Reading Skills讲解+练习.ppt

1、Reading Skills (2),1大纲要求 2考生在阅读训练及测试中的问题或困 难所在 1）不良的阅读习惯 2）对生词的恐惧心理 3）忽视语篇水平上的阅读 4）不熟悉试题类型及解题方法 5）平时不注意限时阅读，考试时感觉 时间不够,3正确的阅读方法 1）快读，查读和细读相结合 2）注意首尾句，分清文章主次、体裁和结构 4题型分析 1) 主旨题： 2) 细节题： 3) 推理判断题 5如何根据上下文猜测词义 干扰项分析,Reading ability,1. Language competence 1) Syntax 2) Sentences 3) Discourse knowledge 2.

2、 Cultural knowledge 3. Reading skills,PART ONE HOW TO GRASP THE MAIN IDEA,To grasp the main idea by identifying the topic sentence,Just remember this: the topic sentence should state the main idea of the paragraph, and every idea, every detail, in the paragraph should relate to the idea set forth in

3、 the topic sentence.,Example 1,Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; a scientist with a love of literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a sim

4、ple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive,dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road build

5、ing, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. During his useful life he often felt he was useless: “Alfred Nobel,” he once wrote o himself, “ought to have been put to death by a kind doctor as soon as, with a cry, he entered life.” World-famous for his works he was never

6、 personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. “I do not see,” he once said, “that I have deserved any fame and I have no taste for it.” But since his death, his name has brought fame and glory to others.,Question: The passage chiefly states . A.that Alfred Nobel led a useful

7、life B.why he acted contrary to his own wishes C.how he brought fame and glory to others D.that all his life was full of contradictions,Example 2,Sometimes certain eras or events from our past receive little or no attention. This might be because there is little information available on these subjec

8、ts, or because the subjects are controversial or shameful, and we are reluctant (不愿) to face them. But when we ignore or deny a part of our past, we fail to learn the lessons that history can teach us, and we neglect people who are part of that history. These people and their history can become “inv

9、isible”, and in time we can forge that they ought to be part of what we think of as history.,Question:What is the authors main point?,A.History tends to repeat itself. B. Historians should not write about disputed matters. C.More people should study history. D.No part of history should be ignored.,E

10、xample 3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would attract your attention: “Color TV, only $ 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that the advertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure

11、you that he has another model, a more reliable set which is “just right for you.” It costs $ 359. This sales trick is called “bait (引诱) and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sale offer, and then they are switched to another more costly item. Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the

12、 merchandise and the reasons for the sale.,Question: The main purpose of this passage is _. A. to advertise color TV for sale B.to reveal a sales trick C. to give the customer good advice about purchasing D.to argue against “bait and switch”,Example 4 Most people do not think of fishes and other mar

13、ine animals as having voices, and of those who are aware of the fact that many of them can “speak”, few understand that these “conversations” have significance. Actually, their talk may be as meaningful as much of our own. For example, some sea animals use their “voices” to locate their food in the

14、ocean expanses; others, to let their fellows know of their where-abouts; and still others, as a means of obtaining mates. Sometimes, “speaking” may even mean the difference between life and death to a marine animal. It appears in some cases that when a predator (捕食其他动物的动物) approaches, the prey (捕食的动

15、物) depends on no more than the sounds it makes to escape.,Question: The main thought of the paragraph is that _. A.fish sounds are apparently random B.the noises produced by fish are “meaningful” C.“speaking” may mean the difference between life and death to a sea animal D. “fish voices” have no sig

16、nificance,Example 5 The world is full of poisonous substances. Many of them occur quite naturally, independently of any action of man. Thus the vapor from an active may contain so much sulphur that plants cannot grow nearby. Rivers flowing through forests may become deoxygenated because so much natu

17、ral organic material is deposited in them. Mercury, occurring naturally in the ocean, may reach such high levels that large numbers of fish are killed.,Question:Which sentence best expresses the main idea of the paragraph? A. We can see natural poisonous substances everywhere. B.Many of poisonous su

18、bstances are not man- made. C.There are always masses of poisonous substances in rivers and forests. D.Rivers may be deoxygenated, and large numbers of fish may be killed.,Example 6 The nature of technology has always been determined by mans discovery and manipulation (使用) of materials. For a millio

19、n years stone and bone provided the materials for tools and weapons, such as knives, axes and spears. With the Iron Age man learned to make more sophisticated tools and deadlier weapons. The great advances in transport in the 19th century were made possible by the discovery of steel. Today, advances

20、 in field such as medicine and space technology are dependent on the use of plastics.,Question:Which title is the best one for the passage? A. A Short History of Weapons B. Advances in Materials C. What Determines the Nature of Technology D. The Important Uses of Plastics,2. To grasp the main idea b

21、y writing a mental headline or title,A quick way to do this is: Decide the person, place, or thing which is the subject of the reading passage. The subject can be something abstract, such as an idea. It can be a process, or something in motion, for which no single word synonym exists. This person, p

22、lace, thing, idea, or process then becomes the subject of the headline or title.,(2) Decide the most important thing that is being said about the subject. Either the subject must be doing something, or something is being done to it. This action becomes the verb of the mental headline or title.,Examp

23、le 7 If you work as a soda jerker (冷饮店售货员) you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your

24、 ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business org

25、anization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.,According to the whole text, we may decide: 1. The subject of this passage is the ability to express oneself. 2. The most im

26、portant thing about it is the dependence on the kinds of jobs. So our mental headline would be: 1. Your ability to express yourself depends on your job. 2. How much skill in expressing oneself depends on what kind of job he does.,Question:The title that best expresses the main idea of this passage i

27、s . A.How to Be an Employee B.the Language Competence Needed in the Jobs C.Your Effectiveness Depends on Your Ability D.Be Good at Expressing Yourself,Example 8 The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Ant

28、arctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the western hemisphere, population densities range from about 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 331 per square mile in the Netherlands. Within countries there are

29、 wide variations of population densities. For example, in Egypt, the average is 55 persons per square mile, but 1300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable (适宜耕种的).,Question:The title below that best expresses the main idea of the passage is . A. The Average Po

30、pulation Density of the World B. Wide variations of the Worlds Population Density C. Population Distribution D. Population Density Ranges,Example 9 Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For t

31、hese reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.,Question: What theme is

32、 treated in this passage? A.Some methods of drying food B.Why housewives like dried foods C.The general convenience of dried foods D.The advantages of canned, frozen and dried foods,Example 10 As world population becomes denser, we will feel greater pressure from the expanding number of people. Some

33、 experts argue that we are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support adequately, and they feel we should turn to compulsory birth control. Other authorities feel that if birth control is imposed on the population, the future of mankind would be seriously jeopardized (处于险境).

34、 They think that very intelligent people,would be more likely to have fewer children, and this would bring about a lowering of the general level of intelligence in the population as a whole. However, some critics see a fallacy in this argument. In addition to genetics （遗传学）， they say, intelligence d

35、epends on an adequate diet, a good home environment, parental attention, and education all of which are increasing in the world as the general population becomes more affluent (富裕的).,Question:The title that best expresses the main idea of the passage is . A.The Best Way to Solve the Population Probl

36、em B.the future of Mankind C.Population Problem and Intelligence D.an Argument about Population,PART TWO HOW TO FIND SPECIFIC DETAILS,1. VARIOUS DETAILS To find a word or sentence or group of sentences in the reading passage which justifies the choice.,Note: 1) The questions most frequently found in

37、 reading tests merely require you to identify one of these statements, often expressed in different words. 2) The answer to questions of specific detail must be in the passage. You must be able to find a word or sentence or group of sentences which justifies the choice.,Example 1 One of the most imp

38、ortant weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. The wartime use of penicillin saved thousands of lives. In the First World War, for example, pneumonia was responsible for eighteen percent of all the deaths in the United St

39、ates army. In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than one percent. In addition, penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected.,Questions: 1. According to the passage, penicillin w

40、as useful in the Second World War for all of the following purposes EXCEPT . A. hurting the enemy B. treating pneumonia C. preventing infection D. healing wounds 2. According to the passage, one of the leading causes of death during the First World War was . A. gasB. accidents C. diseaseD. drugs,3.

41、Compared with the death rate from pneumonia in the First World War, the rate in the Second World War was A. much higher B. the same C. slightly D. significantly lower,Example 2 The very success of communications satellite systems has raised widespread concern about their future. Some countries are a

42、lready using satellites for domestic communications in place of conventional telephone lines on land. Although this technique is extremely useful for linking widely scattered villages in remote or mountainous regions, in heavily built-up areas where extensive telephone and telegraph systems already

43、exist domestic satellites (or “domsats”) are seen by the land-line networks as unfair competition. despite such opposition domsats are gaining support from many businesses and public interest groups in the United States and seem likely to be more widely utilized in the future.,Questions: 1. The pass

44、age mentions which of the following as a major advantage of domsats? A. They are inexpensive to operate. B. They easily connect distant points. C. They can be directed by remote control. D. They can be built to be very light. 2. According to the passage, the use of domsats is especially valuable for

45、 which of the following? A. Mountain areas B. Busy cities C. Small countries D. private businesses,3. Who objects to the use of domsats? A. Managers of international business groups B. People in small villages C. Operators of conventional communications systems D. Large public interest groups,Exampl

46、e 3 Every summer in Australia there is the danger of bush fires. Long periods of hot dry weather cause the grass and trees to become highly inflammable (易燃的). As well as the dryness and high temperature, an important factor is the great amount of oil in the leaves of such trees as eucalyptus, gum an

47、d the trees. Fires start very easily, often spontaneously (自然地), but usually because of a carelessly thrown cigarette or match. If there is a high wind, the sufficient supply of air fans the flames into an inferno. They radiant heat vaporizes the oil in the leaves, and the fire travels very quickly,

48、 sometimes overtakes escaping cars and burns passengers to death. Great fires often occur around Christmas, in areas near big cities, causing great loss of life and property.,Questions: 1. Which of the following is Not mentioned as a factor that contributes to great fire danger? A. Intense heat of s

49、ummer B. Cigarettes thrown out of car windows C. Pine forest D. Windstorm 2. Bush fires spread . A. occasionally B. steadily C. accidentally D. swiftly,4.Beer is nearly as old as recorded history. Man is believed to have started brewing (酿造) beer at about the same time he learned to make bread. Arch

50、aeological (考古学的) evidence indicates that beer was produced in Mesopotamia around 6000 B.C. In the earliest known civilization, ancient Summer in the Near East, about forty percent of the grain crop went to make beer, and it was apparently also used for currency (货币) by the local nobility. Beer, bre

51、ad, and onions probably formed the basic diet of the ancient Egyptian people, and some of their beer had an alcoholic content of up to twelve percent. The Greeks carried the art of brewing from Egypt into Europe, and the Romans learned about beer drinking during their conquest of Greece. Brewing rap

52、idly took hold in northern and western Europe where grape-growing was impractical because of the weather.,Questions: 1. What does the article say about beer? A. The Egyptians were the first civilized people to drink beer. B. Beer was sometimes used for currency. C. Beer was brewed long before men le

53、arned to make bread. D. Twenty percent of the grain crop in ancient Sumer was used to make beer.,2. What is said about the introduction of beer into Europe? A. The beer in northern and western Europe was brewed from grapes. B. The Greeks learned to make beer from the Romans. C. The Greeks learned th

54、e art of brewing beer from Egypt. D. It was a long time before beer became popular in Europe.,2. Reference Words,Example 1 Some students read slowly and know it; others read slowly and dont know it. The former can be helped easily because they are already aware of their problem. Before the latter ca

55、n be helped, however, they must be made aware of the problem.,Questions: 1. In this passage, “it” refers to . A. reading B. reading slowly C. how to read D. the fact that they read slowly 2. “the latter” refers to . A. the students who are aware of their problem B. the students who read slowly and k

56、now it C. the students who read slowly but are not aware of it D. what the students read,3. “the problem” in this passage refers to . A. the fact that some students may be helped with difficulty B. the difficulty with which some students may be helped C. reading slowly D how to improve reading,Examp

57、le 2 Venice in the Middle Ages was a sailors town that heard many strange tales. but those of Marco Polo, back from his travels to the ends of the earth, were stranger than all of them. he talked of a black rock that was dug up and set afire. He said that it gave off heat and burned longer than wood

58、. the people of Venice shouted with laughter. To them coal was a fairy tale.,Questions: 1. “those of Marco Polo” means . A. the Middle Ages B. many strange tales C. the tales told by Marco Polo D the tales told about Marco Polo 2. “it” refers to . A. the black rock B. a sailors town C. a fire D. the

59、 fairy tale,Example 3 In Marco Polos time, Venice was the worlds greatest trading port. Her ships brought in pearls, diamonds, and sapphires (蓝宝石) form India; furs from Siberia; spices (香料) and silks from China. But these treasures had reached the Venetian ships at other ports, brought there by camels across deserts or on Chinese or Arab boats. No Venetian had ever seen the faraway lands from which the riches came.,