物流英语终稿

1、Part General Review of Logistics 第一部分 物流概述,Introduction to logistics 物流简介 Customer service and logistics 客户服务与物流 Logistics processes 物流过程,Chapter 1 Introduction to logistics 第一章 物流简介,Introduction 前言 Definitions 定义 Elements of logistics 物流因素 Importance of logistics 物流的重要性 Summary 小结,Introduction 前言,I

2、n a military sense, the term “logistics” encompasses transport organization, army replenishments and material maintenance. 在军队意识中，“物流”这个专有名词就围绕着运输组织、军事补充和物资养护。,Definitions 定义,Logistics (business definition )行业定义 Logistics (military definition)军事定义 美国物流管理协会定义 加拿大物流管理协会定义,Elements of logistics 物流因素,St

3、orage, warehousing and materials handling 储存，仓储和物料搬运 Transportation 运输 Inventory 库存 Information and control 信息和控制 Packaging and unitization 包装和单位化,Importance of logistics 物流的重要性,Logistics is an important activity making extensive use of the human and material resources that affect a national economy

4、. 物流是一项影响国民经济，充分利用人力和物料资源的重要活动。,Summary 小结,In this initial part a number of subjects have been introduced. These will be expanded in subsequent chapters of the book. The important elements of logistics have been described, and the importance of logistics was introduced.,New words and special terms 生

5、词和短语,logistics n.物流；后勤；后勤学 replenishment n.补给；补充 provision n. 供应；(一批) 供；预备；防备；规定 outgoing n. 外出；开支；流出 framework n.构架；框架；结构 inbound adj. 内地的；归航的 outbound adj. 开往外地的；开往外国的 inventory n. 详细目录；存货；财产清册；总量 systematic adj. 主系统的；体系的 tangible adj. 切实的 intangible adj. 难以明了的；无形的 warehousing n.仓库费；入仓库；仓库贮存 commo

6、dity n. 日用品,Questions 思考题,1What is the logistics? 2What does the term “logistics” originate from? 3How do you comprehend “logistics” encompasses much more than just the transport of goods? 4What are included in the element of logistics? 5In your opinion, what is the importance of logistics?,Chapter

7、2 Customer service and logistics 客户服务与物流,Introduction 引言 The components of customer service 客户服务的组成 Customer service policy 客户服务政策 Levels of customer service 客户服务水平 Measuring customer service 衡量客户服务 Summary 小结,Introduction 引言,The ultimate purpose of any logistics system is to satisfy customers. 任何物流

8、系统的最终目的都是为了满足顾客的需要。,The components of customer service 客户服务组成,1. Pre-transaction elements 交易前的客户服务要素 2. Transaction elements 交易中的客户服务要素 3. Post-transaction elements 交易后的客户服务要素,Pre-transaction elements 交易前元素,Written customer service policy 书面的客户服务政策 Accessibility 可接近性 Organization structure 组织结构 Syst

9、em flexibility 系统灵活性,Transaction elements 交易中元素,Order cycle time 订单周期时间 Inventory availability 存货可得性 Order fill rate 订单完成率 Order status information 订货信息状态,Post-transaction elements 交易后元素,Availability of spares 备用存货可用性 Call-out time 出动服务时间 Product tracing/warranty 产品追踪和质量保证 Customer complains, claims

10、 etc. 客户抱怨，索赔等,Customer service policy 客户服务策略,An understanding of the different market segments that exist; 理解存在的不同细分市场； An awareness of the customers needs or perceived needs within this segmentation; 在不同的细分市场里发掘客户需求； The determination of clearly defined and quantifiable standards of customer servi

11、ce in relation to the different market segments; 对于不同的细分市场，确定清晰明确的可量化的客户服务标准； A understanding of the trade-off between the costs and levels of customer service; 理解客户服务成本与水平之间的交换关系； Measurement of the service provided; and 衡量所提供的服务； Liaison with customers to ensure an understanding and appreciation o

12、f the service provided. 联系客户以确保理解和正确评价所提供的服务。,图2.1 建立客户服务策略的途径,识别主要的服务元素,Levels of customer service 客户服务水平,图2.2 成本和服务水平的关系,Measuring customer service 衡量客户服务,The number of orders completely satisfied, say 18 out off 20, over a period (90%); 某一时期内完成订单的数量（90%）； The number of lines delivered from a sing

13、le order, say 75 out of the 80 lines requested (94%); 单一订单要求的生产线数量（94%）； The number of line items or cases delivered from a single order; say 75 out of the 80 lines requested, but only 1,400 of the 1,800 total line items (78%); 单一订单中获得生产线上品种数量；80条线上需要75条，而1800条总线上仅需1400条（78%）； the value of the order

14、 completed, say more than 900 order (83%). 订单的完成价值，超过900英镑（83%）。,Order receipt to order entry; 订单接收到订单进入； Order entry to allocation for picking; 订单进入捡货阶段； Allocation to dispatch; 理货； Dispatch to delivery. 发货。,Delivered complete to the quantities ordered; 完全运输合格订单； Delivered exactly to the customers

15、requested date and time; 在要求的日期和时间准确运输到客户手中； No delivery problems (damager, shortage, refusal); 没有运输问题（破损、短缺、拒收）； Accurate and complete delivery documentation. 准确而又完全的运输文件。,Summary 小结,This part has considered some of the key aspects of customer service and logistics. The major components of customer

16、 service were described. They were summarized as: Pre-transaction elements; Transaction elements; Post-transactions. The need for an appreciate customer service police was emphasized. An approach for developing such a policy was outlined. The importance of accurate customer service measurement was e

17、xplained. Different measures of order fulfillment were described.,New words and special terms 生词和短语,scheduling n. 时间进度安排 payroll n. 薪水册 measurement n. 度量 segment n. 细分 reliability n. 可靠性 availability n. 可得性 frequency n. 频率 interaction n. 交互作用, 交感 transaction n. 交易 flexibility n. 灵活性 trace v. 追踪 warr

18、anty n. 质量保证书 dispense v. 分发, 分配 liaison n. 联络 feasible adj. 可行的 revenue n. 收益 assess v. 估价 timeliness n. 及时性 discrete adj. 不连续的, 离散的 dispatch v. 调度, 发送 refusal n. 拒绝,Questions 思考题,What are the components of customer service? Please describe pre-transaction by examples? What are included in the cust

19、omer service policy? Describe Figure 2.1 in your own words? How to measure customer service? Describe Figure 2.2 in your own words?,Chapter 3 Logistics processes 第3章 物流过程,Introduction 引言 The importance of logistics processes 物流过程的重要性 Key logistics processes 关键的物流过程 Approach 方法 Tools and techniques 工

20、具和技术 Summary 小结,Introduction 引言 One of the key elements of planning for logistics is concerned with the design of appropriate logistics processes. These processes are the methods used to ensure that the business operates effectively so that all the major objectives are achieved. 物流策划的一个重要组成部分是合理的设计物

21、流程序。所有的程序都是为了确保企业高效运作并且实现其主要目标。,The importance of logistics processes 物流过程的重要性,The aim of any supply chain is to ensure that cross-company and cross-supply-chain activities are directed at achieving customer satisfaction for the end user. Thus, processes need to be developed to make this happen. The

22、y need to be able to span across internal functions and across company boundaries to provide the type and develop customer service required. 供应链中的所有活动都以顾客满意为目标，因此程序的设计要符合这种思想，并且能够跨越不同的职能和公司界限良好运作，最终提高顾客服务水平。,Key logistics processes 关键物流过程,Order fulfillment 完成订单 New product introduction 新产品的引进 New pr

23、oduct development新产品的开发 Product returns 产品回收 The provision of spares 备用品的供给 Information management 信息管理,The process triangle 过程三角形,图3.1 过程三角形,图3.2 Approach 方法,Tools and techniques 工具和技术,Pareto analysis. 帕累托分析 Market or customer segmentation. 市场或顾客分割 Customer service studies. 顾客服务调查 Relationship mapp

24、ing. 关系制图 Process charts. 程序图 Value/time analysis. 价值时间分析,图3.3 一个典型的帕累托曲线,图3.4 关系绘图：用于确定关键部门及其相互关系,图3.5 价值/时间分析,Summary,In this part the importance of logistics process has been reviewed. The need to move away from function and towards cross-functional process development has been highlighted. The m

25、ain reasons for adopting more streamlined processes were discussed. Some of the key logistics processes were described. A broad approach to process design was outlined and the main steps in this approach were described. Finally, some of the key tools and techniques for logistics process redesign wer

26、e described.,New words and special terms 生词和短语,fleet n. 车(船)队 internal adj. 内部的 beneficiary n. 收益人 original adj. 原始的 notification n. 通知 picking n. 拣货 invoicing n. 开发票；发货单 credit n. 信用 channel n. 信道, 渠道 benchmark n. 基准 contingency n. 偶发事件 brainstorming n. 头脑风暴 backing n. 赞助者 senior adj. 高级的 represent

27、ative n. 代表 solution n. 解决方案 alternative n. 替换物 peripheral adj. 外围的 align v. 调整,Questions 思考题,What is the importance of logistics processes? What are the key logistics processes, please take examples? Please describe the process triangle in your own words? What is a broad approach to process design?

28、 What are the tools and techniques that can be used to help with logistics process design?,Part Warehousing and inventory strategies 第二部分 仓储和库存策略,Principles of warehousing 仓储准则 Basic methods of inventory control 库存控制基本方法 Inventory planning and management 库存计划与管理,Chapter 4 Principles of warehousing 第

29、4章 仓储准则,Introduction 引言 Strategic issues affecting warehousing 影响仓储的战略问题 The role of warehouses 仓库的角色 Types of warehouse or distribution centre 仓库或物流中心的类型 Warehouse operations 仓储运作 Objective and principles of good warehouse design and management 优秀仓库设计和管理的目标与准则 Summary 小结,Introduction 引言,Within supp

30、ly chains warehousing is an important activity in the distribution of materials from raw materials and work in progress to finished goods. 材料从加工到完成的过程中，仓储是供应链的一项重要的、不可或缺的活动。,Strategic issues affecting warehousing 影响仓储的策略问题,Market and product base stability. 市场和产品基础稳定性。 Type of goods to be handled. 搬

31、运的货物类型。 Type of facility, size and location. 设施的类型、大小和位置。 Inventory and inventory location. 库存和选址。 Level of technology. 技术水平。 Choice of unit load. 单元货物的选择。,The role of warehouses 仓储角色,Facilitating the flow of goods to the customer. 利于货物到达顾客手中 Meeting the requirements of customer service standards. 满

32、足顾客服务标准的需求 Incorporating value-added activities 使增值活动具体化,Types of warehouse or distribution centre 仓库或配送中心的种类,全国分拨中心（NDCs） 地区分拨中心（RDCs）,Warehouse operations 仓储作业,Goods inwards. 进货 Reserve storage. 保留仓储 Replenishment. 补货 Order picking. 拣选 Secondary sortation. 二次分货 Sortation. 分货 Collate. 校对 Dispatch.

33、发货,图4.1仓库的功能和材料流程,图4.1仓库的功能和材料流程,Choice of unit load 单元货物的选择 Use of building space 建筑空间的利用 Utilization of resources 资源的利用 Minimum movement 移动最小化 Control and information systems 控制和信息系统 Product integrity 产品完整性 Working conditions and safety 工作条件和安全性 Environmental issues 环境问题,Objective and principles o

34、f good warehouse design and management 优秀的仓库设计和管理目的与准则,Summary 小结,The warehousing section of this book is concerned primarily with the handling and storage of unit loads. It is however considered that the basic principles that underpin the subject area are also valid in the context of other handling

35、 and storage operations such as the storing and handling of bulk solids.,Questions 思考题,What factors are included in the overall logistics strategies affecting warehousing? What is the role of warehouses? What are the basic forms for a stockless depot? Please describe Figure 4.1 in your own words? Wh

36、at is the good warehouse design and management?,Chapter 5 Basic methods of inventory control 第五章 库存控制基本方法,Introduction 引言,One of the most important aspects of logistics concerns questions related to inventory. The amount of inventory that should be held and its location within a company logistics st

37、ructure is vital in order to meet customer service requirements and expectations. 物流最主要的方面之一是研究库存相关问题。为了满足客户的需求和期望，我们必须持有一定量的库存并且这些库存在公司物流结构中的地位也是很重要的。,The need to hold stocks 持有库存的必要性,To keep down production costs. 为了降低产品成本 。 To account variations in demand. 为了满足需求的多样性。 To take account of variable

38、supply (lead) times. 为了应付供应商供应时间的变化。 Buying costs. 购买成本。等等,Types of stock-holding 库存持有类型,Raw material原料 In-process stock-sometimes known as work in progress 按程序工作，成品库存 Finished products-stocks 生产最终的产成品 Pipeline在途库存 large manufacturing plant 最大量的产品 等等,The implications for other logistics functions 对其

39、他物流功能的影响,Inventory costs 库存成本,There are four principal elements of inventory cost. Capital cost 资金成本 Service cost 服务成本 Storage cost 储存成本 Risk cost 风险成本 Another important cost 其他重要成本,图5.1 定期补货系统,图5.2 定点补货系统,经济订货数量公式,P=订单成本 D=单位年需求 U=单位库存成本 F=年库存持有成本 UF=每年每单位持有成本,图5.3 订货数量,图5.4 经济订货数量原则,Demand forecas

40、ting 需求预测,图5.5需求预测中移动平均法和指数平滑法对需求波动的敏感度 可以看出A比B对需求的波动反应敏感。,Summary 小结,The implication of inventory holding policy on other logistics functions were highlighted, with particular emphasis on the need to provide a suitable balance between cost and service, and the need to avoid the sub-optimization of

41、logistics resources. The two main inventory replenishment systems were explained-periodic review and fixed point reorder. The Forrester effect was described, demonstrating the impact on requirements further up the supply chain as end-user demand changes. The question of reorder quantity was then dis

42、cussed and the EOQ method was outlined. The need to take other factors into account when determining order quantity was emphasized. Two methods of demand forecasting were outlined, the moving average and exponential smoothing.,New words and special terms 生词和短语,stock-outs n. 缺货 safety stock 安全库存 back

43、-up n. 备用 stock-holding 库存维持 stockpile n. 堆存 sub-optimization n. 次佳效应 unit cost 单元成本 obsolete stock 陈旧库存 dead stock 死库存 offset vt. 抵消 trunking n. 线槽，管槽 FMCG fast moving consumer goods demand characteristics 需求特性 capital cost 资本成本 high-tech 高科技 reorder vt.再定购 n. 再定购 fixed interval 固定期 fixed point 固定点

44、 drawback n. 退款 end-user 最终用户,Questions 思考题,What are the main reasons for holding stock? What are the main stock types? Explain the “ABC” analysis in your own words? Describe Figure 5.1 and 5.2 in your own words? What is the economic order quantity?,Chapter 6 Inventory planning and management 第6章 库存

45、计划与管理,Introduction 引言,In the previous part, the basic inventory planning and management techniques were described. This part provides a description of some of the very recent developments in inventory planning, particularly with respect to the way that Inventory is viewed across the supply chain as

46、a whole. In addition, the important relationship of inventory and time is discussed. 前面几章介绍了基本库存计划和管理的基本技术。本章主要介绍库存计划最近一段时间的一些发展，特别是关于库存供应链设备一个整体的方法。另外还讨论了库存与时间之间的重要关系。,Problems with traditional approaches to inventory planning 库存规划的传统方法存在的问题,Demand is not as predictable as it may once have been. 需求

47、与预测不一致。 Lead times are not constant. 提前期不是常数。 Costs can be variable. 成本可能是变化的。 Individual products are closely linked to others .个别产品与其它产品密切相联,Different inventory requirements 不同的库存需求,The push approach 拉动式 The pull approach 推动式,The lead-time gap 前置期差距 Figure 6.1 The lead-time gap,Inventory and time

48、库存和时间 Figure 6.2 High inventory levels can hide other supply chain problems,Analyzing time and inventory 分析时间和库存,Value-adding time 价值增值时间 Non-value-adding time 非价值增值时间 The total time or pipeline time 总时间或传递时间,Figure 6.3 An example of a supply chain map showing inventory mapped against time,Inventory

49、 planning for manufacturing 制造业的库存规划,The need to take a complete supply chain perspective when planning; 做一个供应链的整体计划； The need to undertake appropriate analysis; 合适的分析； The identification of unnecessary inventory and unnecessary steps in key processes;关键过程中非必要的库存与非必要的步骤； Work towards customer servic

50、e requirements as well as cost minimization when planning for production; 面向顾客需求生产，使成本最小化； Design products to be compatible with supply chain requirements; 开发适合供应链需求的产品； Design production processes to be compatible with supply chain requirements. 设计适合供应链需求的生产过程。,Inventory planning for retailing 零售业的

51、库存规划,供应商管理库存（VMI） 持续补货（CRP） 有效客户反映（ECR）,Summary 小结,The relationship between inventory and time was also reviewed. Two important elements were described: the lead-time gap and the opportunity for lead-time reduction. In addition, the technique of supply chain mapping was outlined, and it was shown ho

52、w this could help in the analysis of inventory in the supply chain, and show how value-adding and non-value-adding time could be identified.,New words and special terms 生词和短语,connecting cable 连接电缆 vertical adj. 垂直的 chip n. 芯片 push system 推动式系统 pull system 拉动式系统 hybrid systems 混合系统 customers order cy

53、cle time 顾客订货周期 lead-time gap 前置期间隙 order-to-delivery 订货交付 supply chain mapping 供应链计划图 bottleneck n. 瓶颈 time-phased 时间段 WIP work in process 按程序工作,compatible adj. 兼容的 brand n. 品牌 outsource 企业外包 profitability n. 利润率 NDCs national distribution centers 全国配送中心 RDCs regional distribution centers 地区配送中心 me

54、rchandising 商品之广告推销 VMI vendor management inventory 卖方主导型库存管理 CRP continuous replenishment 连续补货 EPOS electronic point-of-sale 电子销售点 cross-docking 交叉收货 QR quick response 快速反应 ECR efficient consumer response 有效客户反应 tenet n. 教条，主义 EDI electronic data interchange 电子数据交换 CMI co-management inventory 共同管理库

55、存,Questions 思考题,What are included in the inventory requirements? What is the lead-time gap according to Figure 6.1? How can inventories be lowered? Describe Figure 6.3 in your own words? What are the main inventory planning techniques for retailing?,Part Transportation and international distribution

56、 第三部分 运输和国际分销,Transportation fundamentals 运输基本规则 The modes of transportation 运输方式 Logistics channels in international distribution 国际分销中的物流渠道,Chapter 7 Transportation fundamentals 第7章 运输基本规则,Introduction 引言 Importance of an effective transportation system 有效运输系统的重要性 Service choices and their charact

57、eristics 服务选择及其特征,Introduction 引言,Transportation usually represents the most important single element in logistics costs for most firms. The focus is on the facilities and services that make up the transportation system and on the rates (costs) and performance of the various transport services that

58、a manager might select.,Importance of an effective transportation system 有效运输系统的重要性,Greater competition 更激烈的竞争 Economies of scale 规模经济 Reduce prices 降低价格,Greater competition 更激烈的竞争,With a poorly developed transportation system the extent of the market is limited to the areas immediately surrounding

59、the point of production. With improvements in the transportation system, the landed costs for products in distant markets can be competitive with other products selling in the same markets.,Economies of scale 规模经济,Wider markets can result in lower production costs. With the greater volume provided by these markets, more utilization can be made of production facilities, and specialization of labor usually follows.,Reduce prices 降低价格,Inexpensive transportation also contributes to reduced product prices. This occurs not only because of the