国际经济法与商法

国际经济法与商法国际经济法国际商法国际公法国际私法第一章国际经济法概述Overview一，概念与体系广义的：代表人物－－美国学者杰塞普〔P.Jessup〕，提出跨国法概念，斯坦纳〔〕，瓦茨〔〕，罗纹菲尔德〔Lowenfeld〕。该学派认为国际经济法是一个综合的独立的法律学科。狭义的：英国的施瓦曾伯格〔G.Schwarzenberger〕，法国的卡欧〔D.Carreau〕。该学派认为国际经济法是国际法的分支。广义概念的理由：A，国际经济关系的主体始终包括个人和法人。B，个人和法人在当代成为国际经济交往的主要参与者。C，国际经济已经将个人、法人、国家和国际经济组织连接为紧密的整体。国际经济法的特征A，主体的复杂性，包括个人、法人、国家、国际经济组织等。B，国际经济关系的交叉复杂性。C，国际经济法渊源的多重性。

二、国际经济法的调整对象ChinesemanufacturerworkingforGUESSJeans.ThejeansareproducedinthefactoryandthenGUESSdistributesthemworldwideHowever,manyworkersreturntothefactoryatnightand,usingcheapermaterials,continuetomanufacturejeanswiththeGUESSlabel.ThesejeansarethensoldbytheChinesemanufactureratamuchcheaperprice.Hasanythingwrongbeendone?Cartier.Inc,authorizedcertainforeignmanufacturertouseitsjewelrytrademarkinthemanufactureofgoodstobemadeandsoldoutsidetheU.S.A.CartierhasdiscoveredthattheselicensedfirmsareusingbrokerstomovethesegoodsintotheU.S.A.andhavecreateda“graymarket〞forthegoods.三、国际经济法的历史开展四、国际经济法的渊源〔一〕，国际经济条约〔TreatyorConvention〕〔二〕，国际惯例〔InternationalCustom〕〔三〕，国内法－－立法/判例〔nationallaw〕1、英美法系，又称普通法系或判例法系2、大陆法系，又称罗马法系、民法法系美国成功的秘密就在于法治。秘密不在于华尔街，也不在于硅谷，不在于空军，不在于海军，不在于言论自由，也不在于自由市场——秘密在于长盛不衰的法治及其背后的制度。正是这些让每一个人可以充分开展而不管是谁在掌权。美国强大的真正力量，来自于“我们所继承的良好的法律与制度体系——有人说，这是一种由天才们设计，并可由蠢才们运作的体系。〞五、国际经济法的根本原那么国家经济主权原那么1，国家对自然资源享有永久主权2，管理和监督的权力3，国有化和征收的权力。公平互利原那么国际合作促进开展原那么〔妥协〕有约必守原那么复习思考题：1，简述广义国际经济法的理由2，国际经济法的特征六、国际经济法的主体(二)WBG－－IBRD,IDATheWorldBankisavitalsourceoffinancialhelparoundtheworld.Wearenotabankinthecommonsense.Wearemadeupoftwouniquedevelopmentinstitutionsownedby185membercountries—theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)

andtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA).〔IFC〕TheWorldBankInstitute(WBI)isaglobalconnectorofknowledge,learningandinnovationforpovertyreduction.Weconnectpractitionersandinstitutionstohelpthemfindsuitablesolutionstotheirdevelopmentchallenges.Withafocusonthe"how"ofreform,welinkknowledgefromaroundtheworldandscaleupinnovations.〔三〕WTO复习思考题：1，跨过公司母子公司债务分担依据是什么？2，跨过公司的国际法律地位是什么？原因是什么？3，跨过公司的特征是什么？七、跨国公司〔MultilateralEnterprise〕

各国的态度1，有限责任原那么2，整体责任原那么〔破坏了公司法的根底－－独立责任原那么。〕3，特殊条件下的直接责任。母公司的责任根据1，子公司真正具有独立自主经营权，独立从事其章程规定的决策权利。母公司不承担债务责任；2，在某些事项上，母公司控制其决策权，那么母公司就该事项的债务承担责任。3，子公司完全受控于母公司，那么母公司应承担全部债务责任。但上述，2、3之根据，在实践上难以把握，而且各国的认定标准也宽严不一，特别是第二项。跨国公司的组织结构

ThenationalmultilateralenterpriseFordMotorCo.(U.SParent)BranchesSubsidiariesMostlywhollyownedByFordMotorCo.JointVentures

RoyalDutchShellTransport↙40%DutchHoldingCo.BritishHoldingCo.↘↙↙↘↙↘BranchesSubsidiariesJointVenturesRoyalDutch/ShellGroup

跨国公司的组织结构

↘60%↙40%↘60%〓BusinessRegulationofMNEFromWhat’sgoodforbusinessisgoodforAmericatoWhat’sgoodforsocietyisgoodforBusinessFrominternationalregulationofMNE’spointofviewtheOECD-sponsoredConventiononCombatingBriberyofForeignPublicofficialsinInternationalBusinessTransactionsQuestionThedictatorofstateXletsitbeknownthatacertainlucrativecontractwillbegrantedonlytotheforeigncompanythatgivesthemostexpensive“birthdaypresent〞tothedictator’s7-year-oldson.AnAmerican,aJapanese,andaChinesecompanyareallvyingforthecontract.Withwhatlegalandethicallimitationmusttheycomply?Discuss.第二章

国际贸易法概述二、施米托夫奉献将国际贸易法划分为三个阶段：民族国家出现前，主要是中世纪商人法；承袭了中世纪商人法的各个民族国家的国内法；科技革命导致大规模生产方式的开展和国际贸易的开展。国际贸易法开始超越国境，导致具有旧的商人法国际注意概念的复归。1962年，在国际法律科学协会和联合国教科文组织主办的东西方法学家研讨会上指出：国际贸易法在所有国家都表现出愈来愈多的相思之处，而这些相似之处远远超过了这一法律部门性质的要求，也超出了世界上方案经济和市场经济国家的划分，以及起源于罗马帝国的大陆法系与源于英国普通法制度的划分。因此，这个时代的主要问题之一是使各民族国家的需求与国际合作的思想一致。国际贸易法应该担负起制定所有参加者都必须遵守的比赛规那么的认为，作为实现和平共处的必要条件。第三章国际货物贸易法

第一节国际贸易法渊源

国际货物贸易纠纷中的法律适用1、当事人意思自治〔PartyAutonomy〕——theabilityofthepartiestodeterminethetermsoftheirdeale.gtooptoutofCISGtoallowthepartiestoinclude“anyusages〞towhichtheyhaveagreed：〔1〕expressagreementstoincludeusagesandagreedusageswillprevailoverCISGprovisionswhereCISGisthegoverninglaw〔2〕theincorporationofusagesbyimplicationOnlyif国际货物贸易纠纷中的法律适用①thepartieskneworoughttohaveknownofit；②itmustbeausageininternationaltrade③itmustbewidelyknowntoothersinthisinternationaltrade④itmustberegularlyobservedinthattrade2、法律适用的效力〔EffectofLaw〕国际货物贸易纠纷中的法律适用Mandatorylaw＞Contractterms＞Customarypractice＞Usages＞Arbitrarylaw

第四组：D组〔卖方必须承担把货物交至目的地国家所需的全部费用和风险〕

DAF:DeliveredatFrontier(namedplace)边境交货〔指定地点〕

DES:DeliveredexShip(namedportofdestination)

船上交货〔指定目的港〕

DEQ:DeliveredexQuay(namedplaceofdestination)

码头交货〔指定目的地〕

DDU:DeliveredDutyUnpaid(namedplaceofdestination)

未完税交货〔指定目的地〕

DDP:DeliveredDutyPaid(namedplaceofdestination)

完税后交货〔指定目的地〕SeaandInlandWaterwayTransportOnlyCFR–CostandFreightCIF–Cost,InsuranceandFreightFAS–FreeAlongsideShipFOB–FreeOnBoard

B6费用划分

除A3a)规定外，买方必须支付

自按照A4规定交货时起的一切费用；及

货物在运输途中直至到达目的港为止的一切费用，除非这些费用根据运输合同应由卖方支付；及

包括驳运费和码头费在内的卸货费，除非这些费用根据运输合同应由卖方支付；及

如买方未按照B7规定给予卖方通知，那么自约定的装运日期或装运期限届满之日起，货物所发生的一切额外费用，但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下，即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为合同项下之货物为限；及

在需要办理海关手续时，货物进口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用，及办理海关手续的费用，以及需要时从他国过境的费用，除非这些费用已包括在运输合同中。

A6费用划分

除B6规定者外，卖方必须支付

货物有关的一切费用，直至货物在指定的装运港越过船舷时为止；及

需要办理海关手续时，货物出口需要办理的海关手续费用及出口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用。

B6费用划分

买方必须支付

货物在指定的装运港越过船舷之时起与货物有关的一切费用；及

于买方指定的船只未按时到达，或未接收上述货物，或较按照B7通知的时间提早停止装货，或买方未能按照B7规定给予卖方相应的通知而发生的一切额外费用，但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下，即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为合同项下之货物为限；及

需要办理海关手续时，货物进口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用，及办理海关手续的费用，以及货物从他国过境的费用。

A7通知买方

卖方必须给予买方说明货物已按照A4规定交货的充分通知。

B7通知卖方

买方必须给予卖方有关船名、装船点和要求交货时间的充分通知。

A10其他义务

应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用，卖方必须给予买方一切协助，以帮助其取得由装运地国和/或原产地国所签发或传送的、为买方进口货物可能要求的和必要时从他国过境所需的任何单据或有同等作用的电子讯息〔A8所列的除外〕。

应买方要求，卖方必须向买方提供投保所需的信息。

B10其他义务

买方必须支付因获取A10所述单据或有同等作用的电子讯息所发生的一切费用，并偿付卖方因给予协助而发生的费用。

FOBFreeOn

Board(namedloadingport)Sellermustloadthegoodsonboardtheshipnominatedbythebuyeratanamedportofshipment,costandriskofinlandtransportationtothenamedportofshipment,andalsoofloadingthegoodsontheshipbeingdividedatship’srail;maritimetransportonly

FOB买方的义务安排货物的运输〔是卖方备货装船的先决条件，假设买方违反安排货物运输的义务，卖方可以解除合同并要求赔偿损失〕1、装运期〔shipmentperiod〕——买方指派的船舶应该何时到达装运港？ThetimewhensheistenderedshallbewithintheshipmentperiodandsuchthatthecargothereafterbeshippedinaccordancewiththecustomoftheportandshipmentcompletedatorbeforetheexpiryofthatperiodFOB买方的义务买方指派船舶不准时的应对买方指派船舶准时的应对FOB买方的义务2、买方必须准时发出派船通知3、买方指派适宜的船舶码头桥吊整体FOB卖方的义务装汽车的滚装船FOB卖方的义务提供付运单证给买方何时提交？何处交单？交付哪些单证？单证不符FOB买方能否拒绝收单？

FOB买方拒绝单证后卖方的应对？SellerCarrierBuyer-ContractofSale

码头货轮把货物从拖车上搬到船上，从船上搬到拖车上。简单地说，码头桥吊工作就是这样简单重复集装箱重箱堆场空箱堆场大件货物的运输中远新加坡在作业中CIF〔namedportofdestination〕FOB与CIF的区别？CIF卖方的义务〔1911〕〔1〕toshipattheportofshipmentgoodsofthedescriptioncontainedinthecontract〔2〕toprocureacontractofaffreightmentunderwhichthegoodswillbedeliveredatthedestinationcontemplatedbythecontractCIF〔namedportofdestination〕〔3〕toarrangeforaninsuranceuponthetermscurrentinthetradewhichwillbeavailableforthebenefitsofthebuyer〔4〕tomakeoutaninvoiceasdescribedbythecontract〔5〕withallreasonabledispatchtosendforwardandtendertothebuyertheseshippingdocuments，namelytheinvoice，billofladingandpolicyofassurance，deliveryofwhichtothebuyerissymbolicalofdeliveryofthegoodspurchasedCIF〔namedportofdestination〕卖方提交付运单证给买方何时交单？何处交单？交付哪些单证？单证不符买方能否拒绝收单？CIF买方的义务1、买方支付货款何时支付？买方能否坚持检验货物后才支付货款？e.g合同中规定：Payment——netcashagainstdocumentsand|ordeliveryorderonarrivalofthevesselattheportofdischargebutnotlaterthan20daysafterdateofbillofladingbytelegraphictransfercablechargesforbuyer’saccountCIF买方的义务e.g合同规定：Payment——netcashagainstshippingdocumentspayableuponarrivalofsteamernoarrivalnosale买方非法保存提单转卖2、买方支付除货款以外的费用demurragedischarge——landingchargesimporttariffRiskofGoods货物风险买方收货时面对货损货差的应对Questions1、SellerinSydneyAustralian,agreedtoshipgoodsonorbeforeDecember31underaCIFContracttoBuyerinHonolulu.ThesellerwasunabletoassemblethegoodsfordeliveryintimetoshipinSydneyandhadtotransshipthegoodsbyrailstoMelbourne,wheretheshipwastakingongoodsonJanuary3rd.SellerdidloadthegoodsaboardrailwaycarsinSydneyonDecember29thandreceivedabillofladingfromtherailwaycompanyontheday.Sellerlaterobtainedabillofladingfromtheship,andtogetherwithaninvoiceandamarineinsurancepolicy,tenderedbothbillsofladingtoBuyer.BuyerrefusedtoacceptthedocumentsortopaySeller.Sellersuestoenforcethecontract.WillSellerwin?Why?Questions2、SellerinSanFranciscoagreedtoshipgoodstobuyerinLondonunderaCIFLondoncontract.Afterthegoodswereloadedaboardtheship,butbeforeitdepartedfromSanFrancisco,sellertenderedthedocumentsrequiredbythecontracttothebuyerandaskedtobepaid.Buyerrefused，assertingthatithadarighttoinspectthegoodsupontheirarrivalinLondon，andthatitdidnothavetopayuntilitdidsoandwassatisfiedthatthegoodswereincompliancewiththecontract.Sellersuesforimmediatepayment.WillSellerwin?Why?Questions3、Selleragreedtoship10,000tonsofpotatoesFOBTacoma,WashingtontoBuyerinJapan.BuyerdesignatedtheSSRussettotakedeliveryatpier7inTacoma.Ontheagreeddatefordelivery,Sellerdeliveredthepotatoestopier7,buttheshipwasn’tatthepier.Becauseanothershipusingthepierwasslowinloading,theRussethadtoanchoratamooringbuoyintheharborandsellerhadtoarrangeforalightertotransportthepotatoesincontainerstotheship.ThelightertiedupalongsidetheRussetandacablefromtheship’sboomwasattachedtothefirstcontainer.Asthecontainerbegantocrosstheship’srailthecablesnapped.Thecontainerthenfellontherail,teeteredbackandforthforawhileandfinallycrasheddownthesideoftheshipandcapsizedthelighter.Allofthepotatoesweredumpedintothesea.Buyernowsuessellerforfailuretomakedelivery.IsSellerliable?一、DefinitionofContract1、meetingofminds2、promisetocreatelegalrightsApromiseisenforceableifitismadeasabargainedexchangeforsomelegallysufficientconsideration.ThisrequiresanagreementbetweenthecontractingpartieswhichmaytaketheformofanofferbyonepartyandanacceptancebytheotherAcontractisformedwhentwopartieswiththecorrectmentalintent，underthecorrectcircumstances，withintheboundariesofthelaw，andwithsomedetrimenttoeachofthemagreetodocertainactsinexchangefortheother’sacts二、Offer1、Definitionacommunicationthatcreatesintheoffereethepowertoformacontractbyacceptinginanauthorizedmanneramanifestationofwillingnesstoenterintoabargain,somadeastojustifyanotherpersoninunderstandingthathisassenttothatbargainisinvitedandwillconcludeit二、offer2、avalidoffer(1)amanifestationofanintentiontobepresentlyboundsubjectonlytoanappropriateacceptanceAnobjectivestandardindeterminingtheintentoftheparties,whichmeansthatthecourtslookathowareasonablepersonwouldperceivethelanguage,thesurroundingcircumstances,andtheactionsofthepartiesindeterminingwhetheracontractwasformed(2)certaintyoftermsintheoffer(3)commmunicationintheintendedmannertotheoffereeAproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtospecificpersonindicatinganintentionbytheofferertobeboundtothesaleorpurchaseofparticulargoodsforaprice二、offer3、invitationtomakeoffers〔1〕aproposalotherthanoneaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal(2)aninvalidoffer二、offer4、validityofoffer〔1〕Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee〔2〕Anoffercarriesnolegallybindingobligationfortheoffereewhoisfreetoacceptorrejecttheoffer〔3〕Anoffer，evenifitisirrevocable，maybewithdrawnbytheoffererifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer〔4〕Anoffercannotberevokedif：①itindicates，whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise，thatitisirrevocable；or②itwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer二、offer5、terminationofanoffer〔1〕rejection——anoffer，evenifitisirrevocable，isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferorWhentheoffereedoesnotfullyrejecttheofferbutrejectssomeportionoftheofferormodifiesbeforeacceptance：Areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance，unlesstheofferor，withoutunduedelay，objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifhedoesnotsoobjects,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.二、offer〔2〕expirationofoffer〔3〕revocation三、Acceptance1、Definitiontheofferee’spositiveresponsetotheofferor’sproposedcontract2、avalidacceptance〔1〕onlythepersonstowhomtheofferismadehavethepowersofacceptance〔2〕thatacceptancemustbecommunicatedtotheofferorusingthepropermethodofcommunication，whichcanbecontrolledbytheoffetrororlefttotheofferee三、AcceptanceIfbyvirtueoftheofferorasaresultofpracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselvesorofusages，theoffereemayindicateassentbyperforminganact，suchasonerelatingtothedispatchofthegoodsorpaymentoftheprice，withoutnoticetheofferor，theacceptanceiseffectiveatthemomenttheactisperformed，providedthattheactisperformedwithintheperiodoftimelaiddown三、Acceptance〔3〕contentofacceptance——responsiveastotermsoftheoffer3、validityofacceptance〔1〕Anacceptanceisnoteffectiveiftheindicationofassentdoesn’treachtheofferor，withinthetimehehasfixedor，ifnotimeisfixed，withinareasonabletime，dueaccountbeingtakenofthecircumstancesofthetransaction，includingtherapidityofthemeansofcommunicationemployedbytheofferor〔2)Anoraloffermustbeacceptedimmediatelyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise三、Acceptance〔3〕Anacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective〔4〕AcontractisconcludedatthemomentwhenanacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffectiveinaccordancewiththeprovisionofthisConvention〔指CISG公约〕三、Acceptance4、lateacceptance〔1〕Alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect〔2〕Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifit’stransmissionhasbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime，thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless，withoutdelay，theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffectQuestionRetailerinStateAdecidestogointothecatalogsalesbusinessinStateB.BothcountriesarepartiestoCISG.RetailerpurchasesamailinglistfromAceCreditCardCompany.Thelisthasthenamesandaddressesof500,000personsowningAceCreditCardsinStateB,andRetailerusesthistopreparemailinglabels.JohnQPublicreceivesacatalogaddressedtohimpersonallyfromRetailer.Thecatalogdescribesvarioustypesofwidgetsandgivespricesforeachone.Hastheretailermadeanoffertosellthewidgets？IfJohnaccepts,willtherebeabindingcontract?Why?合同的效力合同当事人的能力合同内容的合法性当事人意思表达的真实性对订约自由的干预——针对没有同等知识、素质、水平和同等谈判力量的情况例如?海牙规那么?第四节卖方和买方的义务一、ObligationsofSeller〔一〕Thesellermustdeliverthegoods,handoveranydocumentsrelatingtothemandtransferthepropertyinthegoods,asrequiredbythecontractandthisConvention.1、deliveryofthegoods〔1〕Where？〔2〕When？〔3〕Howmany？一、Obligationsofseller2、Handingoverofdocuments〔二〕Conformityofthegoodsandthirdpartyclaims1、Thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity，qualityanddescriptionrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackagedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract；Except：ifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofsuchlackofconformity一、Obligationsofseller〔二〕Conformityofthegoods1、〔1〕correspondwithdescriptionrequiredbythecontract——一旦违反描述属于根本性违约，买方可以拒收货物e.gfairqualityrubbercrudeoilwithnoparaffinAustraliancannedfruitpackedincaseof30tins〔2〕merchantablequality〔3〕fitnessforparticularpurposeifreasonablerelianceonseller’sskillorjudgment〔4〕shipmentofgoodsinsuchaconditionastobecapableofstandinganormalvoyageandtobeofmerchantablequalityonarrival〔5〕asasampleormodel一、Obligationsofseller2、Thesellerisliableinaccordancewiththecontractandthisconventionforanylackofconformity:(1)whichexistsatthetimewhentheriskpassestothebuyer,eventhoughthelackofconformitybecomesapparentonlyafterthattime.(2)whichoccursafterthetimeindicatedintheprecedingparagraphandwhichisduetoabreachofanyofhisobligations,includingabreachofanyguaranteethatforaperiodoftimethegoodswillremainfitfortheirordinarypurposeorforsomeparticularpurposeorwillretainspecifiedqualitiesorcharacteristics.一、Obligationsofseller3、Thebuyermustexaminethegoods，orcausethemtobeexamined，withinasshortaperiodasispracticableinthecircumstances〔1〕Thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureofthelackofconformitywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasdiscovereditoroughttohavediscoveredit；〔2〕ifhedoesnotgivethesellernoticethereofatthelatestwithinaperiodoftwoyearsfromthedateonwhichthegoodswereactuallyhandedovertothebuyer，unlessthistime-limitisinconsistentwithacontractualperiodofguarantee一、Obligationsofseller4、Thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdparty，unlessthebuyeragreedtotakethegoodssubjecttothatrightorclaim〔1〕property〔titletothegoods〕〔2〕industrialpropertyAtthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworcouldnothavebeenunaware〔ofanyrightorclaimofathirdparty〕UnderthelawofthestatewherethegoodswillberesoldorotherwiseusedInanyothercase，underthelawofthestatewherethebuyerhashisplaceofbusiness二、Obligationsofbuyer1、paymentoftheprice〔1〕includingtakingsuchstepsandcomplyingwithsuchformalitiesasmayberequiredunderthecontractoranylawsandregulationstoenablepaymenttobemade〔2〕Thebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceuntilhehasanopportunitytoexaminethegoods，unlesstheproceduresfordeliveryorpaymentagreeduponbythepartiesareinconsistentwithhishavingsuchanopportunity二、Obligationsofbuyer2、takingdelivery〔1〕indoingalltheactswhichwouldreasonablybeexpectedofhiminordertoenablethesellertomakedelivery；and〔2〕intakingoverthegoods买方何时可以拒绝收货？——卖方根本性违约如何拒收货物？——拒收货物的通知必须明确肯定买方拒收货物的后果？买方应该如何行使拒收货物的权利AccordingtothecontractweasbuyerhavetherighttorejecttheaboveparcelInordertoprotectthecargo,weherewithinformyouthatwewillsellthecargoon27thAugust1984atthebestobtainablepricethroughanindependentinternationalBrokerbasisCIFRotterdam.Incaseyoudonotagreetothisprocedurekindlyconfirmbyreturnthatyoupaybackallamountswhichareduetousrespectivelywhichwealreadypaidtoyouandtobargeandship-ownercompanies,etcSincetimeisrathershortandvesselarrivesnextweek,kindlyadvisestilltodaywhatyouwishtodo,shouldwehavenoreplybytodaywewillproceedwiththesaleonMonday27thAugust1984.Ourarbitratorwillbeannouncedinduecourse.买方拒收货物的后果1、Wherethebuyerrepudiatesthecontract，havingtherighttodoso，hecanofcoursedeclinetopaythepriceor，ifhehaspaidit，hacanrecoveritasonatotalfailureofconsideration；2、Inaddition，hemaymaintainanactionfordamages，forifthebuyeractswithinhisrightsinrejectingthegoodstendered，hecannormallyholdthesellerliablefornon-delivery买方拒收货物的后果3、Abuyerwhoisentitledtorejectgoodsforbreachofconditionmust，ofcourse，mitigatehisdamageaccordingtotheordinaryrule，however，hecannot，itwouldseem，berequiredbythisprincipletoacceptgoodswhenhewantstorejectthem〔atalleventswhenthegoodsaredefectiveinquality〕nortorejectthemwhenhewantstoacceptthem买方拒收货物的后果4、Theacceptancebythesellerofthebuyer’srejectionreveststhepropertyintheformerifithaspassedtothebuyer，andalsorestorestohimtheimmediaterighttopossession；买方失去拒收货物的权利1、向卖方显示已经接受货物2、买方做出与卖方拥有货权不符的行动〔1〕正常转售行为〔2〕无法归还货物3、时隔太久才拒绝接受货物第四节卖方和买方的义务

二，买方的义务〔一〕支付价金的义务付款方式－－信用证、汇票，托收，付款地点：约定，或者卖方营业地，或者卖方交单地付款时间：按约定，无约定那么在卖方交单的同时〔二〕收取货物第五节违反合同的补救方法卖方违约的补救方式〔一〕要求卖方实际履行〔不得采取与此相冲突的其他补救措施；要给合理的宽限期；当交货不符时，只有构成根本违约，才可要求卖方提交替代货物。〕〔二〕减少价金〔不管价款是否已经支付。〕〔三〕宣告合同无效。一般时在卖方不履行合同或者构成根本违约时，才宣告。但，卖方已经交货，那么不能宣告合同无效，除非〔1〕在迟延交付的情况下，买方在得知交货后合理的时间内宣布无效；〔2〕交货不符，在检验货物后合理的时间内提出；〔3〕在宽限期届满或者拒绝卖方的履行后合理时间内宣告。〔四〕损害赔偿，上述三个补救措施，都不影响该补救措施。但不能超出实际或预期损失。买方的补救措施〔一〕实际履行〔支付价金，接受货物〕〔二〕损害赔偿〔三〕宣告合同无效预期违约的补救方法：中止合同的履行，但得通知另一方如何判断：履约能力或信用缺陷；履行合同的行为说明将不履行合同。第五节违反合同的补救方法一、BreachofContract1、slightbreach2、fundamentalbreachIfitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontract，unlessthepartyinbreachdidn’tforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult3、anticipatorybreach第五节违反合同的补救方法二、RemediesforSeller’sBreach1、specificperformance〔1〕deliveryofgoods〔2〕deliveryofconformingsubstitutegoodsonlyifthenonconformityamountstoafundamentalbreach〔3〕repairingthegoodsonlyifthat’sreasonable，havingregardtoallthecircumstances二、RemediesforSeller’sBreach2、avoidanceofthecontractonlyifthereisorhasbeenafundamentalbreach〔1〕incaseofnon-delivery〔2〕incaseswherethesellerhasdeliveredthegoods单方面解除合同的法律后果〔1〕解除了合同双方当事人的合同义务，但不影响合同的争议解决条款的效力和合同解除后相关当事人享有的权利义务〔2〕双方当事人必须要恢复原状〔makingrestitution〕二、RemediesforSeller’sBreach3、reducingthepriceInthesameproportionasthevaluethatthegoodsactuallydeliveredhadatthetimeofthedeliverybearstothevaluethatconforminggoodswouldhavehadatthattime4、anactionfordamages〔1〕damagesfornon-deliveryWherethereisanavailablemarketforthegoodsinquestionthemeasureofdamagesisprimafacietobeascertainedbythedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthemarketorcurrentpriceofthegoodsatthetimeortimeswhentheyoughttohavebeendeliveredor〔ifnotimewasfixed〕atthetimeoftherefusaltodeliver二、RemediesforSeller’sBreach〔2〕Themeasureofdamagesistheestimatedlossdirectlyandnaturallyresulting，intheordinarycourseofevents，fromtheseller’sbreachofcontract〔3〕Inthecaseofbreachofwarrantyofqualitysuchlossisprimafaciethedifferencebetweenthevalueofthegoodsatthetimeofdeliverytothebuyerandthevaluetheywouldhavehadiftheyhadfulfilledthewarranty〔4〕Thefactthatthebuyerhassetupthebreachofwarrantyindiminutionorextinctionofthepricedoesnotpreventhimfrommaintaininganactionforthesamebreachofwarrantyifhehassufferedfurtherdamage三、RemediesforBuyer’sBreach1、Actionforprice2、avoidanceofthecontractonlyifthereisorhasbeenafundamentalbreach3、anactionfordamages〔1〕Wherethereisanavailablemarketforthegoodsinquestionthemeasureofdamagesisprimafacietobeascertainedbythedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthemarketorcurrentpriceofthegoodsatthetimeortimeswhentheyoughttohavebeenacceptedor〔ifnotimewasfixed〕atthetimeoftherefusaltoaccept——non-acceptance三、RemediesforBuyer’sBreach〔2〕Themeasureofdamagesistheestimatedlossdirectlyandnaturallyresulting，intheordinarycourseofevents，fromtheseller’sbreachofcontractQuestions1、中国某土产公司对新加坡出口红枣一批,合同以及国外开来的信用证规定为三级品质,交货时,中方公司因库存三级红枣缺货,就改装二级货,并在商业发票上注明:二级红枣,价格照旧,仍按原定的三级货价计收,中方公司原以为所交货物品级较原定的为高，而价格不变,对方公司不会有异议.但是,买方在收到上述单据后,声称该货系作转售他人之用,因而无法接受中方所交的二级货,还认为中方公司未按合同规定交货,因而提出索赔要求.

问:(1)对方公司是否有权拒收货物？为什么？〔2〕买方应该如何索赔？Questions2、2021年3月5日，上海工业公司(进口方)与荷兰碧海(出口方)签订一份进口机床的合同。合同约定：由出口方在2021年12月7日前交付进口方机床100台，总价值为5万美元，货到3日内付清全部货款。当年7月7日出口方来函说："因机床价格上涨，全年供不应求，除非进口方同意付6万美元，否那么出口方将不会交付100台机床。"但进口方反对，坚持要求出口方按照合同规定的价格交货。进口方曾于7月7日询问另一家供给商，拟寻找替代物，新供给商可在12月7日交付100台机床，但要求支付56000美元，但进口方当时未立即补进。一直到12月7日，出口方再次拒绝交货，进口方才以当时的价格61000美元，向另一家供给商补进100台机床。进口方工业公司向法院提起诉讼，要求出口方荷兰碧海公司赔偿其损失。

问：(1)出口方于当年7月7日拒交货物行为为属于哪种违约行为?进口方此时可以采取哪些救济措施?

(2)此案例中，进口方应该如何索赔？第六节货物所有权与风险的转移第四章国际海上货物运输法

CarriageofGoodsbySeaAct

一、海上货物运输合同〔一〕种类1、linertransport〔班轮运输〕2、charterparties〔租船运输〕〔1〕voyagecharterparties〔2〕timecharterparties〔3〕charterpartiesbydemiseCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct

(二〕海上运输合同的当事人1、shipper2、carrier3、consignee4、charterer5、ownerofshipCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct

谁是承运人？第四章国际海上货物运输法

CarriageofGoodsbySeaActBilloflading，isamemorandum，ofacknowledgement，signedbythemasteroftheship；andgiventoamerchant，oranyotherperson，containinganaccountofthegoodswhichthemast