英语语言学课件

汇报人：xxx20xx-03-21英语语言学目录OverviewofEnglishLinguisticsPhoneticsandPhonologyVocabularyandsemanticsSyntaxandgrammarPragmaticsandSociolinguisticsTextAnalysisandStyles01OverviewofEnglishLinguisticsDefinitionEnglishlinguisticsisthescientificstudyoftheEnglishlanguage,itsstructure,evolution,andusageResearchobjectEnglishlinguisticsfocusesonvariousaspectsoftheEnglishlanguage,includingphonetics,morphology,syntax,semantics,andpragmaticsDefinitionandresearchobjectHistoricalbackgroundThestudyoflinguisticshasalonghistorydatingbacktoambienttimesHowever,modernlinguisticsBegantoemergeinthe19thcenturywiththedevelopmentofparativephilosophyMajorhouseholdsSomeofthemajorhouseholdsinthedevelopmentoflinguisticsincludetheestimationofstructure,theriskofgenerativegrammar,andtheemergenceofcognitivelinguisticsCurrenttrendsCurrenttrendsinlinguisticsincludetheintegrationofmultidisciplinaryapproaches,theuseofputationalmethods,andtheincreasingfocusonlanguagevariationandchangeTheDevelopmentofLinguisticsUnderstandinglanguagestructureEnglishlinguisticshelpsusunderstandthestructureoftheEnglishlanguage,includinghowsounds,words,andsensesareformedandhowmeaningisconsideredImprovinglanguageskillsKnowledgeofEnglishlinguisticscanhelpimprovelanguageskillsbyimprovinginsightsintoeffectivelearningstrategiesandtechniquesforimprovingpromotion,vocabulary,andgrammarTheImportanceofEnglishLinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsEnglishlinguisticsalsohasimportantapplicationsinfieldssuchaseducation,translation,andlanguagetherapyForexample,appliedlinguisticscanhelpteachersdesigneffectivelanguageteachingmaterialsandmethodsPromotingculturalunderstandingFinally,thestudyofEnglishlinguisticscanpromoteculturalunderstandingbyexploringtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureandhowdifferentlanguagesreflectdifferentculturalvaluesandbeliefsTheImportanceofEnglishLinguistics02PhoneticsandPhonology123Thebasicunitsofspeech,producedbythevibrationofthevocalcordsandmodifiedbytheartistsSpeechSoundsThestudyofspeechsounds,includinghowtheyareproduced,transmitted,andperceivedPhoneticsThestudyofsoundsystemsandpatternsinlanguage,independentofthemeaningofthesoundsPhonologyBasicConceptsofSpeechPhoneticPrinciple01PhonemesarethesmallestunitsofsoundthatdistinguishesmeaninginalanguageDistinctiveFeatures02Phonescanbedescribedintermsoftheirdistinctfeatures,suchasinvoicing,placeofart,andMannerofartClassificationofPhones03PhonescanbeclassifiedintovowelsandconsonantsbasedontheirsoundqualitiesThePrinciplesandClassificationofPhonologyVowelSoundsEnglishvowelscanbeclassifiedasmonochthongs,diphthongs,andtriphthongsbasedontheirpromotionEnglishconsonantscanbedescribedintermsoftheirplaceandmannerofanimation,aswellastheirvocalcharacteristicsEnglishpromotionalsoinvolvesstressandintroductionpatterns,whichcanaffectthemeaningandemphasisofwordsandintentionsInconnectedspeech,soundscanbeassisted,eliminated,orlinkedtogethertoformasmoothflowofspeechConsistentSoundsStressandIntroductionConnectedSpeechTheCharacteristicsandPatternsofEnglishPronunciation03VocabularyandsemanticsTheCompositionandClassificationofVocabularyBasicWordStockIncludesmonlyusedwordsandphrasesthatformthefoundationofmunicationTechnicalVocabularySpecializedtermsusedinspecificfieldsordisciplinesIdiomsandPhrasalVerbsExpressionswithfixedmeansthatoftencannotbeinferredfromtheindividualwordsaloneNeologismsNewlycoinedwordsorphrasesthatenterthelanguagetodescribenewconceptsorconceptsThestudyofhowwordsandphrasesarerelatedtotherealworldandtoeachotherMeaningsandReferenceDistinguishingbetweentheconceptualmeaningofaword(sense)andwhatitreferstointherealworld(reference)SenseandReferenceExploringhowwordsarerelatedtoeachotherthroughsynonymy,antonymy,hyponymy,andmeronymyLexicalRelationshipsExamininghowmeanisaffectedbycontext,includingsocialandculturalfactorsPragmaticsThebasicprinciplesofsemanticsThesemanticcharacteristicsofEnglishvocabularyPolicyCollaborationHarmonySynonymyandAntonymyThephenomenonwhereasinglewordcanhavemultiplemeanings,dependingoncontextWhentwoormorewordshavethesamepromotionbutdifferentmeaningsandofdifferentoriginsTheexistenceofwordswithsimilar(synonyms)oralternative(Antonyms)meaningsThetensionofcentralwordstocooccurringwithotherwords,oftenduetosemanticorgraphicalassociations04SyntaxandgrammarSentencestructureSentencesinEnglishtypologicallyconsistentofasubjectandapredicate,whichtogetherexpressapletethoughtTypesofsensesDeclarative,aggressive,intrinsic,andexplicitsensesarethefourmaintypesofsensesinEnglish,eachwithitsownuniquestructureandpurposeComplexandpoundsensesInadditiontosimplesenses,Englishalsofeaturesplexandpoundsenses,whichbinemultipleclausestoexpressmoreplexideasThestructureandtypesofsenses01InEnglish,thetypicalwordorderissubjectverbobject(SVO),althoughthereareexceptionstothisruleWordorder02Englishverbschangeformtoindicatedifferenttensions,suchaspresent,past,andfuture,aswellasaspectslikecontinuousandperfectVerbtensions03Subjectsandverbsmustagreeinnumber(singularorplural)andperson(first,second,orthird)Agreement04Englishverbsalsohavemoods(indicative,interactive,andsubjunction)andvoices(activeandpassive),whichaffecttheformandfunctionoftheverbMoodsandvoicesTheBasicPrinciplesofGrammarPhrasalverbsEnglishisknownforitsuseofPhrasalverbs,whichbinesaverbwithapositionoradvertisementtocreateanewmeaningIdiomsandfixedexpressionsEnglishsyntaxoftenincludesidolsandfixedexpressions,whicharegroupsofwordsthathaveameaningthatisnotimmediatelyapparentfromtheindividualwordsthemselvesClausalstructuresClaimsaregroupsofwordsthatcontainasubjectandaverbandcanfunctionasindependentunitswithinasenseEnglishsyntaxfrequentlyusesclassicalstructurestocreateplexsentencesThecharacteristicsandpatternsofEnglishsyntaxEllipsisandsubstitutionInEnglish,ellipsis(themissionofwords)andsubstitution(thereplacementofonewordorphrasewithanother)aremonsyntacticdevicesthathelptocreatecoherenceandconsistencyintextThecharacteristicsandpatternsofEnglishsyntax05PragmaticsandSociolinguistics03ConversationalimplicationThisreferstotheimpliedmeaninginaconversationthatisnotexplicitlystatedbutunderstorybybothparties01ContextmeaningPragmaticstudieshowthemeaningofwordsandsensesisinfluencedbythecontextinwhichtheyareused02Speaker'sintentionItalsolooksatthespeaker'sintentionbehindfiguresandhowlistenersinterpretthemTheBasicPrinciplesofPragmaticsFromtheperspectiveofsociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsstudiesthesocialfactorsthataffectlanguagechangeovertimeLanguagechangeSociolinguisticsexperimentshowlanguageusesvariablesamongdifferentsocialgroups,suchasregionaldialects,socialclass,andgenderVariationinlanguageuseItalsoexploreshowlanguageisusedtoconstructandmunicatesocialidentityLanguageandidentityTheuseofpoliticallanguagetolimitrequests,philosophies,orplaintsisamonpragmaticphenomenoninEnglishmunicationHeddingreferstotheuseofwordsorphrasesthataresoftontheforceofastatement,whileambiguityinvolvestheuseoflanguagethatisintentionallypreciseorambiguousImplicitmunicationinvolvesconveyingmessagesdirectlythroughsuggestionsorimplications,whileexplicitmunicationinvolvesdirectlystatinginformationorrequestsPolitenessstrategiesHeddingandambiguityImplicitandexplicitmunicationPragmaticphenomenainEnglishcommunication06TextAnalysisandStylesLegalAnalysisExaminingwordchoice,frequency,andcollocationstounderstandtextmeaningandstyleDiscoveryAnalysisInvestigatinghowsensesandparagraphsareconnectedtoformcoherenttexts,includinganalysisofcohesionandcoherencePragmaticAnalysisExploringthemeaningoffactsincontext,consideringfactorssuchasspeakerintent,listenerinterpretation,andsocialandculturalnormsSyntheticAnalysisAnalyzingpresencestructure,includingphases,clauses,andpresencetypestoreviewpatternsandrelationshipswithinthetextMethodsandTechniquesofTextAnalysisForegroundingTheuseoflinguisticdevicestodrawattentiontoreceiveelementsofthetext,bothforaestheticoraestheticeffectsRegisterVariationinlanguageusedaccordingtosocialcontext,rmationla