专业英语参考资料

1、第四章科技术语构词中常见的前缀和后缀,科技英语常见词缀举例如下： 一、前缀（prefixes） 1. a- 非，不 asymmetry 非对称性 astray 偏离 2. aero- 空气，飞机 aerodynamics 空气动力学 aero-craft carrier 航空母舰 3. all- 全 all-weather transportation 全天候运输 all-round champion 全能冠军,4. anti- 反、逆、抗、防、耐 antifreeze pump 防冻泵 anti-phase 反相 5. astro- 天文，宇宙 astronavigation 天文导航 as

2、trovehicle 宇宙飞行器 6. auto- 自动，自 autocoder 自动编码器 autochart 自动流程图,7. bi- 双，重 bipolar relay 双极继电器 bicarbonate 重碳酸盐 8. bio- 生物，生 bionics 仿生学 biocatalyst 生物催化剂 9. cine- 电影 cinefilm 电影胶片 cinemicroscopy 电影显微术 10. co- 共，同 coaxial cable 同轴电缆 cosine 余弦,11. contro- 反，逆 controsurge winding 防冲屏蔽绕组 controflow 逆流 1

3、2. counter- 逆，反 counteractant 中和剂 counterpart 对方 13. de- 除，脱 defroster 除霜剂 derailment 脱轨 14. deci- 十分之一 ，十分 decimal 十进制 decibel 分贝,15. di- 双，偶，两 diode 二极管 dibit 两位 16. du- 二，双 duplicate 一式两份 duoplasmatron 双等离子体发射器 17. equi- 同等，均 equipartition 均分 equilibrium 均衡 18. ferro- 铁，钢 ferroalloy 铁合金 ferroconc

4、rete 钢筋混泥土,19. gyro- 陀螺，旋转 gyroscope 陀螺仪 gyrosphere 回转球 20. hecto- 百 hectare 公顷 hectolitre 百升 21. hemi- 半 hemisphere 半球 hemipyramid 半锥体 22. hepta- 七 heptagon 七角形 heptad 七价原子,23. hexa- 六 hexagon 六角形 hexaploid 六倍体 24. homo- 同，相似 homogeneity 同种 homoclime 相同气候 25. hydro- 水，氢化 hydroelectric locomotive 液力

5、传动内燃机车 hydrofining 氢化提纯 26. hyper- 高，超，重，过 hypertension 高血压 hypervelocity 超高速,27. infra- 下，亚，次 infrared rays 红外线 infrastructure 地基 28. inter- 相互，际间 internet 互联网 intercity train 城际列车 29. iso- 等，同 isotherm 等温线 isotope 同位素 30. macro- 大，宏观，常量 macrocontrol 宏观调控 microanalysis 常量分析,31. mal- 不，失 malnutritio

6、n 营养不良 malfunction 失灵 32. mega- 兆，百万 megalopolis 特大城市 megaton 百万吨级 33. micro- 微观 microelectronics 微电子学 microfilm 缩微胶卷 34. mono- 单，一 monocle 单片眼镜 monochord 单弦琴,35. multi- 多 multiplane 多翼机 multipole 多极 36. ortho- 正，直 orthocenter 垂心 orthograph 正投影图 37. over- 过，超 overrun 超限 overexposure 曝光过度 38. photo-

7、光电，光敏 photosynthesis 光合作用 photoreceptor 感光器,39. poly- 多，聚 polymer 聚合物polyethylene 聚乙烯 40. post- 后 post-acceleration 偏转后加速 postmeridian 午后 41. pseudo- 伪，假 pseudo-program 伪程序 pseudophotoesthesia 光幻觉 42. quadr- 四，二次 quadruplicate 一式四份 quadraphonic 四声道立体声,43. quasi- 准，拟 quasi-high-speed 准高速 quasi-orderi

8、ng 拟序 44. semi- 半 semi-final 半决赛 semitrailer 半挂车 45. stereo- 立体的 stereooptics 立体光学 stereophone 立体声耳机 46. sub- 子，亚 subloop 子回路 subsoil 亚土层,47. super- 超 superhighway 超级公路 superconductor 超导体 48. tele- 远，电 telemetry 遥测术 telecommunication 电信 49. thermo- 热 thermostat 恒温器 thermoscreen 隔热屏 50. trans- 超，越，变换

9、 transparency 透明度 transpassivation 过钝化,51. tri-，ter- 三 tertiary 第三产业 triplicate 一式三份 52. ultra- 超，过 ultrasonic 超声波 ultrastructure 超微结构,二、后缀（suffixes） 1. -er（or）器，机 air-oil booster 气-液增压器 air compressor 空气压缩机 2. -ite 石，矿物 granite 花岗石 sulphite 亚硫酸盐 3. -meter 表，计 speedometer 速度计 ohmmeter 电阻表,4. -ity 性，

10、度 absolute viscosity 绝对粘度 track elasticity 轨道弹性 5. -scope 仪，镜 spectroscope 光谱仪 telescope 望远镜 6. -graph 仪，机 spectrograph 摄谱仪 telegraphy 电报机,（2）空间顺序（spatial order） 按事物在空间所处位置的排列情况所进行的一种描述方法，比如通常是由前到后、由内而外、从左至右、从顶部到底部、从近处到远处等。这对仪器设备的描述是很有用的。 表示位置的常用语有以下一些： A. 名词 front, back, side, center, middle, top,

11、bottom, end, edge, interior, inside, exterior, outside, border, perimeter B. 形容词 front, back, rear, central, superior, upper, inferior, lower, inner, interior, outer, exterior, near, far, distant, parallel, perpendicular, vertical, horizontal,C. 副词 forward, backward, sideways, up, down, upward, cloc

12、kwise, counter-clockwise D. 介词 in front of, behind, at the back of, on, above, over, under, below, beneath, underneath, at the top of, along, in the middle of, between, through, among, within, throughout, outside, around, beyond, at the end of, across, from, past, opposite, near, towards, to the rig

13、ht of, from to ,（3）分门别类法（classification或division） 把一个广泛的题材分成几个类别，然后分类叙述。 常用的词汇有： A. 形容词 major, main, primary, secondary, former, latter, most important, least important B. 名词 class, kind, type, division, classification, aspect, part, characteristic C. 动词 divide into, group into, put into, fall into,

14、 consist of, classify as (into), categorize as (into),A. 用于比较的词语 similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in the same way, to resemble, to equal, both and , either or, neither nor, not only but also , like, identical, equally, similar to, equal to, a similarity B. 用于对照的词语 to differ from (in), to contra

15、st with, to distinguish between, in contrast, on the other hand, not as as, unlike, while, whereas, although, differently, even if, in contrast to, as opposed to, distinct from, different from, however, but, more (less) than, a contrast, a dissimilarity, a difference,写摘要常用的句式: 介绍论文内容或作者的观点 The autho

16、rs present aprinciple that predict 作者提出了一种原理，该原理能预测 The paper presents the data in terms of 本文用给出了的数据 The brief history of is presented. 本文介绍了 的简史。 The authors describe a configuration of 作者描述了一种构造。 This paper describes the principles and techniques of 本文描述了的原理和技术。,Performance goals and various appr

17、oaches to are briefly described. 简述了性能目标和达到的各种途径。 This paper addresses the problem of 本文论述的问题。 The first paper deals with 第一篇论文论述了 This paper is devoted to assessment of 本文专论如何评估 This paper is concerned with the analysis of 本文对进行了分析。 The article looks at 本文考察了,介绍科技论文研讨的课题 The performance characteris

18、tics ofare studied theoretically and experimentally. 对的性能特征进行了理论和实验研究。 The paper examinesand consider 本文研究了并考虑了 The authors consider two specific subjects which 作者考虑了两个的专门课题。 A principle of constructingis considered in this paper 本文考虑了建立的原则。,This article discusses the reasons for and offers an insig

19、ht into 本文讨论了的原因并提出了对的观点。 The influence ofonis investigated. 研究了对所产生的影响。 This paper analyzes some important characteristics of 本文分析了 的一些重要特性。 This process is analyzed using 使用对这一过程进行了分析。,介绍论文涉及的范围 Some of the specific topics discussed are: 论述的专门课题包括 The article contains some practical recommendation

20、s on 本文包含了一些有关的实际建议。 The scope of the research covers 本研究的范围涉及 Subjects covered include 涉及的课题包括,综述与概括对某一领域的研究课题 This paper reviews, summarizes the theory fromviewpoint, discusses, and presents 本文综述了，从观点概述了这一理论，并讨论了，还提出了 介绍论文重点 This report concentrates on 本报告的重点是 Attention is concentrated on 重点是 Part

21、icular attention is/was paid to 特别重视,There has been a focusand attention is being paid to 一直是重点，而且现在都重视 The greatest emphasis has been on 极其重视 The primary emphasis in this paper is on 本文的重点是 介绍论文的目的 This paper seeks to justifyin terms of 本文追求的目标是从角度来论证 One of the purposes of this study is 本研究的一个目的是,

22、The aim of this study is to carry out analysis for 本项研究的目的是对进行分析。 The primary objective of the study was to determine 本研究的主要目标是确定 The work is aimed at examining 本研究的目的是研究 介绍成果的获取和开发 This paper provides the quantitative background to 本文为提供了量化基础。 The computed simulation ofis provided for 为进行了计算机模拟。,Th

23、e authors have developed two method of 作者制定了的两种方法。 A theoretical model has been developed to predict 研制了一种理论模型来预测 A theoretical treatment of a new model ofis given. 本文给出了的新模型的理论处理方法。 Data pertinent toare given. 给出了有关的资料。,介绍观察和证明 New evidence indicates that 新的证据表明 In this paper, the authors show how

24、文中作者们说明了怎样 Studies have shown that 研究表明 It is shown that 已证明 In this paper it is demonstrated that 本文已经证明,介绍运算和计量 As part of, the authors have measured the minimum velocities of 作为的一部分，作者测量了的最小速度。 The main body orientation is measured by means of 主体定位是通过计量的。 This paper determines the energetically r

25、ational range of 本文确定了的能量合理范围。 介绍应用与用途 Two basic technologies are used to lay down 采用了两种基本技术来建立,Such a statistical method has been applied to 已将这样一种统计法用于 介绍评估与比较 常用词语有evaluate, assess, compare, agree with等。 The present work evaluate the low-temperature properties of 本项研究评估了的低温性质 The role of has been

26、 critically assessed by 严格评审了的作用。 The calculated results agree with the experimental results. 计算结果与实验结果完全一致。,介绍试验与实验 常用词语有test, experiment等。 The experiments onhave been carried out using 使用进行了的实验 。 The tests were carried out on 试验是在上进行的。 介绍论证与依据 常用词语有be based on, base on, take an reference等。 The met

27、hod is based on 这种方法的基础是,Constitutive equation ofis formulated based on 的构成式是以公式为基础的。 介绍推荐与建议 常用的词语有propose, suggest, recommend等。 The author proposes an approach to 作者建议创立一种方法来 Suggestions were made for further study of 提出了进一步研究的建议。, It is suggested that 有人建议 Recommendations are made regarding 提出了有关

28、的建议。 介绍结论的语句 常用词语有conclude, arrive at等。 The paper concludes that 本文的结论是 It was concluded that 所作出的结论是,例如： 普通英语词 科技英语中的非技术词 （一般语体） （正式语体） about approximately ask inquire begin commence buy purchase carry bear change transform cheap inexpensive end conclude finish complete,普通英语词 科技英语中的非技术词 （一般语体） （正式语

29、体） get obtain give accord have possess method technique obtainable available avoid circumvent quick rapid say remark similar identical touch contact try endeavor,普通英语词 科技英语中的非技术词 （一般语体） （正式语体） use employ或utilize put place fire flame happy excited careful cautious care caution heart center enough suf

30、ficient by which whereby in which wherein in the end eventually,（2）一些短语动词往往由正式动词（通常来源于拉丁语）替代，表现出科技英语行文要求精练，表达上力避冗繁。 例如： 短语动词正式动词 turn on complete take in absorb push in insert push down depress put up erect put together aggregate put out extinguish put in add,短语动词正式动词 wear away erode take away remov

31、e send for summon use up consume；exhaust carry out perform come across encounter make up invent put up with tolerate go with accompany fill up occupy,短语动词正式动词 bring out introduce break up rupture look at（over） examine find out discover drive forward propel keep up maintain turn upside down invert se

32、t fire（light）to ignite makeweak weaken takeinto places dismantle turninto liquid liquefy be made up of be composed of,下面是写正文时常用的一些句型： 阐明论文目的（宗旨）时常用的句型： a. 本文的主要目的是 The purpose of this paper is The primary goal of this research is The intention of this paper is to survey The overall objective of this

33、 study is In this paper, was provided（given, illustrated） Our goal has been to provide In this paper, we aim at The emphasis of this study lies in,b. 该项工作是关于 The present work is concerned with the processes underlying The above work deals with the mechanism involved in Our work at present is devoted

34、 to the changes occurring in The work we have done bears on the effects produced by The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection with the investigation made by, The work presented in this paper focu

35、ses on several aspects of the following The authors are now initiating some experimental in investigation to establish Our studies were performed to determine the amount of The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of c. 该项工作的主要目的是 The chief aim of the present work is to investigate

36、the feature of The main purpose of our recent work was to examine the properties of, The major object of their further work will be research into the nature of Our work in this direction has been intended to provide some information about The work which is being done now is designed to find some sol

37、ution to the problem of Work of this kind has been started in order to assess the role of Previous work in this area was initiated in the hope of obtaining data in We did this work hoping to establish The authors undertook the work with a view to show, The authors undertook the work with a view to s

38、how By doing this work we expect demonstrate Doing this joint work, we intend to show The primary objective of our work was to define the reasons for redundant protection systems and give examples of systems used in With research of many years, the authors endeavor is to explain why in The above-men

39、tioned work has been performed with a view of,d. 该项研究的主要目的是 The chief aim of the present study is to find out The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of The study ofwas made in order to c

40、larify The above study has been carried out to determine Their studies were intended to elucidate Those earlier investigations are in hopes of providing evidence for, We performed this present study in the hope that we might bring to light some facts about The authors attempted their studies in orde

41、r that they might We undertook the above study to the end that we might They initiated the present study so that they might Carrying out this study we hope to find out Performing these studies the author intended to reveal With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of,e. 该项实验主

42、要是为了 We made these experiment in order to show a correlation between The author attempted the set of experiment with a view to demonstrate certain phenomena Experiments onwere made in order to measure the amount of Experiments involvinghave been carried out to determine Experiments using this techni

43、que are under way to test（check） Experiments onare made to answer the question whether, Experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of We have designed such an experiment for the purpose of 指明研究范围时常用的句型： a. 该问题是关于的研究 This problem is concerned （chiefly）with the study

44、of The problem ofdeals（largely）with the determination of The problem they have advanced bears on the elucidation of, The problem to be discussed in this paper is related closely with The problem described previously was directed to the example The problem under investigation involves some significan

45、t agreements and disagreements in b. 这是研究的问题 This is a problem concerned with the nature of This is a problem relating to the influence of This is a problem which deals with the role of This is a problem which bears on the effect of This is a problem in connection with This is a problem as mentioned

46、 previously in,c. 该问题在范围之内（之外） The problem in within the scope of Our problem lies beyond the range of The problem you have just outlined seems to be outside of the province of d. 该项研究涉及到范围 Studies of these effects cover various aspects of Investigation oninvolve also specific situation. Our studies

47、 with this technique are confined to one particular aspect More recent studies by this worker were chiefly concerned with the influence of, The research on the conventional techniques explains well the phenomenon The new findings from the experiment agree to the result obtained in e. 该研究进一步推广到范围 The

48、 authors have extended their studies to some other related species We hope to expand our investigations to include other materials The research we have done deserves further studies. The investigation carried out by the experts suggests an increase of the application in, The approach under study pre

49、dicates a wider range of application. 阐述理论时的常用句型： a. 该理论是提出来的 The theory ofwas created 50 years ago. The alternative theory was constructed in 80s. The theory ofwas developed in the 1999s. The theory ofwas elaborated in the early 70s. The theory ofwas formulated as early as 2000. The theory ofwas ad

50、vanced as long ago as the 1995s. The theory ofwas put forward as far back as 1995., The theory ofwas proposed last year. The theory ofwas suggested the year before last year. b. 该理论的内容（特点）是 Underlying this theory is the idea that The underlying concept of this theory is The underlying principle of t

51、he theory is as follows This is an alternative theory that This is a similar theory to the effect that This is working theory which is based on the idea that A basic feature of this theory is, The fundamental feature of this theory is as follow The theory is characterized by prove to be the outstand

52、ing feature of the theory. c. 根据该理论，可得出 According to Bs theory both processes occur simultaneously. As follows from the theory by N, such situation lead to As can be seen from the theory advanced bysuch interactions are the basis of, In the light of the theory, we have developed a variational method

53、 to handle such problems. Based on the theory, the author has obtained sufficient information from recent experiments with d. 该理论认为 The kinetic theory holds that This new-developed theory maintains that The theory advanced byclaims that The theory ofpredicts that The principal concept of the theory

54、lies in The investigating theory,e. 应用该理论（不）能说明 We can interpret these findings in terms of the above theory. We cannot explain these phenomena using the above theory. We can hardly explain these findings applying this theory. These findings can be interpreted in terms of the above theory Such pheno

55、mena cannot be explained on the basis of this theory. The theory can apply to other cases of, The theory developed byis valid（invalid）for other species. Xs theory proved to be true for all steps of The above theory has been verified by many other authors. The very peculiar theory can be applied to a

56、 wider range of experiments in 描述实验时常用的句型： a. 某项实验（所用设备）包括 The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in Table 3., The best equipment which was used consisted of 5 forcemeasuring transducers and 2 recording instruments furnished by Included in the experiment were a high-pressure ve

57、ssel assembly, 2UA-3 uranium analyzers, and a complete 1005050cm soil bin. All high-hydrogen creep-rupture tests were carried out in specially designed high-pressure equipment rated at The winch is composed of the following main parts: a welded frame, a safety-brake clutch, a chain drum and a worn reducing gear.,b. 到，从未有过某方面的实验 An experiment of the kind has not been made. The kind of experiment you have in mind has never been carried out until now. The kind of experiment you mentioned would not be undertaken in the near future. So far we