2023人工智能伦理指南

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

ThisGuideisaresourceforlocal-levelpolicymakersacrosssectorsseekingtounderstandthechallenges,opportunities,andrisksofAIadoption.

TheGuideincludesadefinitionofAI,adiscussionofethicalissuesrelatedtoAI,andproposalsforhowtheseissuescanbeaddressed.

ItalsoincludesexamplestoillustrateAI-relatedethicalissues,approachesforaddressingtheseissues,andrelevant

reflectionquestions.Specifically,thisGuideusestheeducationsectorasanexampletoexploreelementsofethicalAI,butthelessonsaregeneralizabletoothersectorsaswell.

Finally,theGuideincludesaGlossaryandanAnnexwithadditionaldetailsofcasestudieshighlightedinthedocument.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

WHATISARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)?

Artificialintelligence,orAI,isaconceptreferringtocomputeralgorithmsthatsolveproblemsusing

techniquesassociatedwithhumanintelligence:logicalreasoning,knowledgerepresentationandrecall,

languageprocessing,andpatternrecognition.AIiscurrentlyusedtobuildawidevarietyofapplications—fromcustomerservicechatbotstocomplexearthquakeorcrimepredictionprograms.

WHYDOWEUSEAI?

AIoffersanexcitingextensionofmanyhumancapabilitiessuchasobservation,processing,anddecision-making.The

outputandoutcomesofAIsystemsarenearly

instantaneous,offeringhumanspowerfulefficienciesthatdidnotexistjustafewyearsago.ThecomputingpowerandsystemsusedforAItechnologiesfarexceedhumancognitivecapabilities,allowforconstant“machine

learning”withouthumansupervision,andinclude

considerationofpatternsthataretypicallyimpossibleforhumanstodiscern(e.g.,theabilitytoidentifyanindividualbasedontheirgaitwithouteverseeingtheirface).AIcanalsousedynamicnudgingtocreateinstantincentivesforcompliance(e.g.,inthecommercialcontext,aguided

selectionofbenefits,personalizedtothecustomer,designedtopromotespecificeconomicbehavior).

HOWDOESAIWORK?

InanAIsystem,predefinedalgorithmsfollowaseriesofinstructionstotransformdataintooutputsthatcanbeusedformakingdecisions,eitherbythecomputersystemitselforahuman.ManyAIalgorithmslearndirectlyfromdata,byidentifyingpatternsandrelationships,without

rules-basedinstructionsfromhumans—asisthecaseintraditionalstatisticalprogramming.1The“blackbox”

natureofAIsystemsreferstosysteminputsand

operationswhicharenotvisibletotheend-userorotherparties,andsometimeseventothedatascientistswhobuildAIsystems.Algorithmsthatcanactindependentlywithoutcontrolorsupervisionfromhumansare

consideredautonomous.

Forreflection

AIisdependentonthedataitreceivesfordecision-making.Aswithall

computingsystems,ifthedataused

isbiasedorcorrupted,sowillbetheoutputsorrecommendeddecisionsbytheAIsystem.

WHATISTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENAIANDMACHINELEARNING?

Machinelearning(orML)enablesAIsystems.WhileMLfocusesonlearningandprediction,AIapplicationsoftenrelyonthepredictionsfromMLtocreate,plan,orhaveanimpactintherealworld.Automateddecisionsmightbedirectlyimplemented(likeinrobotics)orsuggestedtoahumandecision-maker(intheformofproduct

recommendationsinanonlineshoppingsession).2

WHYDOESAINEEDDATA?

Largedatasets,suchasthosegeneratedbyastateor

nationaleducationsystem,enableAI.WhileAIsystems

haveactuallybeenaroundsincethe1950s,AIhasrecentlyreceivedincreasedattentionduetoitsnewcapabilities,

poweredbylargerquantitiesofavailabledataandmorepowerfulcomputingsystems.Forinstance,dataon

populationmovements,thespreadofepidemics,and

climatechangecansignificantlyenhancethecapabilitiesoftoday’sAIsystemstomonitoremergingtrendsand

provideevidencetoadvanceontheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.

Forreflection

Accesstosufficient,unbiased,good-qualitydataisafoundationaldriveroftrustworthyandethicalAI.

1.PrasannaLalDas(2022).AlgorithmsinGovernment:AMagicFormulaoraDivisiveForce?

https://dial.global/research/algorithms-in

-government-a-magic-formula-or-a-divisive-force/

2.USAIDDigitalStrategy(2020-2024).

/digital-development/usaid-digital-strategy

.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

WHATISAIETHICS?

Forreflection

ThereisnocommondefinitionofAIethics.

Ethicsisthescienceofproperbehavior.Aristotlearguedthatethicsisthestudyofhumanrelationsintheirmostperfectform;heclaimedthatethicsisthebasisfor

creatinganidealmodelofhumaninterrelations,ensuringoptimalcommunicationbetweenpeopleandareferencepointforcreatingastructureofmoralconsciousness.The

problemsrelatedtotheinteractionoftechnology,

humans,andsociety.JustasAIisevolvingrapidly,sotooareAIethicsconsiderations.Ultimately,theoverallgoalofAIethicsistoseektocreateanoptimalmodelof

interrelationsbetweenhumansandtechnology.

WHYDOWEUSEAIINTHEEDUCATIONSECTOR?

AIsystemschangethenatureofeducationalsystems

throughtheabilitytoanalyzelargeandcomplexdatasets,automateprocesses,understandchangesinstudent

performance,createnewwaysofinteractionbetween

studentsandteachers,customizelearningmethods,and

more.Atthesametime,thepotentialforcareless

implementationofAIcreatesseriousethicalriskswith

long-termnegativeconsequences,generatesprejudice,caninhibitmotivation,oreventriggersocialunrest.

SeemoredefinitionsofconceptsrelatedtoAIethicsintheGlossaryattheendofthisGuide.

practiceofAIethicsistheconsiderationofmoral

Forreflection

TheethicsofAItodayismoreabout

therightquestionsthantherightanswers.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

Casestudy

ImperfectAIsolutionsineducation

Country:UKYear:2020

Whathappened:Thestudentsenrollment

algorithmfavoredstudentsfromprivateschoolsandaffluentareas,leavinghigh-achieversfromfree,state-schools

disproportionatelyaffected.

WhyitisimportantforthepurposesofthisGuide?Manypolicymakersfocus

onlyonpositiveeffectsthatAIbringtotheeducationsector,however,theidentificationandmitigationofAI’srisksshouldbe

prioritizedoverimplementation.

SeedetailsintheAnnex.

WHYAIETHICSISIMPORTANT

WhileAIcanbringmanybenefitsforhumanbeings,italsocomeswithethicalconsiderationsthatcannotbeignored.Asthesesystemsareincreasinglybeingusedacrosssectors,AIcanhavesignificanteffectsoncredit,employment,education,competition,andmore.

However,withoutethicsembeddedinAIalgorithms,itishardlypossibletoguaranteethatAIwillnotenable

certainactorstocausemoreharmthangood.WiththewideradoptionofAIinrecentyears,ithasbeenusedtosowdistrustinpublicinformationandandhasbeenheldresponsibleforperpetuatingdiscriminationinthedeliveryofservicesandunfavorablyprofilingsegmentsofthe

population,raisingmanyothermoralconcerns.

Theresponsibilityofdatascientists,teamsofsoftware

developers,andotherparticipantsintheAIlifecycle3

rarelyextendstoAIethics.Softwareengineersfrequentlypaymoreattentiontohowwellasystemorproductis

performingitsintendedfunctionthantoitssocialand

ethicalimplicationsandlonger-termramifications.Thatiswhyitisimportanttoengagedifferentstakeholder

groups,includingadiverserangeofmembersofcivilsociety,toensureethicaldesignanddeploymentofAIsystems.

3.“WhatareAIBlindspots?”AIBlindspotMedia.AccessedJune9,2023.

.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

Casestudy

Flawedfacialrecognitionsystems

Country:USAYear:2018

Whathappened:Googlefacialrecognition

softwarehadabiasagainstAfrican

Americans;imagerecognitionalgorithmsinGooglePhotoswereclassifyingAfricanAmericansas“gorillas.”

Whyitisimportantforthepurposes

ofthisGuide?Currently,numerous

governmententitiesconsidertheuseoffacialrecognitionsystems,withoutconsidering

thesesystems’potentialrisksandflaws,asillustratedbythisusecase.

SeedetailsintheAnnex.

WHATAREAI-RELATEDMORALPROBLEMS?

AIalgorithmscanbeopaqueandcomplex,andsubjecttoerror,bias,profiling,discrimination,andotherunfair

practices.Thishappens,inpart,becausealgorithmsarecreatedbyhumanAIengineers—andhumansarenot

objective.Thisisalsoduetohistoricalbiasesand

prejudicesinthedatasetsAIsystemslearnfrom.IfAI

engineersdonotidentifyaddressdatabias,AIsystemsmayreplicatethem.EthicalissuesappearinmanyaspectsofAIadoption.Examplesincludethechoicesthat

self-drivingcarsareprogrammedtomakewhenacrashisinevitable;4racial,gender,andagebiasesinfacial

recognition;biasesforpeoplewithdisabilities;andAI

algorithmsmakingdiscriminatorydecisionsinthe

insuranceandbankingsectors.Therearerecentcasesinwhichpeoplehaveblamedalgorithmsforinjusticesthatnegativelyimpacttheirlives,suchasbeingdeniedbailbyjudgesreliantonautomatedsystemsortheirchildren

beingunfairlydeprivedofcollegeadmissions.5

Forreflection

Howwouldmachinessolvethe“TrollyDilemma”?

WHOISRESPONSIBLEFORAIOUTPUTS?

Humanscuratedatasets,createandserveas“role

models”foralgorithms,andconsumetheoutputsof

algorithms.Humansalsoprovideanessentialpointof

controlforalgorithms,eitherastestersorvalidatorsofalgorithmicdecisions.Thesocietalquestionofwho,

exactlybearsresponsibilityforerrorsinAIdecision-

makingisaprofoundone:isthefalloutfromanAI-madeerrorthefaultofthedeveloperoftheAIalgorithm,theownerofthesmartdevice,theoperatorofthealgorithmorAI-tool,thepersonwhoprovidedinputdatatothe

algorithm,orsomeoneelseentirely?Thelackof

certaintyonthisfrontmayperpetuateandexacerbatedistrustofAIsystems,leadingtolong-lasting

consequencesforinnovationandadoptionoftechnology.

4.OrinKerr.“A‘TrolleyProblem’DilemmafortheFBI.”TheNewYorkTimes.January27,2016.

/

roomfordebate/2016/01/27/the-ethics-of-a-child-pornography-sting/a-trolley-problem-dilemma-for-the-fbi

5.“RacismIn,RacismOut.APrimeronAlgorithmicRacism.”2021.PublicCitizen.

/article/algorithmic-racism/

.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

Forreflection

IfanAIsystemgeneratesanincorrectmedicaldiagnosisthatleadstothe

deathofapatient,whoisresponsible?

WHATARESOMEOFTHEMORALISSUESSURROUNDINGAI?

AIapplicationssuchaschatbots,criminalassessment

systems,facialrecognitionsystemshaveprovidedsexistorracistoutputsbecauseofbiasesinherentininputdata.

Casestudy

AIagainstpeoplewithdisabilities

Country:Global

Whathappened:PersonswithdisabilitiesmaybeinterpretedasoutliersbyAI

applicationsthatmaymimicthedirectandindirectdiscriminationtheyfaceinsociety.

WhyitisimportantforthepurposesofthisGuide?Whenconsideringthe

developmentandadoptionofanAIsystematthelocallevel,itisimportanttoidentifyifthereisrepresentativedatathatincludespeoplewithdisabilities,forexample,toavoidtheirexclusionfromordiscriminationwithintheresultsorrecommendationsofsucha

system.

SeedetailsintheAnnex.

Thesebiasesareoftenfoundinopen-sourcedata,whichisnotnecessarilyrepresentativeofglobalpopulations.AnAIalgorithmdrawsconclusionsfromwhatithasstudied;whendeeplearningsystemsaretrainedonopendata,noonecancontrolwhatexactlytheylearn.UsinghistoricaldatamayalsocreatemodernbiasforAItoolsasolder

datasetsmaynotincludedataonwomen,peoplewith

disabilities,indigenouspeoples,orotherhistorically

disenfranchisedgroups,manyofwhomarestillonthe

“unfavorable”sideofthedigitaldivide.Insomecases,anAIalgorithmwouldlikelyconsiderthesepopulationsas

outliersandcreatemodelsthatleadtofurthererrorsthatperpetuatetheirdisenfranchisements.

WHATARETHERISKS?

EthicalproblemsinAIcanleadtoavarietyof

consequenceswithdifferentlevelsofseverity;these

consequencesincludeeverythingfromincreasedinequalitytoextendedlitigationprocessestoresistsocialuprising.

Theprofilingandbiasesofalgorithmsagainstaparticularrace,gender,orspecificcategoryofpeoplecanaffecthoweducation,healthcare,financial,anddemocraticsystems

work.AIcanbealsousedmaliciously,inanyofthesefieldstofakedata,stealpasswords,andinterferewiththeworkofothersoftwareandmachines,thusunderminingpublic

trustintechnologyevenmore.Thesedigitalcrimesputcorehumanvaluessuchaspersonalprivacy,data

protection,fairness,andautonomyatrisk.

6.AIDecolonialManyfesto.”Mayfesto.ai.AccessedJune9,2023.

https://manyfesto.ai

.

7.“PrinciplesofMāoriDataSovereignty.”2018.TeManaRaraunga.

https://cdn.auckland.ac.nz/assets/psych/about/our-research/documents/

TMR+M%C4%81ori+Data+Sovereignty+Principles+Oct+2018.pdf

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

WHOSHOULDBEINTERESTEDINAIETHICS?

Everyone.Citizens,businesses,governments,andacademiaareallusersoradoptersofAIapplicationsandtechnologies.Theyallface,orwillface,AI-relatedethicalchallengesthatwillimpacttheirlivesorlivelihoodsinsomeway.Andtheyallhaveaperspectivetoaddtooursociety’sconversationsurroundingethicalAIuse.

DOAISYSTEMSHAVE“GLOBAL”BIASES?

AIsystemsdevelopment,datacollection,andstandardscreationarehappeningintheGlobalNorth,wheremostAI

researchinstitutionsandbigtechcompaniesarelocated,whilemostcountriesoftheGlobalSouthstillexperiencedata

povertyandarestillformingreliableandrobustdigitalinfrastructures.Thus,thereareconcernsaboutwhetherWesternconceptionsof“fairness”andequalityshouldbeconsidereduniversal,6andiftheyshouldbeappliedinthesamemannerindevelopingcountriesastheyareinadvancedeconomies.ManypartiesindevelopingnationshaveopenlyquestionedthepresenceofWestern“values”inAIsystemsandwonderwhetheralternativebeliefsheldindevelopingnationscould

informethicalAIsystemsthatcouldbeacceptedglobally.Otherconcerns,relatedtomaintainingthedataprivacyofglobalindigenouspeoplesinthefaceofnewAItechnologies,havebeenraisedaswell.OneexampleisMaoriPrinciplesforDataSovereignty.7

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

HOWTOAPPLYAIETHICS

GovernmentsaroundtheglobeareconsideringboththeopportunitiesandrisksofAIdeployment.

CertainentitieshavedraftedethicalguidelinesforuseofAIandotherautomatedsystems,andwhilemanyoftheseguidesareproducedbyinstitutionsorgovernmentalofficeswithoutexplicitlegalorlegislative

powers,suchguidescreateabaselineofrules,begintoestablishstandards,andbuildawarenessfor

prominentgovernmentactors.Further,privatesectororganizations,academicinstitutions,andnon-

governmentorganizations8havealsocreatedtheirownsetsofAIethicalprinciplesorguidelinesfora

wideraudience.Below,youwillfindseveralkeysuggestionsthatappearinoneformoranotherinmanytheseguidesthatcanhelpfostertheethicaluseofAI:

1.CREATEAWARENESSANDINITIATE

DIALOGUE

Casestudy

AIagainstpeoplewithdisabilities

Country:GermanyYear:2018

Whathappened:TheDataEthics

Commissionwasestablishedtoproduce

ethicalbenchmarks,guidelines,and

recommendationsforthedevelopmentanduseofAIforthegovernment.

WhyitisimportantforthepurposesofthisGuide?ThisgoodpracticecanbecontextualizedbylocalgovernmentsthatseektohavespecializedworkgroupsforresponsibleuseofAIonthismatter.

SeedetailsintheAnnex.

AIethicsisequallyimportantforgovernment,businesses,andindividualstounderstand;however,mostpeopledonothaveafullunderstandingofit.Thus,agoodstartingpointduringAIimplementationistolaunchawareness

activitiesthatbringthesestakeholderstothetable.Itisimportanttoensurethattheseactivitiescatalyze

wide-rangingengagementanddiscussiononAIethics

issuesandhowtheyimpactnational,sub-national,andmunicipalagencies;small-andmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)andlargerbusinesses;professionalassociations;andcitizens.

8.“AIEthicsforLatinAmerica.”2022.CMinds.

https://www.cminds.co/booklet

.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

2.ADOPTGUIDINGPRINCIPLES

Manycountries,cities,andorganizationshavedevelopedtheirownprinciplesandguidelines,codesofethics,andself-assessmenttoolkitsonAIforpublicofficialsand

businessorganizations.9AttheheartofeachindependentdocumentliesauniversallistofguidingprinciplesthatdonotbearanylegislativepowerbuthelptoshapeethicalapplicationofAIforall.Thegenerallistcomprisesthe

followingfiveprinciples:

Casestudy

Canadasetsupguidingprinciples

Country:CanadaYear:2018

Whathappened:TheTreasuryBoard

developedasetofguidingprinciplestohelpgovernmentofficialsexploreAIinawaythatis“governedbyclearvalues,ethics,andlaws.

WhyitisimportantforthepurposesofthisGuide?AspectsandlessonslearnedfromtheCanadianexperiencecanbe

consideredinthedesignofguidingprinciplesalignedtothelocalrealityofstateand

municipalgovernments.

SeedetailsintheAnnex.

Transparency

AIusesopen,understandable,auditable,anddocumenteduseofanydatawithclearandup-to-datesecuritymeasures.

Non-maleficenceandtrust

AIdoesnoharmorinflictstheleastpossibleharmtoreachanoutcome.Continuous

operatorreadinesstointerfereinAIsystemsisensured.

Equitabilityandfairness

AIsystemsandsolutionssubordinateto

human-definedrulesandlaws,thusensuringhumanrightsaboveall.

Autonomyandresponsibility

TheAIsystemdiscloseswhoisresponsibleforAIworksandsolutions.Atthesametime,itrecognizesthathumanswillinglygiveup

someofdecision-makingpowertoAI.

Explainability

Toensureaccountability,AIsystemsand

theirdecision-makingprocessesneedtobeexplainabletoahumanbeingatabasicandacceptablelevel.

ThereareotherAIguidingprinciplesadoptedbydifferent

organizationsandthatarefixedininternationally

recognizeddocuments,suchastheMontrealDeclarationforResponsibleAI10orOECD’sprinciples,11whichare

worthgettingacquaintedwithindetail.

9.See,forinstance,theUNMoratoriumonuseofAIthatthreatenshumanrights,orthe

/en/fair-lac-box

(2022).

10.“TheMontréalDeclarationforResponsibleAIDevelopment.”2018.UniversitédeMontréal.

/images/d/d2/Montreal

_Declaration_for_a_Responsible_Development_of_Artificial_Intelligence_2018.pdf.

11.“TheOECDAIPrinciples.”2019.OECD.AIPolicyObservatory.

/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449

.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

3.DEVELOPALEGALFRAMEWORKFORAIETHICS

MostAIethicsinitiativesdevelopedtodayhaveinspiredAIguidelinesandframeworksthatarerecommendedbutnot

compulsory.DevelopingethicalstandardsfordataprocessingusingAIcanbeanimportantsteptowardssettingupalegalfoundationforethicalAI.Thestandardcanbeintheformofmethodologicalrecommendationsfordevelopingethical

codesfororganizationsparticipatinginthedevelopmentandintroductionofAItechnologies.

Casestudy

OpenexplanationsofAIfromSingapore

Country:SingaporeYear:2020

Whathappened:AnAIstartupdisclosedtheexactparametersusedindevelopingitsAImodeltoitsclientsinthehealthcaresector.ThestartupmadeaconsciousdecisiontodeclaretheuseofAIandinitsanalysisandprediction.

WhyitisimportantforthepurposesofthisGuide?Thisexamplesetsaprecedentfora

successfulbusinesscasewherethereisabalancebetweentransparencyintheuseofAIandprivacyofuserdata.

SeedetailsintheAnnex.

4.DRAFTSECTOR-SPECIFICGUIDELINESFORTHEUSEOFAI

AIethicsvarieswhenitcomestoAIimplementationinspecificsectors.Expectingactorsinsectorslikehealthcare,

e-commerce,andeducationtosimplyadheretocommonprinciplesoffairnessandjusticewhenusingAIwillgenerallynotbeasufficientapproach;instead,itispivotalforguidelinesforAIuseinthesesectorswillneedtoprovideadetailed

frameworkrelevanttoeachsectortoguidetheirdeploymentofAItechnologies.SectoralagreementsonsuchframeworkscanbebeneficialfortheubiquitousapplicationofAI.

Casestudy

ResourceforUKpublicauthorities

Country:UKYear:2020

Whathappened:ThegovernmentdevelopedanAIguideforpublicauthoritiestobetterunderstandhowAIworksandhowitcanbeappliedinthepublicsector.

WhyitisimportantforthepurposesofthisGuide?TheUKisaleadingcountryindevelopingguidelinesfortheresponsibleandethicaluseofAI.Thisexerciserepresentsagoodpracticethat

groupsguidingprinciplesonthematter.

SeedetailsintheAnnex.

5.ENCOURAGETRANSPARENCYANDDISCUSSIONOFNOVELDATAUSESWITH

ETHICALIMPLICATIONSASTHEYEMERGE

Thedataeconomyisahighlydynamicfield,andtheadoptionoflaws,norms,andstandardsoftendoesnotkeeppace

withtheintroductionanduseoftechnologies—especiallyAItechnologies.PermanentandpracticaldiscussionsaroundemergingethicalimplicationsofAIareimportantifasustainabledigitalanddata-driventransformationistobeachieved.Closecollaborationwithcivilsocietycouldhelpmonitortheserapidtechnologicalchangesandensurecontinued

transparencyregardingAI.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

6.ENGAGEWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNATIONALPRINCIPLESOFAI

ETHICS

CountriessuchastheUnitedKingdom,Canada,Germany,Japan,Argentina,theUnitedArabEmirates,alongwith

internationalorganizationssuchastheEuropeanCommission,theOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand

Development(OECD),theGlobalSystemforMobileCommunicationsAssociation(GSMA),andmanyothersactively

contributetotheAIEthicsagendabyissuingcodesofethicsandguidelinesandorganizingconsortiumssuchastheGlobalPartnershipforAI(GPAI)toworktogetheronfacilitatingethicaladoptionofAI.12

Casestudy

ResourceforUKpublicauthorities

Country:GlobalYear:2019

Whathappened:OECDpublisheditsAIPrinciples,whichhavebeenacceptedbyall37OECD

countriesandsevennon-memberpartners,includingMexico.TheseprinciplesalsoformedthebasisofG20AIPrinciples.

WhyitisimportantforthepurposesofthisGuide?ItisimportantthatthelocalgovernmentexploringthepotentialuseofAItakesintoconsiderationwhethertheircountryhasadheredtotheOECDAIPrinciplesinordertotakethemasastartingpointforanypublicpolicydevelopment.

SeedetailsintheAnnex.

7.UTILIZEPRIVATESECTORINITIATIVESFORPUBLICGOOD

TheprivatesectorisalsodeployingpubliclyavailableAItoolsthathelptomitigateAIrisks.ExamplesincludetheAI

Fairness360toolbyIBM,Google’sPeople+AIResearch(PAIR),theAequitasBiasandAuditToolkitfromCarnegie

MellonUniversity,Fairlearn,DatasheetsforDatasetsfromMicrosoft,andTensorflowModelCards.Thesetoolshave

profoundpotentialapplicationsforAIethics;forinstance,theIBMAIFairnesstoolisacomprehensiveopen-source

toolkitofmetricstocheckforunwantedbiasindatasetsandmachinelearningmodels,anditsstate-of-the-artalgorithms

tomitigatesuchbiasareappliedbymanypractitioners.USAIDalsosupportstheseendeavors.In2021,theAgencyintroducedManagingMachineLearningProjectsinInternationalDevelopment,apracticaltoolkitforthosein

governmentsorpublicsectorsworkingwithworkwithdatascientiststodevelopAI.

12.“TheGlobalPartnershiponArtificialIntelligence.”GPAI.ai.AccessedJune9,2023.https://gpai.ai/

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE(AI)ETHICSGUIDE

GLOSSARY

DefinitionsbelowarederivedfrommultipleUSAIDstudies,13unlessspecified.

Adoption:Changesthathappenwhenpeopleor

institutionsbegintouseanewtechnologyand

incorporateitintotheirexistingroutinesorprocesses.

Forexample,peoplewhouseamobile-moneyaccounttoreceiveremittancesandpaybillswouldbeconsidered

“adopters,”whilethosewhomakeaone-timewithdrawaltoemptyacash-transferaccountwouldnot.

Algorithm:Astep-by-stepproceduretoturnanygiveninputsintousefuloutputs.Acomputeralgorithmfollowsaseriesofinstructionstotransforminputs(data)into

outputsthatcanbeusedformakingdecisions,eitherbythecomputersystemorahuman.

InternetofThings(IoT):Referstoconnecteddevicesandmachinesthatgatherdata,connectitwithintelligentanalytics,andadapttheirbehavior/responsesbasedontheinformationinthecommunicationnetwork.SmartphonesareIoTdevices.

Cybersecurity:Thepreventionofdamageto,

protectionof,andrestorationofcomputers,electroniccommunicationssystems,electroniccommunications

services,wirecommunication,andelectronic

communication,includinginformationcontainedtherein,toensureitsavailability,integrity,authentication,

confidentiality,andnon-repudiation.

CyberHygiene:Thepracticesandstepsthatusersofcomputersandotherdevicestaketomaintainsystem

healthandimproveonlinesecurity.Thesepracticesare

oftenpartofaroutinetoensurethesafetyofidentityandotherdetailsthatcouldbestolenorcorrupted.14

DigitalLiteracy:Theabilitytoaccess,manage,

understand,integrate,communicate,evaluate,andcreateinformationsafelyandappropriatelythroughdigital

technologiesforemployment,decentjobs,andentrepreneurship.15

MachineLearning:Thestatisticalprocessofderivingaruleorpatternfromalargebodyofdatatopredictfuturedata.

OpenData:Referstodatamadefreelyavailableand

deliberatelystore