3208402204从容掌控概要写作之议论文-2022年高二英语寒假特训课程

04从容掌控概要写作之议论文04从容掌控概要写作之议论文【课程目标】EQ\o\ac(

,●)专题知识：针对考试题型，进行系统梳理，感悟解题方法。EQ\o\ac(

,●)题型检测：链接考试真题，题型组合练，能力逐个突破。概要写作之议论文（一）概要写作的语言微技巧1.要点获取。要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。2.要点转述。要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1）同义替换法，指用相同的单词、短语替代原文；（2）语态转换法，指把句子在主动与被动语态之间转化；（3）词性改变法，在写作时，可以尝试改变词性，如将动词改成名词，或把形容词改为名词等手段变化原文；（4）句子重构，概要写作语言要求“以简为贵”，只有掌握多种句式，如定语从句、非谓语动词等，写作时就能从容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。3.要点衔接。概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。写作中常见的衔接词如下：1）对立关系包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but,however,yet,onthecontrary,bycontrast,unfortunately,although,eventhough,nevertheless,inspiteof,regardlessof,anyhow,insteadof,ratherthan,not…but等。2）因果关系常用的标志词和短语有：because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so…that,such…that,inorderthat,consequently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inresponseto,onaccountof,becauseof,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,nowthat,asaresult,forthisreason等。3）并列关系常用的标志词和短语有：and,or,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso,likewise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,same…as等。4）总分关系常用的标志词和短语有：suchas,forexample,forinstance,toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecifically等。5）递进关系常用的标志词和短语有：then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,what’sworse,evenworse等。（二）议论文概要写作技巧议论文（Argumentation）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。（三）议论文概要写作模板议论文：opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)课堂典例Summary1Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Technologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife.However,socialchangesbroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforachangeinattitudes.Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege.Surveysonthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe“very”or“somewhat”overlyprotectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.Thesamesurveysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir“adult”children.Inthecontext（情境）ofthisdiscussion,itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparents5involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwantedtobeintouchwiththeircollegeagechildrenfrequently,wouldthishavebeenpossible?Probablynot.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentmunicationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasn’presentagenerationago?Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today’sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofmunicationbetweenparentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingnew;norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfromhome.Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageofbetteredmunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsuchchangesefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.参考范文：Technologicalchangeaffectspeople’sbehavior,butnottheirownattitudechanges.(要点1)Forexample,today’sparentsareconsideredtobeoverlyprotectiveorinvolvetoomuchintheirchildren’slife,（要点2)butthestudiesshowthatparentsofbothtodayandthepastareeagertomunicatewiththeirchildrenfrequentlyifthemeansandcostallowedandcollegestudents,financialdependencealsoaccountedfortheirmorefrequentmunication.(要点3)Inaword,advancedtechnologyexplainsgreaterparentalinvolvement,nottheattitude.(要点4)【写作指导】1.核心内容本文是一篇议论文,全文共分四段。第一段主要提出了自己的观点：科技带来的社会变化被误认为是人们态度的改变。第二段以调查为例,说明现在的父母比上一代人更多地干预孩子的生活。第三段通过对现在的父母干预孩子大学生活的原因的描述,证明现在的父母会更多地干预孩子的生活是科技变化的结果而非父母本身态度的改变。第四段,再一次总结观点——科技的进步导致了父母在孩子生活中角色的变化。2.写作思路(1)理清文章脉络,概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础,同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络,概括大意。该文第一段提出了总论点“socialchangesbroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforachangeinattitudes”；第二段是以“theinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege”为例,说明人们误认为的观点。第三段主题句是段落的首句,并以父母较多干预大学生生活的原因为分论点来支持主题句,说明上一代人也同样会渴望与孩子多联系,而且现代父母与孩子交流的主要话题还是孩子生活上的经济问题,而非父母的过多主观干预。(2)确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不遗漏。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为—t"总论点,把“socialchangesbroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforachangeinattitudes”这句话进行同义替换（paraphrase)并对相关内容进行整合。要点3,作者提出了不同的观点,因此用but连接要点2,与要点2整合。要点4是总结,是对论点的再述,用“inaword”与要点3连接。Summary2Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughtolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslonglived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirsttimeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist(免疫学家),encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground.【写作指导】(一)要点分析1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.换句话说：Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirt.再结合下文谈到的主题可知Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirtontheskin.范文中的要点1“Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.”概括非常精炼。2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslonglived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversince18century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2“Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.”很好地总结了这些要点。3.第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“…sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea…可得出要点3“However,peoplebegantochangetheiraattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.”4.文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，Onthecontrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.”表达很恰切。(二)要点连接文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However。不过特认真认为，此处用Nevertheless可以避免三句话内出现两次However。(三)关键词汇第一段：fixed(确定的；不变的)第二段：means(手段，方法),blockout(挡住),openup(打开),upon(……之后；立即)第三段：longlived(长期存在的),selltheidea(说服某人接收某个观点)第四段：warnsboff(警告某人不要靠近),position(观点),gainsomeground(取得优势)以上这些关键词对于整篇文章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键，如果不能准确领会其用意，语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。所以，概要写作的基础是理解语篇，而读懂语篇的基础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，形成概要。【参考范文】Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点1)Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要点3)However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)Summary3Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Accordingtoanofficialreportonyouthviolence.“Inourcountrytoday,thegreatestthreattothelivesofchildrenandadolescentsisnotdiseaseorstarvationorabandonment,buttheterriblerealityofviolence.”Giventhatthisisthecase,whyaren’tstudentstaughttomanageconflictthewaytheyaretaughttosolvemathproblems,drivecars,orstayphysicallyfit?Firstofall,studentsneedtorealizethatconflictisunavoidable.Itisreportedthatmostviolentincidentsbetweenstudentsbeginwitharelativelyminorinsult.Forexample,afightcouldstartoverthefactthatonestudenteatsapeanutbuttersandwicheachlunchtime.Laughteroverthesandwichcanleadtoinsults,whichinturncanleadtoviolence.Iftheconflictoccurs,studentscanpracticethegoldenruleofconflictresolution:staycalm.Oncethestudentfeelscalmer.Oncethestudentfeelscalmer.Heorsheshouldchoosewordsthatwillcalmtheotherpersondownaswell.Rudewordsandaccusationsonlyaddfueltotheemotionalfirewhilesoftwordscanputoutthefirebeforeitexplodesoutofcontrol.Afterthat,theycanuseanotherkeystrategyforconflictresolution.Listeningallowsthetwosidestounderstandeachother.Onepersonshoulddescribehisorherside:andtheotherpersonshouldlistenwithoutinterrupting.Afterwards,thelistenercanasknonthreateningquestionstoclarifythespeaker’sposition.Thenthetwopeopleshouldchangeroles.Finally,studentsneedtoconsiderwhattheyarehearing.Anargumentdoesn’tmeantryingtofigureoutthefaultoftheotherpersonbutmeansunderstandingwhattherealissueis.Astheissuebeesclearer,theconflictoftensimplybeessmaller.(280words)

【写作指导】首段引用了一个关于年轻人暴力的报告，那么该报告的内容和启发应该是这段的重点，即暴力问题是对儿童和青少年最大的威胁，学生要学会解决冲突。第二段的重点信息是前两句，论述了冲突不可避免，一个小的冒犯动作就能引发暴力行为。而“Forexample”后面是针对“小的冒犯动作”举的例子，应相应舍去。接下来的三段分别介绍了解决冲突的几个步骤——冷静下来、相互倾听、思考听到的内容。考生在字数允许的情况下可以再概括性补充一些细节。即面对冲突先冷静下来避免使用攻击性词汇，然后相互倾听增进了解，最后反思事件以降低冲突。【参考范文】Conflictcanleadtoviolence,sostudentsshouldbetaughthowtohandleit.Conflictisinevitableandminorinsultsmaycauseit.Stayingcalm,avoidingaggressivewordsisthepriority.Topromotemutualunderstanding,theyshouldlistentoeachotherandaskquestion.Finally,thinkingaboutwhattheyarehearingcanhelpminimizemisunderstanding.(55words)实战演练1Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Areyouatextaholic?Doyouspendoveranhoureachdaytextingyourfriends?Doyoufrequentlyneglectworkstudyandleisureactivitiestocheckyourphonefortextmessage?Areyoumoodyandemotionalifyouareseparatedfromyourmobilephone?Doyouhardlyeveruseyourphonetotalkanymore,anddoyourthumbsfromtextingtoomuch?Ifyouanswered'Yes'toanyoftheabovequestions,thenthechancesarethatyouareatextaholic.Atextaholiccanbedefinedassomeonewhoisaddictedtosendingandreceivingtextmessages.Themainsymptomsarestrongwilltotextwhichtakesprecedenceover(优先于)everythingelse,andwithdrawalsymptoms(戒断症状)ifmessagesfailtoein,leadingtoanger,depressionandalackofselfrespect.Otherproblemsincludesleeplessness,eyestrain,andrepetitivestraininjuryduetoconstantmessaging,nottomentionexpensivephonebills.Therootoftheproblem,aswithmanyaddictions,isthedesiretoescapefromemotionaldifficultiessuchasstress,anxietyandrelationshipproblems.Expertswarnthattextaddictionislikelytobeethemostmonformofaddictioninthefuture,especiallyamongtheyoung.Sowhatcanyoudoifyouthinkyoumaybetextaholic?Thekeyistogetyourlifebackinbalance.Makesureyouresisttheurgetoanswereverymessageyoureceive,andconsiderleavingyourmobilephonebehindoccasionallywhenyougoout.Mostimportantly,makeapointofspendingqualitytimewithfriendsandfamily,andmaketimetore—learntheartoffacetofaceconversationinsteadofconductingyourrelationshipsbymeansoftextmessages.Notonlywillyousavetimeandmoney,butyoumayalsorediscoverthepleasureoftruemunication.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Textaholicsarethosewhocan'tlivewithouttextmessages,withoutwhichhealthproblemsmayarisephysicallyandmentally.（要点1）Theproblemiscausedbymentaltroubleapersonhasinlife.（要点2）Tosolveit,oneshouldtrytoliveabalancedlife,gettingisolatedfromthemobilephoneandhavingmorepersonalmunicationwithfamilyandfriends.（要点3）【解析】这是一篇议论文，通读全文可以从以下三方面进行概括：要点一：短信狂是指那些生活中离不开短信的人，没有短信就可能出现身体和精神上的健康问题。可用到的词汇有：arise,physicallyandmentally,healthproblem等要点二：这个问题是由生活中的精神问题引起的。可用到的词汇有：cause,metaltrouble等。要点三：为了解决这个问题，一个人应该尝试过一种平衡的生活，远离，与家人和朋友有更多的私人交流。可用到的词汇有：solve，trytodosth.,abalancedlife,isolated,personalmunication等。本篇以一般现在时为主。2Gettingupearlyhasbeenregardedasagoodhabitsinceancienttimes.Manyyearsago,peoplethoughtthatifwewenttobedearlyandgetupearly,wewouldbeenergeticthewholeday.Nowadays,peoplestillholdthesameview.So,gettingupearlyisofgreatimportancetousall.Infact,morningisthebesttimeofaday.Inthemorning,theairisthefreshestandpeopleareusuallyinthebestconditions.Manyofusmayhavetheexperiencesthatwememorizesomethingsmorequicklyandaccuratelyinthemorningthananyothertimeoftheday.Inaddition,ifwegetupearlyanddosomemorningexerciseoronlytakeashortwalkinthemorning,withoutdoubtwecanbuildourbodiesandbeemuchhealthier.Thatiswhymanypeoplegettingupearlydophysicalexerciseyearafteryear.Also,wewillhaveenoughtimetomakeaplanandgetreadyforourworkorstudyofthedayifwegetupearly.However,ifwegetuplate,wewillprobablyhavetodoeverythinginagreathurry,makingitinamess.Letusremembergettingupearlyisagoodhabitandtryourbesttokeepit.Ifwesticktogettingupearlyeveryday,wewillcertainlybenefitalotfromit._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Thepassagetellsusthatgettingupearlyinthemorningisagoodhabitthatwillbenefitusalot.Firstly,ourbrainworksfasterandmorecorrectly.What’smore,wecanbeincreasinglyhealthybydoingsomemorningexerciseortakingashortwalk.Lastly,itenablesustomakeagoodpreparationfortheday.【解析】【分析】这是一篇概要写作。【详解】根据文本内容，这是一篇讲早起是一个好习惯，这将使我们受益匪浅的说明文，要求对其进行概要写作。因此，我们必须首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。第一段开头第一句话“Gettingupearlyhasbeenregardedasagoodhabitsinceancienttimes.”是段落的中心句，同时也点明了文章的主题，后面分条说明了早睡早起的好处。第二段主要讲的是早晨是一天中最好的时间。第三段主要在讲，此外，如果我们早起做一些晨练或只在早上散步，毫无疑问，我们可以强壮我们的身体，变得更健康，其中第一句“Inaddition,ifwegetupearlyanddosomemorningexerciseoronlytakeashortwalkinthemorning,withoutdoubtwecanbuildourbodiesandbeemuchhealthier.是段落的中心句。第四段主要讲了此外，如果我们早起，我们将有足够的时间来制定一个计划，为我们一天的工作或学习做好准备。弄清了每段的主要内容后，我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接，在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可。3Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.Themainreasonthatconvincesustobeagainstdoingworkinahurryisthepossibilityofdoingwronginarush.Whenpeopledotheirjobsortakeactioninahurry,theycan’tmakeasounddecisionandprobablyregretlater.Asthesayinggoes,“Hastemakeswaste.”Weshouldthinkcarefullybeforemakingadecisionanddoourworklessquickly.Weshouldnotmakemistakesbydoingworkhurriedly.Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Forexample,takingatraintosomeplacecertainlywilltakemoretimethantakingaplane.However,takingatrainmakespeoplehaveenoughtimetogettoknowalotofnewfriends.Besides,itallowspeopletofullyenjoythebeautifulsceneryalongtheway.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.Asisknowntoall,takingactioninahurrybotherspeopleandraisestheirstress.Peoplethinkiftheyarenotinahurry,theywillbeealoserandthatannoysthem.Butbeinginahurrycanhurtpeoplebothphysicallyandmentally(精神上).Accordingtosomestudies,peoplewhohaveaslowerpacesufferfewerdiseases,tendtobehappierandlivemuchlongerthanthosewhoselifeistense,eveniftheformerfinishjobsmoreslowlythanthelatter.Inshort,workingquicklywillbringaboutmorematerialbenefitstomakeoursocietymoreadvanced.Yet,muchstresscan’tbringenjoyment,friendsandhealth,whicharemuchmoreimportantthanmoneyandothermaterialadvantages.Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Despitebeingaccustomedtothefastpaceinmodernsociety,peopleareremendedtoleadaslowerlife.(要点一)Firstly,slowingdownlowersthepossibilityofmittingerrorsbyprehensivethinking.(要点二)Secondly,moreopportunitiestoenjoylifeareallowedbyaslowerpace.(要点三)Lastly,betterhealthconditionphysicallyandmentallyisalsowhataslowerlifebrings.(要点四)Therefore,let’stakeaslowerlifefromnowon.【解析】【分析】本文为概括写作。主要考查学生的对主旨大意的阅读概括能力和准确获取关键词的能力。首先考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力以及对文章整体结构的能力。进行概要写作时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具体有概括功能的词或句子表述出来。【详解】本文是概要写作，其写作步骤如下：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。2）弄清要求。是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。同时能正确地使用连词firstly…，secondly…，lastly…..把文章有机地联合起来。作者抓住了关键词，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，用简洁的语言概括了文章重要信息即可。【点睛】文章涵盖了全部要点，在写作中注意使用非谓语，句式简单明了，文章中多处运用了非谓语。如动词的ing形式作状语：Despitebeingaccustomedtothefastpaceinmodernsociety,peopleareremendedtoleadaslowerlife；动词的ing形式作主语:slowingdownlowersthepossibilityofmittingerrorsbyprehensivethinking；表语从句：betterhealthconditionphysicallyandmentallyisalsowhataslowerlifebrings和祈使句：let’stakeaslowerlifefromnowon4PushingBackSchoolStartingTimesIt'sJanuary.Theoutdoortemperaturehasfallenbelow5Cinthemorning.Haveyoueverplainedthatyoustillhavetogetupat6a.m.andarriveatschoolbefore7am?Doyouwishyoucouldhavealongniceliein?Youarenotaloneifyouransweris"Yes!"IntheUnitedStates,manyhighschoolstudentsareunhappywiththeirschoolstartingtimes,too.Thatmaysoonchange.LastOctober,GavinNewsom,California'sgovernor,signedalawthatsetsalimitonstartingtimesofhalfpasteightforhighschoolersandeighto'clockformiddleschoolers,hopingstudentswillbenefitformtheirextratimeinbed.Sleepdeprivationisassociatedwithproblemsinattention,behaviorandlearning.AresearchreviewbytheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(C.D.C.)findsthatlaterschoolstartingtimescanleadtolessfallingasleepinclass.Thechangecanalsohelpimprovestudents'attendanceandgrades.Manyparents,however,arestronglyopposedtosuchchanges.Thosewhocannotstartworklatersaytheywon'tbeabletodroptheirchildrenoffatschoolbeforetheygotowork.Theyalsofearthatlaterstartingtimeswillmeanlaterendingtimes,resultinginfeweropportunitiesfortheirchildrentotakepartinafterschoolactivities,holdparttimejobsandcareforyoungersiblings.Supportersarguethattherereallyisnosignificantreasonnottodothis.AnthonyP