Discriminative Stimulus,SD or Sd Sets the occasion for or signals response CUE Correlated with

13、 response having a consequence An Sd is also a reinforcing stimulus S+r or S-r,Chaining,Links of 3 Term contingencies Held together by consequence at end Forward Chaining Start at begining and work toward end Backward Chaining Start at last Contingency & work forward,Operant Learning and Dynamical Principles of Development,Coalescent Or