南京牛首山风景区介绍

南京牛首山风景区介绍鉴于现在大量免签来我国游玩的外国游客越来越多，所以各地的名盛风景介绍如果有相应的英文配套，并且最好用简单好懂的英语单词组合为优美的介绍文字，会有利于外国游客，进而促进我国旅游业。下面对牛首山采用中英文介绍：南京牛首山风景区介绍IntroductiontoNanjingNiushouMountainScenicArea南京牛首山文化旅游区，一个融合了自然风光与深厚历史文化底蕴的旅游胜地，位于江苏省南京市江宁区宁丹大道18号。这里不仅是国家4A级旅游景区，更是一座承载着千年历史与佛教文化的名山。牛首山因其独特的地理位置和丰富的自然景观，自古以来便被誉为金陵四大名胜之一，吸引着无数文人墨客、信众游客前来探访。NanjingNiushouMountainCulturalTourismArea,atouristattractionblendingnaturalscenerywithprofoundhistoricalandculturalheritage,islocatedatNo.18NingdanAvenue,JiangningDistrict,NanjingCity,JiangsuProvince.Itisnotonlyanational4A-leveltouristattractionbutalsoafamousmountainloadedwiththousandsofyearsofhistoryandBuddhistculture.NiushouMountain,renownedasoneofthefourfamousscenicspotsinJinling(theancientnameforNanjing),hasattractedcountlessscholars,poets,believers,andtouristssinceancienttimes.一、历史沿革与文化底蕴I.HistoricalEvolutionandCulturalHeritage牛首山的历史可以追溯到东晋时期，早在公元317年，晋元帝司马睿初建东晋王朝时，便因南眺牛首山，见两峰对峙，称其为天阙。这一美名自此流传开来，成为牛首山的一大象征。NiushouMountain'shistorycanbetracedbacktotheEasternJinDynasty.In317AD,whenEmperorYuanoftheJinDynastyfirstestablishedtheJinDynasty,henamedthemountain"CelestialGate"afterglimpsingitstwopeaksstandingoppositeeachotherwhenlookingsouth.ThisbeautifulnamehassincebeenpasseddownandbecomeasymbolofNiushouMountain.东晋南朝时期，牛首山逐渐成为佛教圣地。公元459年，南朝刘宋大明三年，始建幽栖寺，是“南朝四百八十寺”中的早期著名寺庙。公元503年，司空徐度于梁天监二年初建佛窟寺（今宏觉寺），位于牛首山南。唐代，牛首山更是与西北之清凉、西南之峨眉并列为佛教三大名山之一。公元643年，唐贞观十七年，被誉为“东夏之达摩”的法融禅师在幽栖寺北岩创立茅茨禅室，授徒传法，创立牛头禅宗，使得牛首山成为中国禅宗的重要起源地之一。DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,NiushouMountaingraduallybecameaBuddhistholysite.In459AD,theYouqiTemplewasfirstbuilt,oneoftheearlyfamoustemplesamongthe"480templesintheSouth."In503AD,theFokuTemple(today'sHongjueTemple)wasinitiallyestablishedbyXuDu,theGrandChamberlain,onthesouthernslopeofNiushouMountaininthesecondyearofEmperorLiang'sTianjianreign.IntheTangDynasty,NiushouMountainwasevenlistedasoneofthethreemajorBuddhistmountains,alongsideQinglianginthenorthwestandEmeiinthesouthwest.In643AD,themonkFahong,knownasthe"DharmaTransmissionMasteroftheEast,"establishedahermitageonthenortherncliffofYouqiTemple,teachingandtransmittingtheDharma,foundingtheNiutouZensect,whichmadeNiushouMountainoneoftheimportantoriginsofChineseZenBuddhism.此后，牛首山历经宋、元、明、清等朝代的兴衰更替，寺庙群逐渐扩大，形成了东西相距10公里的西北地区最大寺庙群。明正统年间，佛窟寺更名为弘觉寺，属金陵次大刹，归大报恩寺所统，为明代南京的八大国寺之一。清时，弘觉寺因避乾隆名讳（弘历），改名宏觉寺。民国时期宏觉寺又更名为普觉寺。1993年，高僧宏成法师决心重建宏觉寺，因感原址多已破坏，将新寺地址选在祖堂山原幽栖寺遗址旁，寺名仍为宏觉寺。Sincethen,NiushouMountainhasundergonetheriseandfalloftheSong,Yuan,Ming,andQingdynasties.Thetemplecomplexgraduallyexpanded,formingthelargesttemplegroupinthenorthwest,spanning10kilometersapart.DuringtheMingDynasty'sZhengtongperiod,FokuTemplewasrenamedHongjueTemple,becomingthesecond-largestmonasteryinNanjingandunderthejurisdictionoftheDa'enTemple,oneoftheeightgreatmonasteriesinNanjingduringtheMingDynasty.DuringtheQingDynasty,HongjueTemplewasrenamedHongjiaoTempletoavoidthetabooofEmperorQianlong'sname.DuringtheRepublicofChinaperiod,HongjiaoTemplewasrenamedPujueTemple.In1993,themonkHongchengdecidedtorebuildHongjueTemple.Feelingthattheoriginalsitehadbeenmostlydestroyed,hechosethenewtemplesiteneartheformersiteofYouqiTempleonZutangMountain,retainingthenameHongjueTemple.进入21世纪，牛首山再次焕发出新的生机。2010年，经宗教和文化行政主管部门以及佛教和文物界研究同意，确定在牛首山遗址公园里建地宫安奉佛顶骨舍利的意向。2015年10月27日，释迦牟尼佛顶骨舍利供奉大典在南京牛首山隆重举行，牛首山文化旅游区同期落成开园。Inthe21stcentury,NiushouMountainonceagainshowednewvitality.In2010,afterresearchandagreementbyreligiousandculturaladministrativedepartmentsaswellasBuddhistandculturalcircles,theintentiontobuildanundergroundpalacetoenshrinetheBuddhaTopknotBoneRelicintheNiushouMountainHeritageParkwasdetermined.OnOctober27,2015,thegrandceremonyfortheenshrinementoftheBuddhaTopknotBoneRelicwasheldsolemnlyatNiushouMountaininNanjing,andtheNanjingNiushouMountainCulturalTourismAreawasofficiallyopenedatthesametime.二、自然风光与生态环境II.NaturalSceneryandEcologicalEnvironment牛首山风光宜人，四季有景。山中常年有雨，雨量不大，使得烟岚于山峰间飘荡来去，宛如诗中常道之仙境。山势高低起伏，有双峰耸立，东西对峙，形如牛头上的双角，因而得名牛首山。这一独特的地理形态不仅赋予了牛首山以雄伟壮观的气势，更为其增添了几分神秘与奇幻的色彩。NiushouMountainboastspleasantsceneryandbeautifullandscapesthroughoutthefourseasons.Itrainsfrequentlythroughouttheyear,withmoderaterainfall,allowingmisttodriftamongthepeakslikeafairylandoftendescribedinpoetry.Themountainrisesandfallsgently,withtwopeaksstandingoppositeeachother,shapedlikethehornsonacow'shead,henceitsnameNiushouMountain.ThisuniquegeographicalformnotonlygivesNiushouMountainamagnificentandspectacularappearancebutalsoaddsatouchofmysteryandfantasy.牛首山属于丘陵岗地，由中生代火成岩构成，地处北亚热带中部季风气候区，四季分明，雨量充沛。这里分布有丰富的植物种类，达300多种，其中不乏珍稀植物。祖堂山路的尽头还有100余棵以上的南京椴，堪称南京最大的南京椴基因库。此外，牛首山还注重生态建设和环境保护，特别是加强景区内野生动植物多样性保护，发现有一级保护动物梅花鹿、狗獾、野猪等国家二级保护动物的活动踪影。NiushouMountainbelongstohillockylandformedbyMesozoicigneousrocksandislocatedinthemiddlesubtropicalmonsoonclimatezonewithfourdistinctseasonsandabundantrainfall.Itisrichinplantspecies,withover300species,includingrareones.AttheendofZutangshanRoad,thereareover100Nanjinglindentrees,whichcanbeconsideredthelargestNanjinglindengenepoolinNanjing.Inaddition,NiushouMountainemphasizesecologicalconstructionandenvironmentalprotection,especiallystrengtheningtheprotectionofbiodiversityofwildanimalsandplantswithinthescenicarea.Ithasdiscoveredtheactivitytracesoffirst-classprotectedanimalssuchassikadeer,badgers,andwildboars,aswellassecond-classprotectedanimals.三、人文景观与宗教文化III.CulturalLandscapesandReligiousCulture牛首山不仅自然风光秀丽，更以其深厚的人文景观和宗教文化而著称。这里寺庙林立，共有寺庙44座，是西北地区最大的寺庙群之一。其中，佛顶寺、佛顶塔、佛顶宫等建筑更是成为牛首山的标志性景点。NiushouMountainisnotonlyfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenerybutalsoforitsprofoundculturallandscapesandreligiousculture.Themountainisdottedwithtemples,totaling44temples,makingitoneofthelargesttemplegroupsinthenorthwest.Amongthem,FodingTemple,FodingTower,andFodingPalacearethelandmarkattractionsofNiushouMountain.佛顶宫是牛首山的标志性建筑之一，由大穹顶、小穹顶和佛顶摩崖三大部分组成，内部结构复杂，共有九层，地上三层、地下六层。这里不仅是珍藏佛祖顶骨舍利的地方，也是信众瞻礼参拜的圣地。佛顶宫的设计将舍利文化和佛禅文化通过艺术手法集中呈现，成为文化展陈的瑰宝。FodingPalaceisoneofthelandmarkbuildingsofNiushouMountain,consistingofalargedome,asmalldome,andFodingCliff.Ithasacomplexinternalstructurewithninefloors,threeabovegroundandsixbelow.ItisnotonlyaplacetopreservetheBuddhaTopknotBoneRelicbutalsoasacredsiteforbelieverstopayhomage.ThedesignofFodingPalacepresentstheBuddhareliccultureandZenBuddhismculturethroughartistictechniques,becomingatreasureofculturalexhibitions.除了佛教文化外，牛首山还融合了儒家治道文化、郑和海洋文化、江南诗词文化等多种文化元素。这里不仅有明代在崖壁上雕刻的各类造像等人文景观，还有南宋名将岳飞抗金故垒、摩崖石刻等历史遗迹。这些人文景观与自然景观相得益彰，共同构成了牛首山独特的文化魅力。ApartfromBuddhistculture,NiushouMountainalsointegratesvariousculturalelementssuchasConfuciangovernanceculture,ZhengHe'smaritimeculture,andJiangnanpoetryculture.TherearevarioushumanlandscapessuchasstatuescarvedoncliffsduringtheMingDynasty,aswellashistoricalrelicssuchasYueFei'sAncientFortressAgainsttheJinandcliffinscriptions.Thesehumanlandscapescomplementthenaturallandscapes,jointlyconstitutingtheuniqueculturalcharmofNiushouMountain.四、旅游服务与设施IV.TourismServicesandFacilities牛首山文化旅游区不仅注重景点的开发与保护，还致力于提升旅游服务质量。这里设有完善的旅游设施和服务体系，包括售票处、游客中心、停车场、餐饮区等。游客可以在这里享受到便捷的购票服务、专业的导游讲解、舒适的休息环境和美味的餐饮服务。TheNanjingNiushouMountainCulturalTourismAreanotonlyfocusesonthedevelopmentandprotectionofscenicspotsbutalsostrivestoimprovetourismservicequality.Ithasacompletetourismfacilityandservicesystem,includingticketoffices,touristcenters,parkinglots,diningareas,etc.Touristscanenjoyconvenientticketingservices,professionalguideexplanations,comfortablerestingenvironments,anddeliciouscateringserviceshere.为了方便游客游览，牛首山还提供了多种交通方式。游客可以选择自驾前往，景区设有东门和西门两个停车场，其中东门停车场为收费停车场，西门停车场为免费停车场。此外，游客还可以选择乘坐公共交通前往，地铁1号线坐到天隆寺站，换乘公交车755路或712路到牛首山风景区站下车即可到达景区东门。景区内还设有观光车服务，游客可以乘坐观光车游览景区各个景点。Tofacilitatetourists,NiushouMountainoffersvarioustransportationoptions.Touristscanchoosetodrivethere.ThescenicareahastwoparkinglotsattheEastGateandWestGate,withtheEastGateparkinglotbeingapaidoneandtheWestGateparkinglotbeingfree.Inaddition,touristscanchoosetotakepublictransportation.TheycantakeMetroLine1toTianlongTempleStationandthentransfertoBus755or712togetoffatNiushouMountainScenicAreaStationtoreachtheEastGateofthescenicarea.Thescenicareaalsoprovidessightseeingbusservices,allowingtouriststovisitvariousattractionswithinthescenicareabybus.在游览过程中，游客还可以参与各种文化活动。牛首山定期举办佛顶骨舍利瞻礼、春来牛首阅美东方主题活动、南京新民俗牛首新年俗主题活动等多种文化活动，让游客在欣赏美景的同时，也能感受到浓厚的文化氛围。Duringtheirvisit,touristscanalsoparticipateinvariousculturalactivities.NiushouMountainregularlyhostsvariousculturalactivitiessuchastheBuddhaTopknotBoneRelicHomageCeremony,theSpringComestoNiushou,EnjoyingtheBeautyoftheEastActivity,andtheNanjingNewFolkCustom:NiushouNewYearFolkCustomActivity,allowingtouriststofeelthestrongculturalatmospherewhileenjoyingthebeautifulscenery.五、游览路线与景点推荐V.TourRoutesandAttractionRecommendations牛首山文化旅游区拥有多种游览路线供游客选择。游客可以根据自己的时间和兴趣选择适合自己的游览路线。其中，历史文化之旅路线和观光体验之旅路线是较为受欢迎的两条路线。TheNanjingNiushouMountainCulturalTourismAreaoffersvarioustourroutesfortouriststochoosefrom.Touristscanselectasuitabletourroutebasedontheirtimeandinterests.Amongthem,theHistoricalandCulturalTourRouteandtheSightseeingandExperienceTourRoutearetwopopularroutes.历史文化之旅路线主要围绕牛首山的历史文化和宗教文化展开。游客可以参观佛顶寺、佛顶塔、佛顶宫等寺庙建筑，了解佛教文化的起源和发展历程。同时，游客还可以参观岳飞抗金故垒、摩崖石刻等历史遗迹，感受古代战争和文化的魅力。TheHistoricalandCulturalTourRoutemainlyrevolvesaroundthehistoryandreligiouscultureofNiushouMountain.TouristscanvisitFodingTemple,FodingTower,FodingPalace,andothertemplebuildingstounderstandtheoriginanddevelopmentofBuddhistculture.Atthesametime,touristscanvisithistoricalrelicssuchasYueFei'sAncientFortressAgainsttheJinandcliffinscriptionstoexperiencethecharmofancientwarfareandculture.观光体验之旅路线则更注重游客的观光体验。游客可以乘坐观光车游览景区各个景点，欣赏牛首山的自然风光和人文景观。在游览过程中，游客还可以参与各种互动体验活动，如禅修体验、素食体验等，感受佛教文化的独特魅力。TheSightseeingandExperienceTourRoutefocusesmoreontourists'sightseeingexperience.Touristscantakeasightseeingbustovisitvariousattractionswithinthescenicarea,enjoyingthenaturalsceneryandculturallandscapesofNiushouMountain.Duringthevisit,touristscanalsoparticipateinvariousinteractiveexperienceactivitiessuchasZenmeditationandvegetarianfoodexperience,feelingtheuniquecharmofBuddhistculture.除了以上两条路线外，牛首山还有许多值得一游的景点。如佛顶宫的舍利大殿和舍利藏宫，这里珍藏着佛祖顶骨舍利和众多佛教文物，是信众瞻礼参拜的圣地。又如牛头禅文化园和如莲剧场，这里展