国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)ppt周瑞琪6.Cargo Transportation Insurance

1、ChapterSix,CargoTransportationInsurance,SEIBOFGDUFS,2,Learningobjectives,AfterlearningthischapteryouwillbeabletounderstandthefundamentalprinciplesofcargoinsurancebeawareoftherisksandlossesinoceantransportationoutlinethescopeoftheOceanMarineCargoClausesofCICframethecoverageofLondonInstituteCargoClaus

2、esunderstandtheprocedureforlodgingclaimsdescribemethodsofstipulatinginsuranceclausesinSalesContracts,SEIBOFGDUFS,3,Definitions,Definitionofinsurance“thepracticeofsharingamongmanypersons,risksoflifeorpropertythatwouldotherwisebesufferedbyonlyafew.”Definitionofmarinecargoinsurance“theinsurantenterswit

3、haninsurancecompanyand/oranunderwriterintoacontractofinsuranceinwhichtheinsurancecompanyofaninsurancepremiumandtheinsurancecompanywill,accordingtothetermsindicatedintheinsurancecontract,indemnifytheinsurantofanylossthatoccurswithinthescopeofcoverage”.,SEIBOFGDUFS,4,Partiesinvolvedinaninsurancepracti

4、ce,theinsurant/insured/assuredThepartythatprocuresinsuranceCanbetheexporterorimporterdependingontheIncotermsadoptedinthetransactiontheinsurerThepartyundertakingtoindemnifytheinsurantagainstlossesordamagesCanbetheinsurancecompany/underwriterInChina,PICCisusuallytheinsurertheclaimantTheinsurantmaynotn

5、ecessarilybetheclaimantDependingon:whohastheinsurableinterestofthegoodswhenthegoodsaredamagedorlost,SEIBOFGDUFS,5,6.1Fundamentalprinciples,TheInsurableInterestPrincipleTheUtmostGoodFaithPrincipleTheIndemnityPrincipleTheProximatePrincipleTheSubrogationPrincipleTheSharePrinciple,SEIBOFGDUFS,6,6.1.1The

6、insurableinterestprinciple,Definition:ThefinancialinterestofapersoninthesubjectmatterinsuredFormsofinsurableinterest:OwnershipofthegoodsChargeofinsuranceFreightApolicywithoutinsurableinterestisinvalidProofofinsurableinterestisrequiredatthetimeofmakingaclaim,notatthetimeofeffectinganinsurance,SEIBOFG

7、DUFS,7,6.1.2TheUtmostGoodFaithPrinciple(BonaFidePrinciple),BothpartiesbefaithfulandhonestinenteringintotheinsurancecontractMarineInsuranceAct1906:IftheUtmostGoodFaithPrincipleisnotobservedbyeitherparty,theotherpartymayavoidthecontractAvoidanceofthecontractThereisnofraudandtheContractisvalid:servease

8、videnceinacourtoflawUsuallyoccurswhenaninsurerrefusestopayaclaim,theinsuredhastherighttochallengetheinsurersrighttoavoidthecontractAvoidcontracthasnolegalvaluecannotserveasevidenceinacourtoflaw,SEIBOFGDUFS,8,6.1.3TheIndemnityPrinciple,DefinitionIntheeventoflossofordamagetothesubjectmatterresultingfr

9、omaninsuredperil,heorsheisplacedinthesameposition(notinabetterorworsepositionthan)thatheorsheenjoyedimmediatelybeforethelossoccurredMeansofeffectingindemnityIntheory:byreplacingtheshipsorgoodslostordamagedInpractice:bypayinganamountofmoneyequaltothevalueofthegoodslostordamagedExtentofindemnity:total

10、indemnificationbelimitedtotheinsuranceamount:110%oftheinsuredvaluetheactuallosssufferedtheinsurableinterestoftheclaimant,SEIBOFGDUFS,9,6.1.4TheProximateCausePrinciple,AbouttheProximateCausePrincipleemployedinthejudgmentofcausationbetweenaccidentsandlossesreferstothemajorand/oreffective(notnecessaryt

11、hefirstorthelast,butthedominant)causethathasledtotheaccident.Theinsurershallonlyberesponsibleforthelossresultedfromthedominantcause.,SEIBOFGDUFS,10,6.1.4TheProximateCausePrinciple,HowtodecidetheproximatecauseIncaseofonlyonecausewithininsurancecoverage:theinsurershallindemnifybeyondinsurancecoverage:

12、theinsurershallnotberesponsibleforthelossIncaseoftwoormorethantwocausesIfallcausesarewithintheinsurancecoverage,theinsurerholdresponsiblefortheloss.,SEIBOFGDUFS,11,6.1.4TheProximateCausePrinciple,HowtodecidetheproximatecauseIftheformercauseiswithinthescopeofinsurancecoverageandthelatteroneisoutofthe

13、scopeofinsurancecoverage,providedthereisadirectchainofcausationbetweenthem,theformercauseisregardedastheproximatecauseandtheinsurershallbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage.Iftheformercauseiswithintheexclusionofthecoverageandthereisadirectchainofcausationbetweentheformerandlattercause,theproximatecau

14、seisconsideredoutofthescopeofinsurancecoverageandtheinsurerneednotbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage.,SEIBOFGDUFS,12,6.1.5TheSubrogationPrinciple,DefinitionWhenthelossofthepropertyinsurediscausedbyathirdparty,theinsurerisautomaticallyentitledtocompensationfromthethirdpartyafterindemnificationhasbee

15、nmadetotheinsurant.Therightofsubrogationisexercisedeitherinthenameoftheinsurerorthatoftheinsured.TheamountrecoveredTheamountrecoveredshallbelimitedtotheamountoftheclaimpaidundertheinsurance.Iftheinsurermayrecovermorethantheamountpaidbyhimasaclaim,hemustpassthesurplusproceedstotheinsured.,SEIBOFGDUFS

16、,13,6.1.6TheSharePrinciple,DefinitionUnderthecircumstanceofdoubleinsurance,alltheinsurersshalljointlybearthelossonthesubjectmatterandsharethelossaccordingtotheirrespectiveinsuranceproportion.Doubleinsurancetheinsuredhastheriskscoveredbytwodifferentinsurancecompaniesupontheidenticalinterestintheident

17、icalsubjectmatter.Eachinsurerisnormallyonlyliable,incaseoftotalloss,topaytheinsuredtotheextentofthesumwrittenagainsthisownname(theamountofhissubscription)incaseofpartialloss,someproportionofthatsum.,SEIBOFGDUFS,14,6.2MarineRisksandLosses,Perilsofthesea海上风险,External/Extraneousrisks外来风险,Risks风险,Natura

18、lcalamities自然灾害,Unexpectedaccidents/fortuitousaccidents意外事故,Generalrisks一般外来风险,Specialrisks特殊外来风险,SEIBOFGDUFS,15,6.2.1MarineRisks,TwotypesofrisksPerilsoftheseaNaturalcalamitiesCausedbyforcemajeureeventssuchasheavyweather,lightening,Tsunami,earthquake,volcaniceruption,thunderbolt,etc.Unexpectedaccide

19、nts/fortuitousaccidentsCausedbyaccidentssuchasfire,explosion,vesselbeingstranded,grounded,sunkorcapsized,collision,missing,etc.,SEIBOFGDUFS,16,6.2.1MarineRisks,Externalrisks/extraneousrisksGeneralrisksCausedbycommonfactorssuchastheft,freshwaterrain,shortage,leakage,clashandbreakage,odor,heatingandsw

20、eating,hookdamage,rust,breakageofpacking,etc.SpecialrisksCausedbymilitaryfactors,politicalfactors,governmentregulationssuchaswar,striking,confiscation,etc.,SEIBOFGDUFS,17,6.2.2MarineLosses,Totalloss全部损失,Partialloss部分损失,Losses损失,Actualtotalloss实际全损,Constructivetotalloss推定全损,Generalaverage共同海损,Particu

21、laraverage单独海损,SEIBOFGDUFS,18,6.2.2MarineLosses,TwotypesoflossesTotalLoss:lossoftheentirevalueofthesubjectmatterActualtotallosscargohasbeentotallylostorhasbeendamagedtotheextentthatithaslostitsoriginalusageConstructivetotallosscargoisnottotallylost,buttheactualtotallossshallbeunavoidableortherestora

22、tionfeestogetherwithothermiscellaneousexpenseswillexceedtheanticipatedamountofprofit.,SEIBOFGDUFS,19,6.2.2MarineLosses,PartialLoss:apartialdamagetoorthetotallossofpartoftheinsuredcargo.ParticularaverageApartiallossofthesubjectmatterinsuredcauseddirectlybyaperilinsuredagainst,Noothercargosacrificedto

23、savethevoyageTheownerwhosufferedthedamagerefertotheinsurancecompanyprovidedhispolicycoversthespecificloss.GeneralaverageApartiallossordamageundertheliabilityoftheconsignor;lossordamagefromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsuredgoodspriortotheattachmentofthisinsurance;lossordamagefromnormalloss,inhe

24、rentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoods,lossofmarketand/ordelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingtherefrom;Inherentvice:theinherenttendencyofthecargotodeteriorateduetotheessentialinstabilityofthecomponentsorinteractionamongcomponentsnotresultedfromexternalcause.Risksandliabilitiesexcludedbytheoceanmarinecargo

25、warrisksclausesandstrike,riotandcivilcommotionclausesofC.I.C.,SEIBOFGDUFS,33,6.3.4DurationofBasicInsurance,Thisreferstotheperiodthroughoutwhichtheinsurancecompanyundertakesaninsuranceliability.usuallyfollowsWarehousetoWarehouseClause(W/WClause)FromthetimethegoodsinsuredleavethewarehousenamedinthePol

26、icyforthecommencementofthetransitUntiltheinsuredgoodsaredeliveredtotheconsigneesfinalwarehouseatthedestinationnamedinthePolicyLimitedto60daysafterthecompletionofdischargeoftheinsuredgoodsfromtheseagoingvesselatthefinalportofdischargebeforetheyreachtheabovementionedwarehouse,SEIBOFGDUFS,34,6.3.4Durat

27、ionofBasicInsurance,WarRiskW/WClausenotsuitableforW.R.FromthetimethegoodsinsuredloadedonboardthevesselnamedinthePolicyforthecommencementofthetransitUntiltheinsuredgoodsareunloadedfromthenamedvesselattheportofdestinationnamedinthePolicyIfnotunloaded,limitedto15daysafterthemidnightofthedaywhenthevesse

28、larriveattheportofdestination,SEIBOFGDUFS,35,6.4CoverageofmarinecargoinsuranceofICC,LondonInstituteCargoClauses(ICC)InstituteCargoClauses(A)ICC(A)InstituteCargoClauses(B)ICC(B)InstituteCargoClauses(C)ICC(C)InstituteWarClausesCargoInstituteStrikeClausesCargoMaliciousDamageClauses,SEIBOFGDUFS,36,6.4Co

29、verageofmarinecargoinsuranceofICC,ICC(A/B/C)haveindependentandcompletestructureandcanbecoveredseparatelyInstituteWar/StrikeClausealsohaveindependentandcompletestructure,butcanbecoveredseparatelyonlyafteragreementfromtheinsurer.MaliciousDamageClausesisanadditionalcoverageandcannotbecoveredindependent

30、ly.,SEIBOFGDUFS,37,SEIBOFGDUFS,38,6.5Othertypesofcargoinsurance,TwotypesofoverlandinsuranceOverlandTransportationRiskWPAOverlandtransportationAllRisksA.R.Durationofinsurance:W/WclauseTwotypesofairinsuranceAirtransportationRiskWPAAirtransportationAllRisksA.R.Durationofinsurance:W/Wclause,buttheinsura

31、nceshallbelimitedto30daysaftercompletionofdischargeoftheinsuredgoodsfromtheaircraftatthefinalairportofdischarge.,SEIBOFGDUFS,39,6.5Othertypesofcargoinsurance,TwotypesofparcelpostinsuranceParcelpostRiskWPAParcelpostAllRisksA.R.Durationofinsurance:W/Wclause,butinthecaseoffailureofdelivery,wherethedura

32、tionofinsuranceterminatesontheexpiryof15dayscountingfromthemidnightofthedaywhenthenoticeofarrivaloftheparcelisissuedbythepostofficeatthedestination.Note:additionalrisksunderOceanMarineCargoInsurancecanbeapplicabletoOverlandTransportationInsurance,AirTransportationInsuranceandParcelPostInsurance.,SEI

33、BOFGDUFS,40,6.6Proceduresofcargoinsurance,TocalculatetheinsuranceamountTodeterminetheinsurancecoverageToobtaintheinsurancepremiumrateToapplyformarineinsuranceandpaytheinsurancepremiumToobtainaninsurancedocumentTolodgeaninsuranceclaimatthetimeoflossordamage,SEIBOFGDUFS,41,6.6.1Tocalculatetheinsurance

34、amount,Insuranceamount:theamountofinsuranceindicatedintheinsurancepolicyandagreeduponbytheinsurantandtheinsurerThehighestamountofindemnitybytheinsurerinthecaseoftotallossThebasisforthecalculationofinsurancepremiumInsuranceamount=CIF(CIP)(1+markuprate)Markupcoverstheexpectedprofitandincidentalcostsin

35、curred.Markuprateisnormally10%,SEIBOFGDUFS,42,6.6.2Todeterminetheinsurancecoverage,TheinsurancecoverageforCIForCIPisminimumcoverage.i.e.F.P.A.coverageasperC.I.C.FactorsinfluencingtheinsurancecoverageforotherIncotermsthenatureofproductthepackingconsiderationsthecarriersofthetransporttheshippingroutep

36、ortsconsiderations,etc.,SEIBOFGDUFS,43,6.6.3Toobtaintheinsurancepremiumrate,Insurancepremiumratecanbeobtainedfromtheinsurancecompany.Normallyvaryfrom0.5%to2.5%ormoreThevariationofpremiumdependsonfactorssuchasthecarryingvesselthenatureofthepackingusedthetypeofcoverageneededthepreviousexperiencewithth

37、einsurerthenatureandvolumeofthegoodsinsuredthemodesoftransportationadopted,SEIBOFGDUFS,44,6.6.4Toapplyformarineinsuranceandpaytheinsurancepremium,Forapplying,oneneedstofillinaproposalformorapplicationform(Specimen6.1)Detailsincludethenameoftheinsured,quantity,packing,shippingmarks,insuranceamount,pl

38、aceofshipmentanddestination,nameofthecarryingconveyance,shippingdateandcoverage,etc.Uponapplying,oneneedstopaythepremiumtotheinsurer.Insurancepremiumreferstothefeeschargedtotheinsuredbytheinsurerfortheindemnityliabilityundertaken.Withoutpayingthepremium,theinsurancecontractwontbecomevalid.InsuranceP

39、remium(I)=insuranceamountpremiumrate(R)=CIF(CIP)(1+markuprate)premiumrate(R),SEIBOFGDUFS,45,6.6.5Toobtaininsurancedocuments,FeaturesofinsurancedocumentsanevidenceoftheinsurancecontractadocumentdefiningtheobligationsoftheinsurerandtheinsuredthebasisforthelodgingandsettlingofaclaimMaininsurancedocumen

40、tsinsurancepolicyinsurancecertificateopenpolicycombinedcertificate,SEIBOFGDUFS,46,6.6.5Toobtaininsurancedocuments,Insurancepolicy(Specimen6.2-1,2)Formallegaldocument,contractmadebasedontheproposalformDetailsindicatedonthefaceofthepolicy:thename,addressandsignatureoftheinsurerandtheinsuredadescriptio

41、noftheriskscoveredandtheinsurancedurationadescriptionoftheconsignmentdetailsoftheshipmentsuchasmeansoftransport,nameofvessel,loadingportanddestinationporttheinsuranceamountandinsurancepremiumDetailedtermsconcerningthescopeofliability,rightsandobligationsspecifiedattheback,SEIBOFGDUFS,47,6.6.5Toobtai

42、ninsurancedocuments,InsurancecertificatesimplifiedInsurancePolicynodetailedtermsatthebackofthesamelegalvalidityasanInsurancePolicy,SEIBOFGDUFS,48,6.6.5Toobtaininsurancedocuments,Openpolicyoropencoverprovidecoverageforallgoodsshippedbytheinsuredduringagivenperiod(eg.6-12months)whilethepolicyisineffec

43、t.Includescopeofgoodstobeinsured,insurancecoverage,highestsuminsured,premiumpaymenttermstipulatedOncethegoodswithinthescopeofopencoverareshipped,theopencoverbecomeseffectiveautomaticallyNotifytheinsurerandexchangeforInsuranceCertificatelater,SEIBOFGDUFS,49,6.6.5Toobtaininsurancedocuments,Combinedcer

44、tificateSimplifiedformofOpenPolicyBecomingeffective:TheinsurerwritesthespecificationsconcerningtheinsuranceontheinvoiceandsignsitAslegallyeffectiveasanInsurancePolicyPresentlyusedonlyinHongkong,Macao,andareasinSingaporeandMalaysia,SEIBOFGDUFS,50,6.6.6Tolodgeaclaim,PrerequisitesforaclaimRisksincurred

45、shouldbewithininsurancecoverageClaimantshouldshowtheevidenceofinsurableinterestRisksshouldoccurwithinthedurationoftheinsuranceliability,SEIBOFGDUFS,51,6.6.6Tolodgeaclaim,Stepsfollowedatthetimeoflossimmediatenoticetothenearestbranchoragencyintheeventofdamagetheinsurerorclaimagentthenappointsamarinesu

46、rveyor(theadjuster)toinspectthesubjectmatterThemarinesurveyorreportsonthecauseofthelossordamage,thevalueofthecargo,andtheextentofthedamage.ThesurveyorthenissuesaCertificateofLoss(CertificateofSurvey),accompaniedusuallybythereportoffindings,totheconsignee.Theconsigneemayberequiredtopayasurveyorsfee,w

47、hichmayberefundedbytheinsurerorclaimagentifthelossisrecoverableunderthepolicy.,SEIBOFGDUFS,52,6.6.6Tolodgeaclaim,PresentationofdocumentsforaclaimOriginalinsurancepolicyorinsurancecertificateOriginalbillofladingorothertransportdocumentCommercialinvoicePackinglistCertificateofLoss(CertificateofSurvey)Thelandingaccountorweightnotes(notesonweight)atdestinationAnycorrespondencewiththecarrieroranyotherpartywhocouldberesponsibleforthelossordamageMastersprotest,SEIBO