中英关系史.ppt

1、中英关系史（一）,理解近代中英关系史的前提,1、英国第一个完成工业革命，是当时实力最强的国家，当时其国际地位与影响只有今天的美国可以与之相比。 2、中英关系是19世纪中国对外关系中最重要的关系。 3、从中强英弱、到英强中弱、再到两次世界大战以后英国的衰弱与新中国的复兴，中英关系随着国际局势的变化与中英两国综合国力的变化，经历了一个错综复杂的演变过程。,鸦片战争以前英方之交往尝试,1576年，伦敦商人以海盗马丁傅洛比雪耳为首组成探险队，试图寻找通往中国的西北通道，但并未成功。 1583年，英国商人约翰纽伯莱等人试图经印度来华贸易，英女王伊丽莎白交给他两封信，一封致印度莫卧尔皇帝，另一封致中国皇帝

2、即“最大及不可战胜之君王陛下”。信中，英王希望中国皇帝“宽大接待”英国臣民，并给予贸易方面的特权：“吾人以为，我等为天生需要者，吾人必须互相帮助，吾人希望陛下能同意此点，而我臣民亦不能不作此类之尝试。如陛下能促成此事，且给予安全通行之权，并给与吾人在与贵国臣民贸易中所极需之其他特权，则陛下实行至尊贵仁慈国君之事，而吾人将永不能忘陛下之功业”。（参见张轶东：中英两国最早的接触，载历史研究1958年第5期）。途经忽鲁谟斯（在阿曼湾和波斯湾之间，今属伊朗），被葡萄牙人捕获，送往印度西海岸之果阿，获释后留居印度，英女王致中国的信没有送达中国。,1596年，伊丽莎白女王派本亚明伍德为使臣，随商人里查阿伦

3、等来前往中国，并较书中国皇帝（“至尊主权国君、伟大中华王国之最强力主宰者、亚洲各部以及附近诸岛屿最主要之皇帝陛下”）：“公平通商”，“遵循贵国之法令”，“凡我国人来贵国某处、某港、某地、某镇或某城贸易时，务请赐以自由出入之权，俾得与贵国人交易，在陛下仁慈治下，使其得享受自由特典及权利，与其他国人在贵国所享受者，一无差等”，“贵国人民之入境贸易者，到处予以自由，加以保护”。伍德等人乘坐的三只船在经过好望角时，一只遇难，另外两只被葡人拦截，信同样没有送达中国。,1600年，英国设立东印度公司，垄断远东贸易，1635年，葡人租用的英国船“伦敦号”抵达澳门。此后，英国人多次试图到广州通商，但因清政府实

4、行海禁，同时也因为葡商的抵制，虽数次强行闯关，始终未能如愿。直到1685年，清政府开放海禁，英国对华贸易才出现了较快发展。,乾隆五十七年（1792），英商到广州，向粤督郭世勋转达英王遣使来华的请求：“因前年大皇帝万寿未申祝禧，今遣使臣马嘎尔尼等将由天津入贡。”（参见王之春：清朝柔远记，第140页，“入贡”两字不知是英商自拟之中文稿，还是中国官员的译作？）次年8月，马嘎尔到达中国，9月在热河参加乾隆83岁庆典，并觐见乾隆皇帝，获隆重接待。马氏先后提出派使常驻北京、派船到浙江、宁波、珠山及天津、广东地方交易；在天朝京城设立商行，收贮货物发卖、请拨广东省城附近一处地方供英商居住等。被乾隆拒绝：“天朝

5、尺土俱归版籍，疆址森然，即岛屿沙洲，亦必画界分疆，各有专属”，英人若贸然来华贸易，各处文武“必不肯令其停留，定当立时驱逐出洋”。 1816年阿美士德使团访华。 东印度公司暗中鼓励鸦片贸易。,早期英国人想像中的中国,Milton: Paradise Lost Adams gazes out from the highest hill of paradise and sees: The seat Of Mightiest Empire, from the destined walls Of Cambalu, Seat of Cathaian To Paquin, of Sinean Kings.,

6、In an operatic performance of Shakespeares A Midnights Dream, the stage directions ran as follows:,While the state is darkened, a single Entry is danced. Then a symphony is playd; after the scene is suddenly illuminated, and discovers a transparent prospect of a Chinese garden, the Architecture, the

7、 Trees, the Plants, the Fruit, the Birds, the Beasts, quite different from what we have in this part of the World. It is terminated by an Arch, through which is seen other arches with close arbors, and a row of trees to the end of the view. Over it is a hanging garden, which rises by several ascents

8、 to the Top of the house; it is bounded on either side with pleasant Bowers, variousTrees, and numbers of strange Birds flying in the air, on the Top of the Platform is a Fountain, throwing up water, which falls into a large basin. In this setting, Chinese lovers sing duets to the stately harmonies

9、of Purcell, six monkeys emerge from the wood to execute a dance, and the state directions rise to a lyrical climax: Six pedestals of China rise from under the Stage, they support six large vases of Porcelain, in which are six China orange Treesthe pedestals move towards the front of the Stage, and t

10、he grand dance begins of twenty four persons. Hymen then appears to the scene to reconcile Oberon and Titania and then unite the Chinese lovers, a final quintet is sung and the opera brought to its close.,Daniel Defoe:Robinson Crusoe (Part II,1719),As Crusoe and his little party leave the south coas

11、t of China, where they have been accidentally forced to land, his first impression of China appears to be favourable: “First, we went ten days journey t0 see the city of Nanking, a city well worth seeing indeed; they say it has a million of people in it, which, however, I do not believe. It is regul

12、arly built, the streets all exactly straight, and cross one another in direct lines, which gives the figure of it great advantage”.(Boston, 1903, P.256) But this impression is promptly banished by a fully developed diatribe: “But when I come to compare the miserable people of these countries with ou

13、rs, their fabrics, their manner of living, their government, their religion, their wealth, their glory, as some call it, I must confess I do not so much as think it is worth naming, or worth my while to write of, or any that shall come after me to read What are their buildings to the palaces and roy

14、al buildings of Europe? Whats their trade to the universal commerce of England, Holland, France, and Spain? What are their cities to ours for wealth, strength, gaiety of apparel, rich furniture, and an infinite variety? What are their ports, supplied with a few junks and barks, to our navigation, ou

15、r,merchant fleets, our large and powerful navies? “As I have said of their ships, so may be said of their armies and troops, all the forces of their empire, though they were to bring two millions of men into the field together, would be able to do nothing but ruin the country, and starve themselves.

16、 If they were to besiege a strong town in Flanders, or to fight a disciplined army, one line of German cuirassiers, or of French cavalry, would throw all the horse of China; a million of their foot could not stand before one embattled body of our infantry, posted so as not to be surrounded, thought

17、they were to be not one to twenty in number; nay, I do not boast if I say that 30,000 German or English foot, and 10,000 French horse, would fairly beat all the forces of ChinaThey have firearms, but they are awkward, clumsy, and uncertain in going off, they have powder, but it of no strength, they

18、have neither discipline in the field, exercise to their arms, skill to attack, or temper to retreat.”,19世纪第一次大战期间英国对华政策之演变,1833年，英国废止东印度公司的贸易专利权。 1834年，英国单方面将英中关系“升级”，派商务监督律劳卑来华 在“自由”与“平等”的旗帜下，率先以武力打开中国大门 第一次鸦片战争 第二次鸦片战争,西方话语及受此话语影响的中国学者对这两次侵华战争的评价,美国汉学家马士（H. B. Morse)：Up to 1839 it was China which

19、dictated to the West the terms on which relations should be permitted to exist; since 1860 it was the West which has imposed on China the conditions of their common intercourse. (International Relations of the Chinese Empire,Vol. I, p.229) Now, as the result of the three wars, the Chinese learned, a

20、nd they accepted as their law, that whereas formerly it was China which dictated the conditions under which international relations were to be maintained, now it was the Western nations which imposed their will on China. (Vol. I, p.617),蒋廷黻：中国近代史,“还有一个原故，那就是中国不承认别国的平等，西洋人到中国来的，我们总把他们当作琉球人、高丽人看待。他们不来

21、，我们不勉强他们。他们如来，必尊中国为上国而以藩属自居。这个体统问题，仪式问题就成为邦交的大阻碍，“天朝”是绝不肯通融的，中国那时不感觉有联络外邦的必要，并且外夷岂不是蛮貊之邦，不知礼义廉耻，与他们往来有什么好处呢？他们贪利而来，天朝施恩给他们，许他们作买卖，藉以羁縻与抚绥而已。假若他们不安分守己，天朝就要“剿夷”。那时中国不知道有外交，只知道“剿夷与抚夷”。政治家分派别，不过是因为有些主张剿，有些主张抚。” “中西的关系是特别的。在鸦片战争以前，我们不肯给外国平等待遇；在以后，他们不肯给我们平等待遇。”,一战前英国对华政策的基本特点,英国在华利益最大，打开中国大门以后，在不能独霸的情况下，保

22、持中国“开放”、不断促进英国贸易，扩大英国利益，是其基本国策。,英国在华商业地位：,“外人最初对于我们的通商制度虽不满意，然而觉得既是中国的定章，只好容忍。到了十八世纪末年（乾隆末年，嘉庆初年）外人的态度就慢慢的变了。这时中国的海外贸易大部分在英国的东印度公司手里。在广州的外人之中，英国已占领了领袖地位。英国此时的工业革命已经起始，昔日的手工业都慢慢的变为机械制造。海外市场在英国的国计民生上一天比一天紧要，中国对通商的限制，英国认为最不利于英国的商业发展。同时英国在印度已战胜了法国，印度半岛全入了英国的掌握。以后再往亚东发展也就更容易了，因为有了印度作发展的根据地。（蒋：中国近代史）,“the

23、 foreign traders prosperedIn 1751 there were at Whampoa 9 English, 4 Dutch, 2 French, 1 Danish and 2 Sweden, a total of 18 ships. Forty years later, in 1789, there was 61 English, 15 American, 5 Dutch, 1 French, 1 Danish, and 3 Portuguese, a total of 86 shipsIn the export trade, tea constituted clos

24、e on three-fifths of all exports, and silk about one-fifth; and the cotton cloth(nankeens) was then an article of export from China to the West, the cotton gin, machine-spinning and power loom not having yet had time to turn the movement un the opposite directions.(H. B. Morse: The Foreign Relations

25、 of the Chinese Empire”,1895年英国商务部公报（Board of Trade Journal）统计数字,英国占1894年中国对外贸易总额的83%，占了中国当年海关税收总额的81%。1895年中，中国对外贸易总额为5300万英镑，其中英商占了3500万镑。1896年，中国全年进口的总值是3亿4364万多两，其中英商占了2亿3562万多两，其他各国的总和还不到1亿1千万两。海关统计表明，英商占了该年和次年中国对外贸易总额的82%、中国海关税入额的76%。,伦敦泰晤士报社论：,“中国是欧洲货物最大的、最有前途的市场；这类货品，也正是我们最有把握与别人公平竞争的。”(The

26、London Times, 6 Jan. 1898, 转引自王曾才：中英外交史论集，第118页) 保持中国统一和开放，符合英商最大利益：,英国议员巴福尔（Arthur Balfour）在曼彻斯特演说：,“我们在华所占的利益之大，是中国与全世界贸易的百分之八十，是全世界各国在华贸易总和的百分之八十！”另一名国会议员叶勃（Yerburgh）1898年5月在下院演讲称，虽然英国在全世界各地皆有重大利益，但只有在中国，英商才会有其最大的商业利益：“唯有在东方，尤其是远东，我们才能希望为英国厂商创造公开的市场。任何沦入法国或俄国手中的港口，城镇或村落，皆表示为曼彻斯特、布拉德福（Bradford）和孟买的最大的损失。” 1898年4月，国会反对党领袖Sir William Harcourt演讲：“英国政策的主要原则，是为我们自己也为别人，反对攫