北京市海淀区2024-2025学年高三上学期期末英语试题 含解析

海淀区2024—2025学年第一学期期末练习高三英语本试卷共8页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题纸上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题纸一并交回。第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。Lastweekend,ItookRio,myenergetic3-year-oldgrandsonwhocouldn’tsitstillforamoment,totheparksohecouldrunaroundandseetheduckpond.Mygoalwastogethimoutsideforawhile,lethim___1___someenergy,andteachhimabouttheducks.Buthehadnogoals.Three-year-oldsdon’tneedgoals.ThatwasthefirstofseverallessonsIlearnedthatday.Ihadexpectedtobetheteacher,butIhadit___2___.Mygrandsonhelpedmerememberthingswe’rebornknowingbutforgetintheprocessofbecominganadult.Riohadasenseof___3___.Assoonaswewalkedintothepark,helookedupatthesky.Itwasacoldday,withpillowycloudsdriftingacrossthesky,andhefound___4___inwatchingthem.I’dforgottenhowmagicalcloudscouldbe.Hisexplorationwasendless.Hewasalwaysonthesearchforsticks.Heknewthatastickcouldbeusedformanythings.Hescrapedthegroundwiththem,rappedadrumbeatwiththemontreesandbenches,and___5___themintheairlikeaflag.Noneedfortoysorelectronicdevices,unlikeathome.Juststicks.Therewereafewkidsplayingintheparkwithaparentandpeoplewalkingdogs.Riosaidhitoeveryoneandstuckouthishandforahigh-fivewithafew4-to5-year-olds.Hetriedto___6___conversationswithenthusiasm.Itwasclearhedidn’tcarewhatpeoplelookedlike,howoldtheywere,orwhethertheysaidhellofirst.No___7___.Justasinceredesireto___8___.MybiggestrevelationfromourhourintheparkwasthatRiowasfully___9___nomatterwhathewasdoing.Heneveraskedwhattimeitwas,whenwewereleaving,orwhatweweregoingtodonext.Hewas,everysecondwewerethere,completelyandabsolutelyinthe____10____.IwishIcouldbe.Don’tweall?1.A.burn B.feel C.waste D.produce2.A.together B.here C.out D.backwards3.A.direction B.wonder C.security D.purpose4.A.joy B.hope C.difference D.relief5.A.broke B.threw C.waved D.kicked6.A.writedown B.strikeup C.reflecton D.lookinto7.A.envy B.guilt C.judgment D.amazement8.A.show B.improve C.explain D.connect9.A.aware B.prepared C.present D.informed10.A.way B.lead C.balance D.moment【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.A5.C6.B7.C8.D9.C10.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者带孙子Rio外出消耗一些能量，并且从孙子身上学到了很多人生道理。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的目标是带他出去一会儿，让他消耗一些能量，教他认识鸭子。A.burn消耗，燃烧；B.feel感觉；C.waste浪费；D.produce产生。根据上文“Lastweekend,ItookRio,myenergetic3-year-oldgrandsonwhocouldn’tsitstillforamoment,totheparksohecouldrunaroundandseetheduckpond.(上周末，我带着3岁的孙子Rio去公园，他精力充沛，一刻也不能安静地坐着，这样他就可以到处跑，看看鸭子池塘)”可知，孙子精力充沛，一刻也不能安静地坐着，所以去公园是为了消耗孙子的能量。故选A。【2题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：我本想当老师，但我把事情搞反了。A.together一起；B.here这里；C.out出去；D.backwards向后，相反。根据后文“Mygrandsonhelpedmerememberthingswe’rebornknowingbutforgetintheprocessofbecominganadult.(我的孙子帮助我记住了一些我们出生时就知道，但在长大成人的过程中却忘记了的事情)”可知，作者本来应该教导孙子，但是孙子却帮助了作者，所以事情是反过来了。故选D。【3题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：Rio有一种惊奇的感觉。A.direction方向；B.wonder惊奇，奇迹；C.security安全；D.purpose目的。根据后文“Hisexplorationwasendless.Hewasalwaysonthesearchforsticks.Heknewthatastickcouldbeusedformanythings.(他的探索永无止境。他总是到处找棍子。他知道一根棍子可以用来做很多事情)”可知，孙子对世界充满好奇，总是有惊奇的感觉。故选B。【4题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个寒冷的日子，云雾飘过天空，他看着它们感到很快乐。A.joy快乐；B.hope希望；C.difference差异；D.relief安慰。根据后文“inwatchingthem”可知，孙子对世界充满好奇，看着云雾也感到快乐。故选A。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他用它们一起刮地面，在树上和长凳上敲鼓，像旗帜一样在空中挥舞。A.broke打破；B.threw扔；C.waved挥动；D.kicked踢。根据后文“themintheairlikeaflag”指棍子像旗帜一样在空中挥舞。故选C。【6题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：他试图热情地开始谈话。A.writedown写下；B.strikeup引起，开始；C.reflecton反思；D.lookinto调查。根据上文“Riosaidhitoeveryoneandstuckouthishandforahigh-fivewithafew4-to5-year-olds.(Rio向每个人打招呼，并伸出手与几个4到5岁的孩子击掌)”可知，孙子主动发起对话。故选B。7题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：不会评头论足。A.envy嫉妒；B.guilt内疚；C.judgment判断，评判；D.amazement惊讶。根据上文“Itwasclearhedidn’tcarewhatpeoplelookedlike,howoldtheywere,orwhethertheysaidhellofirst.(很明显，他不在乎人们的长相、年龄，也不在乎他们是否先打招呼)”指孙子不会评判别人。故选C。【8题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：只是一种想要联系的真诚渴望。A.show展示；B.improve改善；C.explain解释；D.connect连接。根据上文“Riosaidhitoeveryoneandstuckouthishandforahigh-fivewithafew4-to5-year-olds.(Rio向每个人打招呼，并伸出手与几个4到5岁的孩子击掌)”可知，孙子主动发起谈话，是因为想要建立联系。故选D。【9题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从我们在公园的那一小时里，我最大的收获是Rio无论在做什么都是全身心投入的。A.aware意识到的；B.prepared准备好的；C.present当前的，目前的；D.informed有知识的。根据后文“Heneveraskedwhattimeitwas,whenwewereleaving,orwhatweweregoingtodonext.(他从不问现在是什么时间，我们什么时候离开，或者我们下一步要做什么)”可知，指孙子总是活在当下。故选C。【10题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他在当下，我们每一秒都在那里，完全和绝对在那一刻。A.way方法；B.lead带领；C.balance平衡；D.moment时刻。根据上文“Heneveraskedwhattimeitwas,whenwewereleaving,orwhatweweregoingtodonext.(他从不问现在是什么时间，我们什么时候离开，或者我们下一步要做什么)”可知，孙子活在当下，他们在一起的每一秒都是完全和绝对在那一刻。故选D。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题纸指定区域作答。ThelargestdesertinChina,theTaklamakanDesert,isnowcompletelyencircledbyagreenbelt____11____(stretch)3,046km.ThisispartofChina’sThree-NorthShelterBeltForestProgramtoaddressdesertificationandrestoreecologicalbalance.Sincethelaunchoftheprogram____12____1978,China____13____(expand)itsafforestationareaby32millionhectares(公顷).TheprojectfullydemonstratesChina’s____14____(innovate)approachtoecologicalconstructionandoffersvaluableexperienceforglobaleffortsinfightingdesertification.【答案】11.stretching12.in13.hasexpanded14.innovative【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了中国的三北防护林工程的实施对生态恢复的贡献以及对全球防治荒漠化的启示。【11题详解】考查现在分词。句意：全长3,046公里的绿色带现在完全环绕着中国最大的沙漠——塔克拉玛干沙漠。此处greenbelt和stretch在逻辑上是主动关系，故用现在分词形式stretching作后置定语修饰greenbelt。故填stretching。【12题详解】考查介词。句意：自1978年该项目启动以来，中国的造林面积增加了3200万公顷。根据句意，此处表示在哪一年，应该用介词in。故填in。【13题详解】考查现在完成时。句意：自1978年该项目启动以来，中国的造林面积增加了3200万公顷。句中“Sincethelaunchoftheprogram

21978”作时间状语，应使用现在完成时，谓语动词用hasexpanded，故填hasexpanded。【14题详解】考查形容词。句意：该项目充分展示了中国在生态建设中创新方法，并为全球防治荒漠化提供了宝贵的经验。空处需用形容词修饰名词approach，故填innovative。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题纸指定区域作答。Today’sparentsfacesomethingdifferentandmoredemanding.Theyareexpectedtospendevermoretimeandmoneyeducatingandenrichingtheirchildren.Thesepressures,researcherssay,____15____(drive)inpartbyfearsthatifparentsdonotequiptheirchildrenwitheverypossibleadvantage,theirchildrencouldfailtoachieveasecurelife.Thisparentingstyleinvolvespainstakinglyandmethodicallycultivatingchildren’stalents,academicsandfuturesthrougheveryday____16____(activity).Butwemayhavegotintoasituation,someexpertssuggest,____17____intensiveparentinghasbecometoointenseforparents.【答案】15.aredriven##havebeendriven16.activities17.where【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲当今父母面临育儿压力，以密集方式培养孩子，却陷入对父母而言过于紧张的困境。【15题详解】考查时态和被动语态。句意：研究人员说，这些压力部分是由恐惧所驱动的，即如果父母不能给孩子提供一切可能的优势，他们的孩子可能无法过上安稳的生活。分析句子可知，这里考查谓语动词，句子的主语Thesepressures和drive之间是被动关系，且句子描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时的被动语态，也可用现在完成时的被动语态强调动作对现在的影响，主语pressures是复数。故填aredriven或havebeendriven。【16题详解】考查名词复数。句意：这种育儿方式包括通过日常活动精心、有条不紊地培养孩子的才能、学业和未来。分析句子可知，activity是可数名词，此处表示“日常活动”，由句意可知，这里指不止一项活动，应用复数形式activities。故填activities。【17题详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：但一些专家认为，我们可能陷入了一种情况，即密集育儿对父母来说已经过于紧张了。分析句子可知，asituation是先行词，后面的从句intensiveparentinghasbecometoointenseforparents是定语从句，先行词在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。故填where。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题纸指定区域作答。Weallhavebeeninthissituation:Atameeting,everyoneelseagreesonasolution,andyouaretheonlyonestillopposingit,oratleastdoubting____18____itwillwork.Employeesoftenfacethisdilemma,referredtoas“conformitybias(从众偏差)”—individualsfeel____19____(stress)togoalongwiththedecisionofthemajority,evenifitseemswrong.____20____(avoid)thisbias,leadersshouldensurethateveryoneatthetablehasavoiceandthatalloptionsareconsideredinordertoworktowardabettersolution.【答案】18.whether##if19.stressed20.Toavoid【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是“从众偏差”以及如何避免。【18题详解】考查宾语从句。句意：我们都有过这样的经历：在会议上，每个人都同意一个解决方案，而你是唯一一个反对它的人，或者至少是唯一一个怀疑它是否有效的人。引导宾语从句，表示“是否”应用whether或if。故填whether/if。【19题详解】考查形容词。句意：员工经常面临这种困境，这种困境被称为“从众偏见”——个人会感到压力，不得不遵从大多数人的决定，即使这些决定看起来是错误的。修饰人，作表语，用形容词stressed。故填stressed。20题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了避免这种偏见，领导者应该确保每个人都有发言权，并考虑所有的选择，以寻求更好的解决方案。此处avoid作目的状语，用不定式，首字母大写。故填Toavoid。第二部分阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。ATakepartinouraward-winningsummerSTEM(Science,Technology,Engineering,Math)teenacademicprograms.Allcoursesareconductedonline.Currentcourseofferingsinclude:BiotechResearch:Completeanaward-winning,competitiveadmissionsprogramthisyear.You’llthankyourselfwhenyouhaveonemoreprestigiouscredentialtoaddtoyourcollegeapplications.Weprovidestudentswithstate-of-the-artlabequipmentandmaterialstouseathome—allshippedtoyourdoorstep.ThetimeisNOWtoapply.Biomedical&SurgicalResearch:TheBiomedicalandSurgicalResearchprogrambringsanatomy(解剖)tolifethroughdiscussionandpracticeofsurgicalprocedures.Fromcasestudiesandlecturestomocksurgicalprocedures,studentsspendthreeweekslearningwhatittakestobeasurgeon.PolymerChemistry:MaterialsScienceisanewexcitingfieldthatincludespolymerchemistryandplasticsengineeringofmaterialstosynthesize(合成)andtocreatecustomorbrandnewmaterialswithspecificproductsforspecificuses.Receivematerialsrighttoyourhometocreateyourownpolymers!IntrotoRobotics:Areyoualwaystakingthingsapart,seeinghowtheyworkandthenputtingthembacktogetheragain?Areyoucurioushowrobotsandothermachineswork?Fromvoiceactivated,digitalpersonalassistantslikeAlexaandSiritooureverydaykitchenappliances,theworldofroboticsisadvancingandrobotsarebecominganintegralpartofoureverydaylife.Thefutureisnowandthefieldofroboticsisbooming!Forensics(法医学):Domysteriesexciteyou?DoyoudiveintocrimesceneshowssuchasCriminalMindsandLaw&Order?Doyouwanttogobehindthescenestolearnwhathappensduringacrimeinvestigationortrial?Thisremoteprogramisdesignedforstudentsallovertheworldinterestedinthescientificapproachtocrimescenes.Thisprogramwillintroducetheprinciplesofforensicscienceandwillprovidetheopportunitytoexplorelabtechniques,fingerprintmethodsandmorethroughtheVRtechniques!Clickheretoseesessiondatesandcosts.21.Whichcoursesoffertoshipmaterials?A.PolymerChemistryandForensics. B.IntrotoRoboticsandBiotechResearch.C.BiotechResearchandPolymerChemistry. D.ForensicsandBiomedical&SurgicalResearch.22.StudentswhochooseForensicscan______.A.watchTVserieswithVRequipment B.studycriminalmindsonthesceneC.drafttheprinciplesofforensicscience D.experiencecrimeinvestigationvirtually23.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Topromotesummeracademicprograms. B.Tocomparedifferentonlineprograms.C.Tointroducethecontentoftheprograms. D.Toexplainthebenefitsoftheprograms.【答案】21.C22.D23.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇应用文。介绍线上夏季STEM青少年学术项目，包括生物技术、法医学等课程，呼吁学生参与并提供查看课程日期和费用的途径。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据BiotechResearch部分“Weprovidestudentswithstate-of-the-artlabequipmentandmaterialstouseathome—allshippedtoyourdoorstep.(我们为学生提供最先进的实验室设备和材料供在家使用，所有这些都会送货上门。)”以及PolymerChemistry部分“Receivematerialsrighttoyourhometocreateyourownpolymers!(材料会直接送到你家，让你创造自己的聚合物！)”可知，BiotechResearch和PolymerChemistry这两门课程提供寄送材料服务。故选C项。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据Forensics部分“Thisprogramwillintroducetheprinciplesofforensicscienceandwillprovidetheopportunitytoexplorelabtechniques,fingerprintmethodsandmorethroughtheVRtechniques!(这个项目将介绍法医学的原理，并提供通过虚拟现实技术探索实验室技术、指纹识别方法等的机会！)”可知，选择Forensics课程的学生可以通过VR技术，虚拟地体验犯罪调查。故选D项。【23题详解】推理判断题。根据文章开头“Takepartinouraward-winningsummerSTEM(Science,Technology,Engineering,Math)teenacademicprograms.Allcoursesareconductedonline.(参加我们屡获殊荣的夏季STEM（科学、技术、工程、数学）青少年学术项目。所有课程均在线进行。)”以及最后“Clickheretoseesessiondatesandcosts.(点击此处查看课程日期和费用。)”可知，文章旨在推广这些夏季学术项目，吸引学生报名参加。故选A项。BOnabriskOctobermorning,with20poundsofgearonmyback,Ihikedupasteep,rockytrail.Witheachstep,Ifeltmythroattighterandmylungsheave.Thiswasanexperiment.Growingup,myfamily’sannual“hikes”oftenleftmeweepingwithexhaustionafteronly2miles.Decadeslater,Iwondered,attheripeageof26,couldIlearntolovetheoutdoors?Idecidedtostartinthedeependwiththishiking.Preparedwithweeksofexercise,Ijoinedmygroupatthetrailheadnearthecityborder.Anhouraftersettingoff,Ifellbehind,notsureifIcouldmakeit.Frank,myhikingcompanion,sloweddowntoaccompanyme.“Lookatthesky,thetrees!”heexclaimed.Wheezing,Istoppedtocranemyneck.Natureinallitsmagnificencechosetoshowoff.Thewindwhistled,rustlingtheyellowcanopyoverhead.Continuingon,Imadeapointtostopandlookaroundeveryfewminutes.Threehourslater,wereachedourcampsite,avastgrassyarea.Frankguidedmethroughputtingupmytent,asmallvictoryafterachallengingmorning.Wethensoughtouronlywatersource,SunfishPond.Muchtomyannoyance,Irepeatedlylostmyfootingandreturnedtocampaftercountlessfalls.Atcamp,Ibuiltafireusingonlyflint(火石)sticks.Mycheapsleepingpadkeptlosingair,andmysleepingbagdidlittletokeepthecoldairout.Around2a.m.Itearedupinfrustrationandlaysleepless.However,emergingfrommytentintothemistymorning,Ifeltmymoodlifted.Autumnseemedtohavekickedinovernightandtheleavesglowed.Iateabreakfastofinstantnoodlesandthenjoinedtheothers,sharingintimatethoughtsIusuallykepthidden.Backatthetrailheadwherewestarted,myfriendaskedwhatweweregratefulfor.IpipedupaboutthevulnerableandfunnyconversationsI’denjoyedwithfellowhikers—andthespacetoreflect.TheforestanditstemporarydwellershadconvincedmeIwascapableofmuchmorethanIthoughtpossible.Didtheexperimentwork?Memoriesofthatsleepless,freezingnightmightgivemepausebeforeIcrawlintoatentagain.Butthatdoesn’tmeanI’mawayfromthewoodscompletely.IreturnedtoNewYorksmellyandsore,butwhenIsteppedoffthebusintothecity’shustleandbustle,Ialsofeltanunexpectedcalm.24.Whydidtheauthordecidetogoonahikingtrip?A.Toimprovehisphysicalhealth. B.Toescapefromthefast-pacedcitylife.C.Toexplorehispotentialfortheoutdoors. D.Torevisitachildhoodpassionforhiking.25.Whichbestdescribestheauthor’semotionaljourney?①amazed②doubtful③annoyed④peaceful⑤upliftedA.③②⑤①④ B.②①③⑤④ C.②③①④⑤ D.③④②①⑤26.Whathastheauthorlearnedfromtheexperience?A.Successliesinself-acceptance. B.Wildernesshealsabrokenheart.C.Smallsetbacksleadtogreatachievements. D.Naturegivesmorethanexpected.【答案】24.C25.B26.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者为了探索自己的户外活动潜力，决定去徒步旅行，讲述了旅行的经过以及作者的内心变化。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Thiswasanexperiment.Growingup,myfamily’sannual“hikes”oftenleftmeweepingwithexhaustionafteronly2miles.Decadeslater,Iwondered,attheripeageof26,couldIlearntolovetheoutdoors?Idecidedtostartinthedeependwiththishiking.(这是一个实验。在成长过程中，我们家每年“徒步旅行”经常让我在走了两英里后就筋疲力尽地哭泣。几十年后，我想知道，在26岁这个成熟的年龄，我能学会热爱户外吗？我决定从这次远足的最深处开始)”可知，作者为决定去徒步旅行是为了探索他在户外活动的潜力。故选C。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Decadeslater,Iwondered,attheripeageof26,couldIlearntolovetheoutdoors?(几十年后，我想知道，在26岁这个成熟的年龄，我能学会热爱户外吗？)”可知，②“怀疑”排序第一，故排除A、D选项；根据最后一段“IreturnedtoNewYorksmellyandsore,butwhenIsteppedoffthebusintothecity’shustleandbustle,Ialsofeltanunexpectedcalm.(我回到纽约，身上又臭又酸，但当我下了车，走进城市的喧嚣时，我也感到了一种意想不到的平静)”可知，④“平静”排序第五，故排除C选项。故作者的情感历程是怀疑、惊讶、恼火、振奋和平静。故选B。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“IpipedupaboutthevulnerableandfunnyconversationsI’denjoyedwithfellowhikers—andthespacetoreflect.TheforestanditstemporarydwellershadconvincedmeIwascapableofmuchmorethanIthoughtpossible.(我滔滔不绝地讲述了我和徒步旅行者同伴们愉快的脆弱而有趣的谈话——以及反思的空间。森林和它的临时居民让我相信，我的能力远远超出了我的想象)”可知，作者从这次经历中学到了大自然给予的比预期的要多。故选D。CAsglobaltemperaturescontinuetoriseduetohuman-inducedclimatechange,precisecomputerizedclimatemodelswillbecrucialinsheddinglightonhowourclimatewillevolveinthecomingyears.AstudypublishedinJournalofGeophysicalResearch:AtmospheresbyChloeClarkandherteamfromUCIrvinehighlightsasignificantissuewithacommonlyusedclimatemodelknownastheEnergyExascaleEarthSystemModel(E3SM).TheresearchrevealsthatthismodelcurrentlyoverestimatesakeyphysicalpropertyofEarth’sclimatesystemcalledalbedo,whichisthedegreetowhichicereflectsplanet-warmingsunlightintospace.Albedoisameasureofthereflectivityofasurface,expressedasthefractionofincomingsolarradiationthatisreflectedbythatsurfacebackintospace.ItisacriticalfactorindeterminingEarth’sclimateandenergybalance.Surfaceswithhighalbedo,suchassnowandice,reflectalargeportionofsolarenergy,whereasdarkersurfaceslikeforestsoroceansabsorbmoresolarenergy.“Wefoundthatwitholdmodelversions,theiceistooreflectivebyaboutfivepercent,”saidChloeClarke,“Icereflectivitywasmuchtoohigh.”Theamountofsunlighttheplanetreceivesandreflectsisimportantforestimatinghowmuchtheplanetwillwarminthecomingyears.PreviousversionsofE3SMoverestimatedalbedobecausetheyfailedtoaccountformicrophysicalpropertiesoficeinawarmingworld.Thesepropertiesincludetheeffectsthingslikealgae(藻类)anddusthaveonalbedo.Darkcoloredalgaeanddustcanmakesnowandicelessreflectiveandlessabletoreflectsunlight.Todotheanalysis,ClarkeandherteamstudiedsatellitedatatotrackthealbedooftheGreenlandIceSheet.TheyfoundE3SMoverestimatesthereflectivityoftheicesheet,meaningthemodelestimateslessmeltthanwhatwouldbeexpectedfromtheicemicrophysicalproperties.Butwiththenewicereflectivityincorporatedintothemodel,theydiscoveredtheGreenlandIceSheetismeltingatarateofaboutsixgigatonsmorethaninoldermodelversions.Thisisbasedonalbedomeasurementsthataremoreconsistentwithsatelliteobservations.Clarkehopesherteam’sstudystressestheimportanceoftheseeminglyminusculepropertiesthatcanhavefar-reachingconsequencesfortheoverallclimate.“Ithinkourworkisgoingtohelpmodelsdoamuchbetterjobofhelpinguscapturesnowandice-relatedclimatefeedbacks,”shesaid.Next,Clarkewantstostudydifferenticypartsoftheplanettocalculatehowwidespreadthealbedodiscrepancy(差异)isinE3SM.“OurnextstepsaretogetitsothemodelisfunctionalgloballyandnotjustvalidoverGreenland,”saidClarke,whoalsointendstocomparethenewGreenlandIceSheetmeltratestoobservationstomeasurehowmuchmoreaccuratethenewicealbedois.“ItwouldbeusefultoapplyittoglaciersinplacesliketheAndesandAlaska.”27.Accordingtothepassage,albedo______.A.changeswiththelightnessofsurfacesB.matchesupwiththeshapeoftheiceorsnowC.isameasureofthesolarenergyarrivingatthesurfaceD.varieswiththedirectionoftheincomingsolarradiation28.Whatcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A.Thenewmodelismorereliablethansatelliteobservations.B.ThepreviousmodelversionsoverestimateGreenlandmelt.C.Modeladaptationimprovestheaccuracyofclimatepredictions.D.Scientistshaveusedthemodelgloballytoreducethediscrepancy.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“minuscule”inParagraph7probablymean?A.Tiny. B.Invisible. C.Plain. D.Stable.30.Thelastparagraphiswrittento______.A.notethelimitationsofthefinding B.pointoutfurtherresearchdirectionsC.illustratethebenefitsofanewapproach D.sumupthechangesmadeinE3SM【答案】27.A28.C29.A30.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于人类引起的气候变化导致全球气温持续上升，精确的计算机化气候模型对于揭示未来几年气候将如何演变至关重要。介绍了改编过的模型的特点。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“TheresearchrevealsthatthismodelcurrentlyoverestimatesakeyphysicalpropertyofEarth’sclimatesystemcalledalbedo,whichisthedegreetowhichicereflectsplanet-warmingsunlightintospace.(研究表明，该模型目前高估了地球气候系统的一个关键物理特性，即反照率。反照率是指冰将地球变暖的阳光反射到太空的程度)”可知，反照率随表面亮度的变化而变化。故选A。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“TheyfoundE3SMoverestimatesthereflectivityoftheicesheet,meaningthemodelestimateslessmeltthanwhatwouldbeexpectedfromtheicemicrophysicalproperties.Butwiththenewicereflectivityincorporatedintothemodel,theydiscoveredtheGreenlandIceSheetismeltingatarateofaboutsixgigatonsmorethaninoldermodelversions.Thisisbasedonalbedomeasurementsthataremoreconsistentwithsatelliteobservations.(他们发现E3SM高估了冰盖的反射率，这意味着该模型估计的融化程度低于从冰的微物理特性中得出的预期。但是，将新的冰反射率纳入模型后，他们发现格陵兰冰盖的融化速度比旧模型版本快了约60亿吨。这是基于与卫星观测更一致的反照率测量)”可知，模式改编版提高了气候预测的准确性。故选C。【29题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Clarkehopesherteam’sstudystressestheimportanceoftheseemingly(克拉克希望她的团队的研究强调看似……特性的重要性)”以及后文“propertiesthatcanhavefar-reachingconsequencesfortheoverallclimate(这些特性可能对整体气候产生深远的影响)”可知，某些特性看似微不足道，但可能对整体气候产生深远的影响，所以克拉克希望她的团队的研究强调了这些小特性的重要性。故划线词意思是“小的”。故选A。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Next,Clarkewantstostudydifferenticypartsoftheplanettocalculatehowwidespreadthealbedodiscrepancy(差异)isinE3SM.“OurnextstepsaretogetitsothemodelisfunctionalgloballyandnotjustvalidoverGreenland,”saidClarke,whoalsointendstocomparethenewGreenlandIceSheetmeltratestoobservationstomeasurehowmuchmoreaccuratethenewicealbedois.“ItwouldbeusefultoapplyittoglaciersinplacesliketheAndesandAlaska.”(接下来，克拉克想要研究地球上不同的冰区，以计算反照率差异在E3SM中的分布范围。克拉克说：“我们的下一步是让这个模型在全球范围内发挥作用，而不仅仅是在格陵兰岛有效。”他还打算将新的格陵兰冰盖融化率与观测结果进行比较，以衡量新的冰反照率有多准确。“将其应用于安第斯山脉和阿拉斯加等地的冰川将是有用的。”)”可知，最后一段的目的是为了指出进一步的研究方向。故选B。DCrucialsystemsacrosstheworldcollapsedonFriday,triggeredbyonemistakeinasinglecompany.ThepowercutofCrowdStrike,agiantinthecybersecurityindustry,hitbanks,airlines,andhealth-caresystems.Itmayendupbeingtheworstinformationtechnologydisasterinhistory.Thiswasnot,however,anunforeseeablefreakaccident,norwillitbethelastofitskind.Instead,thedevastationwastheinevitableoutcomeofmodernsocialsystemsthathavebeendesignedforhyperconnectedoptimization(优化),notdecentralizedresilience.Thereisoftenatrade-offbetweenmaximumoptimizationandresilience.Considerabasicprehistoricalsocialsysteminwhichmanyhumanslivedinsmall,isolatedbands.Whatanysinglepersondidwouldhavelittletonoeffectonthoselivingelsewhere.Itwasaninefficient,basicsystem—butifonepartofthehumansystemfailed,fewotherswereaffected.Throughoutouradvancementasaspecies,frombuildingempirestobuildingmachines,socialsystemshaveevolvedtobemoreconnectedandcentralized.Inthe21stcentury,thecombinationofglobalizationanddigitizationhascreatedalandscapecharacterizedbythethreatofcatastrophic,immediaterisk.Globalizationenableslargeefficiencygains,whereaproductcanbeputtogetherfromcarefullymanagedlinksintheglobalsupplychain.Butthosesystemslackresilience.Everylinkmustfittogetherperfectly;thesystemfallsapartifevenonechainbreaks.Centuriesago,thephilosopherDavidHumewrotethatwecanneverbecertainthatthepatternsofthepastwillremainthepatternsofthefuture.Thisisespeciallytrueinthe21stcenturyaswearebettingmoreandmoreofourworldonunstablesystems.Canwereallytrustourspeciestoflawlesslygovernunimaginablycomplexsystems—systemswedon’talwaysfullyunderstand—thatcanbebroughtdownbyasinglescrew-up?Modernsocietieshavediscountedthecostofthatriskbecauseourcurrentrewardsystemsfavoroptimizationoverresilience.CEOstrytodelivershort-termimprovements,notlong-termplanning.Nobodygetsreelectedbyinvestinginarainy-dayfund.Businessleadersarehiredorfiredbasedonquarterlyresults.Eventhoughthemodernquestforoptimizationhastoooftenmaderesilienceanafterthought,itisnotinevitablethatwecontinuedowntheriskypathwe’reon.Andmakingoursystemsmoreresilientdoesn’trequiregoingbacktoadisconnected,primitiveworld,either.Instead,ourcomplex,interconnectedsocietiessimplydemandthatwecompromiseabitofefficiencyinordertoallowalittleextracushion(缓冲).Ifsocialsystemsrelyonamorediversedigitalarrayofcompanies,thesocietieswillbelessvulnerable(脆弱的).Forthebroadersetofrisksfacingglobalsociety,betterregulationisessentialtoensurefail-safes,backups,andstresstesting—sothatoneerrordoesn’tbringdownentiresystems.TheCrowdStrikebreakdownisaclearwarmingthatthemodernworldisfragilebydesign.Sofar,wehavedecidedtomakeourselvesvulnerable.Thatmeanswecandecidedifferentlytoo.31.TheauthormentionstheCrowdStrikemainlyto______.A.highlightitscrucialroleincybersecurity B.introduceaninformationtechnologycollapseC.explainwhypeopleareinaconnectedsystem D.indicatepredictablefailuresofthemodernsystem32.Whatcanbeinferredaboutamoreglobalizedsystem?A.Itleadstoahighlyadvanceddigitalizednetwork.B.Ittendstoprioritizeadaptabilityoverproductivity.C.Itenlargestheimpactoflocalerrorstoaglobalscale.D.Itguaranteesimmediateeconomicrewardsforparticipants.33.Asforthefutureofsocialsystems,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Themoredisconnectedtheyare,themoreresilienttheywillbe.B.Someefficiencyshouldbesacrificedformoreflexibility.C.Long-termplanningpreventsstructuralbreakdowns.D.Historycanhelppeoplepredictfuturepatterns.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?AHyperconnectivity:ThePriceofPerfectionB.AWakefulWarning:TheLessonfromCrowdStrikeC.SystemCollapse:AnInevitableTechnologyDisasterD.Resiliencevs.Optimization:ADebateforBetterSystems【答案】31.D32.C33.B34.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章以CrowdStrike系统崩溃事件为例，探讨现代社会系统重优化轻弹性的问题及应对之策。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“CrucialsystemsacrosstheworldcollapsedonFriday,triggeredbyonemistakeinasinglecompany.ThepowercutofCrowdStrike,agiantinthecybersecurityindustry,hitbanks,airlines,andhealth-caresystems.Itmayendupbeingtheworstinformationtechnologydisasterinhistory.(周五，全球关键系统崩溃，起因是一家公司的一个失误。网络安全行业巨头CrowdStrike的停电影响了银行、航空公司和医疗保健系统。这可能最终成为历史上最严重的信息技术灾难。)”以及第二段