2022年中考英语复习句子结构详解-课件

句子结构•*主干主语动作发出者

I

eat

bananas.谓语表示主语的状态动作Ieatbananas.宾语动作的对象

Ieatbananas.表语主语的品质Thebanana

is

yellow你需要搭建的框架修饰定语I

eat

the

yellow

bananas.状语表示动作发生时间、地点、原因、目的、

结果、方式的状态动作I

eat

bananas

quickly.补足语宾语补足语Itoldhimtoeatbananas.同位语句子某一成分进一步解释I

liketoeatbananas,

akindoftropicalfruit.你需要搭建的框架独立成分——感叹词、插入语、称呼词5大基

本结构主+谓She

cries.主+谓+宾She

writes

a

book.主+系+表I

am

happy.主+谓+双宾I

buy

you

abook.主+谓+宾+宾补you

make

me

happy.你需要搭建的框架补足语这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的

动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、

介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1)You

should

keep

the

room

clean

and

tidy

.你

应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词)2)We

made

him

our

monitor.(名词)我们选他当班

长。修饰的补足语VS定语3)His

father

told

him

not

to

play

in

the

street

.(不

定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。4)My

father

likes

to

watch

the

boys

playingbasketball.(现在分词)5)Y

esterday

I

had

a

picture

taken

with

twoAmericans.(过去分词)在英语中有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有其他的句子成分,来补充说明宾语的意义、状态

等,称为宾语补足语,简称宾补.一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后.常见的动词有:tell,ask,advise,help,want

,wouldlike,order,force,allow等。注意：动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,

watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to

。如：1)The

boss

made

him

do

the

work

all

day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2)I

heard

her

sing

in

the

nextroomallthetimelastnight.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。而定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子

,汉语中常用‘……的’表示,定语基本上是作形容词用,主要用形容词来充当,此外,名词、代词、数词、副词、介

词短语以及动词不定式(短语)、分词和定语从句等都可用作定语。不定式作定语：The

boy

to

write

this

letter

needs

a

pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔.There

is

nothing

to

do

today.今天没有事要做.分词

(短语)

作定语：The

smiling

boy

needs

a

pen

bought

by

his

mother.

那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔.There

are

five

boys

left./五个留下的男孩.介词短语作定语：The

boy

in

the

classroom

needs

a

pen

of

yours./教

室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔.The

boy

in

blue

is

Tom./穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆.后置定语指的是将修饰名词的定语后置，而宾语补足语是指某

些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语。打个比方来说，people

sitting

on

the

bed

中的sitting

on

the

bed就是在修饰people，来说明people的状态，即后置定语。而宾语补足语则可以说是，make

him

monitor中的monitor则是在补充说明him的身份，即补充宾语。简单的说，宾语补足语的前面是有宾语，还有一个可以接宾语的动词的。而后置定语则不会。根据上面的分析，我们先从句子结构上判断。1.不定式：we

consider

him

to

be

a

goodteacher.to+be+名词heproved

that

theory

to

be

very

important.to+be+形容词这两个例子是不定式做宾补。Ihavealot

of

work

to

do

today.to+do(动词)itis

time

to

get

up.to+动词这两个句子是不定式做定语。由此可以知道，如果不定式后面跟实意动词，不定式就是做定语。如果不定式后面跟的是系动词be,就是做宾补。2.介词短语he

girl

in

the

red

hat

is

my

sister.介词短语修饰主语China

is

a

great

country

with

a

long

history.介词短语修饰表语。这两例是介词短语做定语注意：介词短语前面根本没有出现实意动词！make

yourself

at

home.介词短语跟在一个实意动词后面，这句话是介词短语做宾补！(由此可知，出现介词短语，前面有实意动词就是宾补，没有就是

定语

。

)3.形容词wash

your

hands

clean.形容词做宾补canyouseeanythingunusual?形容词做定语。4.现在分词I

heard

John

singing.现在分词做宾补

。注意句子中的动词是hearDo

you

know

the

boy

riding

the

bike?(宾补和后置定语的区别，简单来说，就是看谓语动词是不是和需要判断的成分有关联。)1.I

heard

that

you

were

elected__this

time.A.monitor

B.the

monitor

C.a

monitor

D.

mymonitor2.I

was

fortunate

to

pick

up

a

wallet__on

the

ground

on

the

wayback

home,but

unfortunately

for

me,I

found

my

color

TV

set__when

I

got

home.A.lying;stolen

B.laying;

stealingC.lay;stolen

D.lying;

stealing3.Laws

that

punish

parents

for

their

little

children’s

actions

againstthe

laws

get

parents___.A.worried

B.to

worry

C

worrying

Dworry4.M

rs.B

rown

was

much

disappointed

to

see

the

washingmachine

she

had

had_____went

wrong

again.A.it

B

it

repaired

C

repaired

Dtoberepaired你来试试~

~5.Prices

of

daily

goods__through

a

computer

can

be

lower

thanstore

prices.A.are

bought

B

bought

C

been

bought

Dbuying6.The

flowers___sweet

in

the

botanic

garden

attract

the

vistorsto

the

beauty

of

nature.A.to

smell

B.smelling

C.smell

D.to

be

smelt7.Look

at

his___look.It

seems

as

if

he

had

met

a___tiger.A.frightened;frightening

B.frightening;

frightenedC.frightened;frightened

D.frightening;

frightening8.The

book

on

the

desk

to

her.A.lying;belinging

B.lay;

belongC

lying;belongs

Dbelinglie你来试试~

~___

__做完再对答案哦~~1.I

heard

that

you

were

elected__this

time.A.monitor

B.the

monitor

C.a

monitor

D.

mymonitor2.I

was

fortunate

to

pick

up

a

wallet__on

the

ground

on

the

wayback

home,but

unfortunately

for

me,I

found

my

color

TV

set__when

I

got

home.A.lying;stolen

B.laying;

stealingC.lay;stolen

D.lying;

stealing3.Laws

that

punish

parents

for

their

little

children’s

actions

againstthe

laws

get

parents___.A.worried

B.to

worry

C

worrying

Dworry4.M

rs.B

rown

was

much

disappointed

to

see

the

washingmachine

she

had

had_____went

wrong

again.A.it

B

it

repaired

C

repaired

Dtoberepaired你来试试~

~5.Prices

of

daily

goods__through

a

computer

can

be

lower

thanstore

prices.A.are

bought

B

bought

C

been

bought

Dbuying6.The

flowers___sweet

in

the

botanic

garden

attract

the

vistorsto

the

beauty

of

nature.A.to

smell

B.smelling

C.smell

D.to

be

smelt7.Look

at

his___look.It

seems

as

if

he

had

met

a___tiger.A.frightened;frightening

B.frightening;

frightenedC.frightened;frightened

D.frightening;

frightening8.The

book

on

the

desk

to

her.A.lying;belinging

B.lay;

belongC

lying;belongs

Dbelinglie你来试试~

~___

__pick

up

a

wallet

lying

on

the

ground.[宾补]I

found

my

color

TV

set

stolen

.[宾补]The

book

lying

on

the

desk

belongs

to

her.

[后置定语]你分清楚了吗~~句子种类两种分类句子种类两种分类法按句子的用途可分四种：1)陈述句(肯定、否定)：He

is

six

years

old.2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意)：Do

they

like

skating?How

old

is

he?Mary

can

swim,can’t

she?3)祈使句：Becareful,boys.Don’t

talk

in

class4)感叹句：Howclever

the

boy

is!按句子的结构可分三种：1)

简单句2)

并列句3)

复合句

1)

简单句：

只有一个主语

(或并列主语)

和一个谓语

(或并列谓语)

。

e

.

g

.

H

e

often

reads

E

nglish

i

n

themorning.

Tom

and

Mike

are

American

boys.

S

he

likes

drawing

and

often

drawspicturesforthewall

newspapers.

我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，

给名词加

上形容词

、

介词短语修饰，

给句子加上状语进行

修饰，

以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充

实

。

但不管如何变，

都只有一个主谓结构。

He

worked

hard

all

his

life.

He

is

a

school

student

in

No.1Middle

School.

2)并列句：

句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句

并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。

并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连

词连结。

e.g.You

help

him

and

he

helps

you.

Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.并列句的分类

1表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,

notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。

e.g.T

he

teacher’s

name

is

S

mith,andthestudent’s

name

is

John.

2表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurry

up,or

you’ll

miss

the

train.

3表示转折，常用的连词有but,yet,while等。

e.g.He

was

a

little

man

with

thick

glasses,

buthe

had

a

strange

way

of

making

his

classeslively

and

interesting.

4表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for等。

e.g.A

ugust

is

the

time

of

the

year

for

riceharvest,so

every

day

I

work

from

dawn

untildark.3)复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。从句包括名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)定语从句和状语从

句等。句型主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句

e.g.The

foreign

visitors

took

a

lot

of

pictureswhen

they

were

at

the

Great

Wall.

复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。

Where

there

is

a

will,there

is

a

way.

有志者，事竟成。

WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.简单句

TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.

复合句

Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?简单句He

is

in

Class

One

and

I

am

in

Class

Two.并列句Hewasfondofdrawing

when

he

was

yet

achild.

复合句My

brother

and

I

go

to

school

at

half

pastseven

in

the

morning

and

come

backhome

at

seven

in

the

evening.简单句句子成分和句子结构简单句的五个基本句型

主语＋不及物动词She

came.

主语＋及物动词＋宾语She

likes

English.

主语＋系动词＋表语She

is

happy．

主语＋动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语She

gave

John

a

book．She

bought

a

book

for

me.

主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补语She

makes

her

mother

angry．

The

teacher

asked

me

to

read

the

passage.

(There+be

There

is

a

book

on

the

desk.)句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么

事名，

代，

数，

不定

式，

动名词，

短语或

句子We

study

in

HuangQiao

MiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么，

是什么或怎

么样动词或动词词组She

is

dancing

under

the

tree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语Both

of

us

like

English.表语与联系动词连用，

一起构成谓

语，

说明主语的性质或特征同主语Her

father

is

a

chemist.

His

words

sound

reasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，

代，

数，

名,

副，

介词短语或句子We

have

eight

lessons

every

day.状语修饰动词，

形容词，

副词，

表

示动作发生的时间，

地点，

原

因，

目的，

方式，

结果等副词，

介词短语或句

子He

works

very

hard.They

held

a

party

in

Hollywood.宾语

补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，

名词，

介词

短语等She

always

keeps

the

house

clean.主语谓语是基础，

宾表定状补辅助

。

宾主来自名代数，

动词作谓不可无！1.主语

(subject)：句子的中心词，

说明的人或事物

。

The

sun

rises

in

the

east

(名词)He

likes

dancing.(代词) Twenty

years

is

a

short

time

in

history.(数词)Seeing

is

believing.(动名词) To

see

is

to

believe.(不定式) What

he

needs

is

a

book.(主语从句) It

is

very

clear

that

the

elephant

is

round

and

tall

like

a

tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)2.谓语

(predicate)

：

是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We

study

English.He

is

asleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词①I

don't

like

the

picture

on

the

wall.②The

days

get

longer

and

longer

when

summer

comes.③Do

you

usually

go

to

school

by

bus?A.Do

B.usually

C.go

D.

bus④There

will

be

a

meeting

at

the

library

this

afternoon.A.will

be

B.meeting

C.the

library

D.

afternoon同位语vs定语一个名词或其它形式，跟在另一个名词或代词后并对其进行解释、说明或限定，这个名词或其它形式就是同位语。注意：同位语与被它说明的先行词的格要一致，并且前后两项所指相同，句法功能也相同。同位关系紧密时不用逗点隔开；同位语只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。❖Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.•我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。❖“Mr.Smith”是主语，“ournewteacher”是同位语，指同一人。❖WesdudentsallrespecthimMr.Johnson,ourEnglishteacher.❖我们学生都尊重他，我们的英语老师约翰逊先生。如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。HetoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworld-famousdoctor.___他本人对我讲，他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。IYesterdayItalkedtomyEnglishteacher,Mr.James.昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。Jr_同位语Mr.James补充解释myEnglishteacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。•:・•:・•:・•:・•:・•:・Hereadallkindsofbooks,ancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign.他读过各种各样的古今中外的书籍。Peoplehere,menandwomen,oldandyoung,supportedtheproject.这儿的男女老少都支持这项工程。Thenwethree,LiMing,WangPingandI,begaintoprepareforthetrip.接着，李明、王平和我三人开始为那次行程做准备。t定语：修饰名词和代词，可以是形容词、代词、名词、分词、介词短语或副词和从句，定语一般用在所修饰词前，当然也存在后置的，如从句，对所修饰词期限定或修饰作用。同位语：对名词进行解释，它可以是单词、短语或从句•我们还没有接触到从句的练习，但是接下来的句子会涉及到从句，可以只看做什么成分就可以。•Next,let'stalkaboutthematterwhowillgototheconference.•下面我们来谈谈这个问题，是谁去开会。（同位语从句）•Next,let'stalkaboutthepersonwhowillgototheconference.•下面我们来谈谈去开会的人选。（定语从句）r•定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属J于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。■•Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthegamewastrue.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的？•（同位语从句，补充说明news到底是一个什么消息）•Thenewsthathetoldmeyesterdaywastrue.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的？•（定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语）•Wearegladatthenewsthathewillcome.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。•（news的内容就是thathewillcome,故that引导的是同位语从句）•:.Wearegladatthenewsthathetoldus.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。•

（that从句是限制thenews的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句）j你能区分吗?•Thenewsthathewillcomebackistrue.（同位语从句）•

Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.•（定语从句）J*同位语从句中从句是被修饰词的具体内容，是它的补充说明。•:•定语从句中从句是起限定作用,不是被修饰词的具体｛内容.两句中的被修饰的词都是news,但是第一句中的从句thathewillcomeback是news的具体内容（补充说明：消息是他将会回来）；而第二句thathetoldme就不是news的具体内容了，而是限定他告诉我的消息.J判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句J1.

TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.同位语从句2.ThehopethatsheexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.定语从句3.Thefactthatsheworkshardiswellknowntousall.同位语从句4.Ican'tstandtheterriblenoisethatsheiscryingloudly.I同位语从句

5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

We

elected

him

monitor.(名词)

We

all

think

it

a

pity

that

she

didn’t

come

here.(名词)

We

will

make

them

happy.(形容词)

We

found

nobody

in.(副词)

Please

make

yourself

at

home.(介词短语)Don’t

let

him

do

that.(省to不定式)

His

father

advised

him

to

teach

the

lazy

boy

a

lesson.

(带to不定式)

Don’t

keep

the

lights

burning.(现在分词)

I’ll

have

my

bike

repaired.(过去分词)

挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

①S

he

likes

the

children

to

read

newspapers

andbooks

in

the

reading-room.

②He

asked

her

to

take

the

boy

out

of

school.

③She

found

it

difficult

to

do

the

work.

④They

call

me

Lily

sometimes.

⑤I

saw

Mr.Wang

get

on

the

bus.

⑥D

id

you

see

L

i

M

ing

playing

football

on

theplayground

just

now?①

to

read

newspapers

and

books

in

the

reading-room

②

to

take

the

boy

out

of

school③

Lily

④

get

on

the

bus

⑤

playing

football

on

the

playground

划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语

①Please

tell

us

astory.

②My

father

bought

a

new

bike

for

me

lastweek.

③Mr.Li

is

going

to

teach

us

historynextterm.

④Here

is

a

pen.Give

it

to

Tom.

⑤Did

he

leave

any

message

for

me?

6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

Yanling

is

a

chemistry

teacher.(名词)

He

is

our

friend.(代词)

We

belong

to

the

third

world.(数词)

He

was

advised

to

teach

the

lazy

boy

a

lesson.(形容词)

The

man

over

there

is

my

old

friend.(副词)

The

woman

with

a

baby

in

her

arms

is

my

sister.(介词)

The

boys

playing

football

are

in

Class2.(现在分词)

The

trees

planted

last

year

are

growing

well

now.(过去分词)

I

have

an

idea

to

do

it

well.(不定式)

You

should

do

everything

that

I

do.(定语从句)7.同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫

同位语。Mr

Lin,our

headmaster,is

giving

us

a

speech.Beijing,capital

of

China,is

developing

fast.The

engineer

himself

repaired

it

.We

all

got

angry.We

two

will

go

to

see

you

.The

news

that

he

will

come

is

true.

8.状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or

句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。(以下例句按上述顺序排列)

I

will

go

there

tomorrow.

The

meeting

will

be

held

in

the

meeting

room.