长梯形花键冷挤压.pdf

1、ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cold extrusion of a long trapezium spline and its forming analysis Yuan Anfu Received: 21 August 2007 /Accepted: 10 March 2008 / Published online: 15 April 2008 #Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008 Abstract The machining of a long trapezium spline is difficult due to its stiffness.

2、In this paper, a special cold extrusion technique has been adopted on the basis of analyzing its three-dimensional velocity field and simula- tion using the software programme Deform-3D 5.0to make a qualified trapezium spline of12840 with 16 teeth. Keywords Coldextrusion.Trapeziumspline.Forming limi

3、t.Deform 1 Introduction The rectangle spline is mainly used to hold heavy loads due to its thick root. Therefore it is widely used to transmit power in the auto industry. This papers mainly focuses on the forming of a long trapezium spline, which is a difficult problem to solve in the machining indu

4、stry. Traditional machining methods, such as milling, hobbling, etc., are not capable of forming such spline in batches due to their low efficiency and quality; therefore special manufacturing methods such as twisting, extruding, etc. have become more and more widely used. Still, for long trapezium

5、spline, as shown in Fig. 1, both of them have some difficulties to form a qualified part 17. 2 Details of part to be formed The drawing of a trapezium spline to be formed refers to Fig. 1. Its details are as follows: Teeth :16Thick of Tooth :1:3Material : 20Cr GB ElasticModule : 205GpaPossionRatio :

6、 0:29Density : 7850Kg?m3 YieldStrength : 685MpaTopdia:of tooth : Dt 12:8mmRootdia:of tooth : 10:86mm 3 Steps to solve There are two problems which need to be solved in order to form a qualified product: 3.1 Structure of the die cavity The structure of the die cavity directly influences deforma- tion

7、 of the workpiece and stress and strain distribution during extrusion. Therefore it is necessary to design a reasonable die structure according to the actual forming Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 41:461467 DOI 10.1007/s00170-008-1480-y Y. Anfu (*) Information and Control College, Nanjing University

8、 of Information Science ;Z g ? Rb?Z=L Rb1 where LValid length of working zone of die cavity; RbRadius of base circle, i.e., radius of raw bar; g()is defined as follows: g Rt0 ? 81 SR 81 ? 82 Rr81 ? 82 8 : 2 where RtRadius of top circle of spline RrRadius of root circle of spline SR()Equation of trap

9、ezium spline which is described as follows: SR : Rrr sin 81? Rtrsin ? 82 RtRrsin 81? 82 3 where akPressure angle of the spline tPolar angle when top circle of spline is polar radius Fig. 2 Shape function of trapezium spline and its coordination systemFig. 3 Deforming zone of trapezium spline Fig. 1

10、Part drawing to be formed 462Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 41:461467 4.2 Actual angles According to actual dimensions of trapezium spline, Eqs. (1, 2 and 3)can be transferred as follows: 81 5:830;82 6:88082 12:30 ZoneI : f r;Z Rt? RbZ=L Rb4 ZoneII : f r;Z : r RtRrsin 81?82 Rrsin 81?Rtsin ?82 Z Z :

11、8 : 17 4.4 Power calculation by upper bound analysis During extrusion, there are three powers of deformation power inside the workpiece, friction power and shear power, that is: PT Pd Pt Pf18 where Pd, Pt, Pfare powers of deformation power inside the workpiece, shear power and friction power on the

12、contacting surface of the spline respectively. They are as follows: Pd Z V sedv19 wheree ffi ffiffi 2 3 q e2 rr e 2 e 2 zz 2e 2 rz ?1=2 Pt ss ffi ffiffi 3 p Z vjjdS20 where is the interrupting surface of velocity Pf mss ffi ffiffi 3 p Z vjjDA21 Fig. 5 Simulation object Fig. 6 Simulation model 464Int

13、 J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 41:461467 where is the inner surface of extrusion die The total deformation power: Pf pV0D2 r ?4 22 From 1822, the following equation can be obtained: ffi ffi ffi 2 3 r Z V e2 rr e 2 e 2 zz 2e 2 rz ?1=2 sdv s ffi ffiffi 3 p Z vjjdS ms ffi ffiffi 3 p Z vjjdA pV0D2 r ?4 23

14、where er Vr r ;e 1 r V Vr ? ; ez Vz z ;ezr 1 2 Vz r Vr z ? The calculating result of guide angle according to power is 23.5. 5 Simulation of extrusion In this paper, Deform software is used to simulate extrusion forming to verify the above calculation results 810. The simulation environment is simil

15、ar to actual conditions which are stated as follows: 5.1 The purpose of simulation In order to reduce manufacturing cost, save time and obtain a qualified spline as soon as possible, In this paper, simulation of extrusion has been made. Therefore, the purpose of this simulation is to obtain the opti

16、cal guide Fig. 7 (a) Strain distribution with extrusion depth of 5 mm. (b) Strain distribution with extrusion depth of 5 mm. (c) Strain distribution with extrusion depth of 5 mm Fig. 8 (a) Stress distribution with extrusion depth of 12 mm. (b) Stress distribution with extrusion depth of 12 mm. (c) S

17、tress distribution with extrusion depth of 12 mm Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 41:461467465 angle a (ref. to Fig. 5) according to the value of stress and strain of the workpiece during extrusion. 5.2 Simulation environment Analysis softwareDeform-3D 5.0 Analysis modeHeat transfer & deformation Work

18、piece materialAISI-1045 similar with 20 Cr (GB) Number of mesh70000 Nodes14452 Element62766 Analysis steps100 Time increment0.5 Frication coefficient between top and the workpiece 0.3 Frication coefficient between bottom and the workpiece 0.08 5.3 Setup of model and simulation The model of simulatio

19、n is as Fig. 6 in which the structure of the bottom die is as Fig. 5. Diameters of the bottom die and top die are 45 and 25, respectively, and their thicknesses are all 10 mm. In this model, both the bottom die and top die are rigid and the workpiece is plastic. During extrusion, the top die moves d

20、own at constant speed of 1.0 mm/s. The diameter and length of the workpiece are 12.9 and 25 mm, respectively. Three simulations are made whose bottom die are 20, 25 and 30, respectively, in the same conditions. 5.4 Results of simulation Strain distribution of the workpiece at step 10 and Stress dist

21、ribution of the workpiece at step 24 are shown in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. The other maximum stress and strain values at these two steps are listed at Table 1. Figure 9 is the simulation result at step 82. From these results, the following points can be obtained: (1)From the point of stress of t

22、he workpiece, the difference at different guide angles is not so obvious. However, the strain at different guide angle changes noticeably and the best one is the bottom die with 25 guide angle. (2)From the point of extrusion, it is the best when the guide angle is 25 since, at this angle, no “forgin

23、g reduction” appeared and the workpiece extruded qualifies (see Fig. 9). 6 Actual extrusion forming 11, 12 Combining with results of simulation and analysis, we opened the bottom die with a guide angle of 25. The actual machining conditions are as follows: Extrusion machineSpecial-purpose made machi

24、ne PowerHigh pressure hydraulic oil Dimension of oil cylinder 4001000 Working pressure15 Mpa Material of the workpiece 20Cr (GB-Standard of China) with typical surface treatment LubricationOil lubrication SpeedAbout 1.4 mm/s Die materialSintered alloy Load mode of extrusion force Pull not push Table

25、 1 Maximum stress and strain at step 10 and 24 Guide angle Step 10Step 24 Max. stress Max. strain Max. stress Max. strain 2014503.4313203.03 2514002.0914601.68 3013207.3014407.25 Fig. 9 A spline extruded at step 82 with 25 guide angle Fig. 10 Photos of trapezium spline shafts 466Int J Adv Manuf Tech

26、nol (2009) 41:461467 In order to obtain qualified product, one point must be paid attention to, i.e., how to keep the stability of the workpiece during extrusion. In this test, special equipment is assembled with which the part can be kept stable and will not bend during extrusion. In addition, guid

27、ing accuracy is very important, otherwise extrusion force cannot be stable and a fracture will appear on the surface of the workpiece (refer to Fig. 10). 7 Conclusion More and more attention is being paid to extrusion in the manufacturing industry because of its advantages of high efficiency, high a

28、ccuracy. This, therefore, is called no chip machining. Especially, extrusion becomes the only forming method for some parts in batch production. From this paper, the following conclusions can be made: (1)Upper bound analysis is a useful and effective method to calculate in theory power needed during

29、 extrusion, and its analysis result is accurate as long as the model established is similar to actual forming conditions. (2)With the help of some reasonable software such as Deform, simulation of some forming process has been found on a wide daily application. According to simulation results, some

30、structure or parameters can be modified or adjusted as necessary before extrusion die is put into production. (3)Regarding the forming of thin long spline shaft, its stiffness and stability are the first consideration need to be solved besides common factors in extrusion must be considered. Otherwis

31、e, qualified part cant be made. (4)CAE technology is a very useful tool, with which much time and much cost can be saved. (5)Up to now, in test periods, a qualified product can be machined,althoughtherearestillsomeproblemsthatneed to be solved such as production efficiency and optimum extrusion tech

32、nique. After further modification, this machining method should be put into batch production. References 1. Jia LL, Gao JZ (2002) Study on extrusion forming limits of long splines. China Mechanical Engineering 22:19741976 2. Xu H, Jia SS, Tun HC, Li RZ, Yu G (2005) Numerical simulation of cold extru

33、sion molding process of propeller shaft involute spline. Vehicle Technology 4:3235 3. Luo YH, Li LX (2006) Study on isothermal extrusion using the deform. Journal of Hunan Industry Polytechnic 16:1315 4. Lv L, Tan L (2004) Research on mould of spline in cold extrusion. Mechanical Worker (Cold Machining) 8:2728 5. Gao J (2004) Research on knowledge-based intelligent system and key technologies of cold extrusion process planning. A Disserta- tion for Doctoral Degree of Shandong University 6. Sun XW (2002) Researc