《Lessons》课件-Wk章节5 Cross-cultural Communication章节

Cross-culturalCommunication4th~5thWeekContentsCultureReview

-NatureofCulture -LayersofCulture -VariablesofCultureCultureDimensions -Kluckhohn&Strodtbeck -Trompenaars&Hampden-Turners -Hofstede -Hall -Triandis -SchwartzDefinition

NationalCulture - Nationsdistinguishablefromeachotherby language,religion,ethnicorracialidentityand, aboveall,byasharedculturalhistory. - Allthosedistinguishingcharacteristics blendintoanationalculture. - Nationalcultureinfluencesfamilylife, education,organizationalcultureandeconomic andpoliticalstructures. - SenseofbelongingDefinitionAspectsofculture

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ValuesandBeliefs -Communication(verbal&Nonverbal) -Normsofbehavior -Customs -Art,music,dance,sport,etcNature

BesharedBelearnedBeadaptiveBeUniversalBediversifiedLayers

CultureasanIceberg - Visibility&InvisibilityCultureOnion - CoreCulture&LayersFunctional-levelCultureVariables

kinshipEducationEconomyPoliticsReligionAssociationHealthRecreationDimension(1)

Hofstede(1990s) -PowerDistance -UncertaintyAvoidance -Individualism -Masculinity -Long/ShortTermOrientationExtenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationswithinacountryacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequallye.g.USA/UK/CanHigh/LowPowerdistance Low-interdependence,support&sharing High-obedienceandfollowinge.g.China/Indonesia/MalaysiaCulturalDimension-

PowerDistancePowerDistancevsIndividualismNetherlands38Switzerland34Unitedkingdom35Finland33Sweden31NewZeeland22Denmark18Israel13Austria11Malaysia104Panama95Venezuela81China80ArabCountries80India-WestAfrica77Yugoslavia76Arabworld38Chile23China20Taiwan17Indonesia14Colombia13Venezuela12Equator8

Howmembersofsocietycopewithuncertaintiesofeverydaylife;highlevelsofanxiety=highuncertaintyavoidance.TendtobemoreexpressiveandemotionalCulturalDimension-

UncertaintyAvoidance

Extenttowhichasocietyisinclinedtowardsaggressiveandmaterialisticbehavior

Femininity,denotessensitivity,caringandanemphasisonqualityoflifeCulturalDimension-

MasculinityMasculinity&UncertaintyAvoidance

Long-termorientation-extenttowhichtraditionsandlong-termcommitmentsareperceivedasimpedimenttochange.

Short-termorientation-stresssatisfyingneeds‘here-and-now’CulturalDimension-

Long-term&Short-termLong-termOrientationChinavs.UnitedStates

China-UnitedKingdomDimension(2)-a

Trompenaars(1994)andCharles Hampden-Turner(1997) -UniversalismvsParticularism

(People’sattitudetowards‘RULES’) -NeutralvsEmotional

(Emotionalexpressions) -CommunitarianismvsIndividualism (Rightofgroup/Rightofindividuals) -Inner-directedvsOuter-directed (Thinking&PersonalJudgment)Dimension(2)-b

Trompenaars(1994)andCharlesHampden-Turner(1997)(continued) -AttitudetowardsTIME (SequencevsSynchronization) -People’sstatus(social) (AchievedvsAscribed) -Relationshipbetweenindividualandpublic (SpecificvsDiffuse)Dimension(3)

Hall(1990)-Communication/Language -HighContextvsLowContext -MonochronicCulturevsPolychromicCulture -CommunitarianismvsIndividualism -Inner-directedvsOuter-directedCulturalContext:EffectsonCommunicationHighContextLanguagesHighcontext:longlasting,implicitcommunication;slowtochangeFeelingandthoughtsarenotexplicitlyexpressed;instead,onehastoreadbetweenthelinesandinterpretthemeaningfromone’sgeneralunderstanding.Countries:Asia,theMiddleeast,AfricaandtheMediterraneanLowContextLanguagesLowcontext:shorterduration;explicitcommunication;communicationclearanddirect–relymoreonwrittenagreements.Feelingandthoughtsaremoreexpressedthroughwordsandinformationismorereadyavailable.Countries:Germany,Switzerland,ScandinaviaandNorthAmericaCommunicationhastobemoreexplicit.TimeOrientationValuetoTime MonochronicvsPolychronic Monochronic-ONEthingfocusedOnetime Usingtimeinlinearway Polychronic- Managemanythings together - Changeplanseasilyand alwaysDimension(4)

Triandis(1995) <IndividualismvsCollectivism>TwoextremesofonevalueCoreofacultureParticularlyimportantinCOLLECTIVISTICcultureIngroupsvsOutgroups

Ingroups-agroupwhosenorms,goals,andvaluesshapethebehaviorofitsmembers Outgroups-individualvalueoriented,actions